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PUKSENTED BY 



DECERPTA ,:.^?^,^ 

EX 

P. OVIDII NASONIS 

METAMORPHOSEON 

LIBRIS; 

■WITH 
AND A 

MYTHOLOGICAL, GEOGRAPHICAL, AND HISTOEKMi INDEX. 
By GEORGE FERGUSON, LL.D., 

Lately Professor of Humanity, King's College, Aberdeen ; and 
formerly one of the Masters of the Edinburgh Academy. 

THIRTEENTH EDITION. 



EDINBURGH : 

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1865. 



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xsift 

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April 26, 1933 



EDINBURGH : 

PEIITTBD BY OLIVER AND BOYD, 

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PREFACE. 



In offering to the Public a New Edition of the " De- 
cerpta from Ovid's Metamorphoses," it may be proper to 
explain shortly the plan which has been adopted. The 
object of the Editor has been to furnish Teachers with 
an edition of a long-established schoolbook, adapted to 
the present state of classical scholarship, and to the 
system of teaching now pursued in our burgh and 
parochial schools. He has endeavoured to give a correct 
Text, with Explanatory Notes on each page, and has be- 
sides added an Index, containing Mythological, Geo- 
graphical, and Historical Illustrations. 

The Text has been formed after a careful comparison 
of the edition of Burman, 1727, wdth those of Jahn,1832 ; 
of Bach, 1831-6 ; and of Baumgarten-Crusius, 1834. 
To none of these has the Editor strictly adhered : in all 
disputed passages he has thought himself at liberty to 
exercise his own judgment, and has not hesitated to 
adopt the improvements of the German Philologists, 
when these were supported by manuscript authority, or 
justified by the rules of fair and legitimate criticism. 
To the Punctuation of the Text he has paid particular 



iv PREFACB. 

attention, and hopes that without injuring the sentences 
by too minute a division, he has succeeded in making 
the meaning sufficiently intelligible. 

In the Notes which are appended to the Text, a 
translation has been given of those expressions and 
clauses which seemed likely to obstruct the progress of 
the learner, together with such illustrations as appeared 
necessary to elucidate grammatical and idiomatic diffi- 
culties, or to put him in possession of the meaning of the 
Author. To prevent the Text from being overloaded 
with Notes, and also to hold out an inducement to the 
Pupil to consult the Index, the expressions in immediate 
connexion with Proper Names are there explained. Up- 
wards of 400 passages have thus been illustrated, be- 
sides many others to which references merely have 
been given. In this part of his work the Editor has 
had recourse to the annotations of Gierig, Jahn, and 
Bach, and to Billerbeck's Dictionary to the Metamor- 
phoses.* Numerous references have also been made 
in the Notes to Adam's Roman Antiquities, for the pur- 
pose of drawing the attention of the Pupil to a work 
an acquaintance with which is essential to the under- 
standing of the classical writers. They are marked 
A.R. A., and apply to the edition of Dr Boyd, which has 
been preferred, both because it is cheap, and also be- 
cause, being stereotyped, the numbers of the pages are 
not likely to be changed. 

The Index has been compiled solely for the purpose 



• Vollstandiges Worterbuch zu den V erwandlungen dea Ovi' 
dius Naso. Von Dr Julius Billerheck, Hannover ^ 1831. 



PREFACE. V 

of illustrating the Text, and therefore lays no claim to 
originality. In the Mythological Articles, the Editor 
has availed himself of the labours of Mr Keightley, 
in his excellent work on " The Mythology of Ancient 
Greece and Italy," from which, in addition to the more 
common sources of information, the materials have 
been chiefly drawn. The indelicate details have been 
stated very briefly, while those which bear more im- 
mediately upon the narrative of Ovid have been given 
at greater length. To those who are acquainted with 
the Ovidian Mythology, as developed in the Metamor- 
phoses, it is hardly necessary to say that it is attended 
with very considerable difficulties in the explanation, 
in consequence of the frequent mixing up of the older 
Mythi with those which the author had derived from 
a later period of Greek literature. His system is thus 
rendered incongruous, and the various parts of it irre- 
concilable with each other. The Editor can scarcely 
venture to hope that he has in every case rendered it 
intelligible to the learner ; but he has endeavoured to 
do so as far as the subject and the limits which he had 
prescribed to liimself would permit. 

In drawing up the Articles on Geography, he has 
consulted the works of Dr Cramer, on Ancient Italy, 
Greece, and Asia Minor, and has availed himself freely 
of their contents, and particularly of the admirable 
digest of them which is given in the Eton Geography. 
His obligations to this last work deserve a more exten- 
sive acknowledgment ; and he embraces this opportunity 
of expressing the great satisfaction which he has always 
had in consulting it, and the perfect reliance which he 



VI PREFACE. 

has felt himself justified in placing on its accuracy. In 
the Orthography of Modern Names he has followed it 
exclusively. 

The Historical Articles, which are not numerous, have 
been prepared with all possible care. 

On the last two pages of the Index will be found a 
Table of the Declension of Greek Nouns, and a list of 
the lines which contain any peculiarity of Scanning. 



DECERPTA, &c. 



BOOK I. 

PROffiMIUM. 

In nova fert^ animus mutatas dicere formas 
Corpora.* Di, coeptis, nam vos mutastis et illas,' 
Adspirate meis, primaque ab origine miindi 
Ad mea perpetuum'^ deducite tempora carmen. 

Fab. I. — Chaos and the Creation. 

Ante mare et terras'^ et, quod te*git omnia, coelnm, 

Unus erat toto naturae vultus^ in orbe, 

Quem dixere^ Chaos ; rudis indigestaque moles ; . 

Nee guicquam, nisi pondus iners ; congestaque eodem 

Non bene junctarum discordia semina^ rerum. 5 

NuUus adhiKJ mundo prsebebat lumina Titan ; 

Nee nova crescendo reparabat cornua" Phoebe ; 

Nee circumfuso pendebat in aere Tellus 

Ponderibus librata^ suis ; nee brachia longo 



1 Animus fert {me), my mind inclines me, I purpose, I intend, 

2 Formas mutatas in nova corpora, bodies changed into new formSy 
i. e. the transformation of bodies. The wordiS formas and corpora may be 
here considered as synonymous. 

3 Mutastis et illas. you transformed them also ; be pleased therefore to 
assist me in recording the transformations. 

4 Perpetuum carmen, a connected or nninterrvpted popin, — so that each 
transformation may be connected with that which precedes it. 

5 Ante mare et terras, before the (separate) existence of sea and land. 
Terras, for which there is suthcient manuscript authority, has been adopted 
instead of the common reading, tellus. 

6 Unus vultus erat naturae, there was one appearance of natrire. nature 
presented one unvaried appearance. 7 Dixere (i. e. homines), 

8 Discordia seraina. the incongruous principles, or elements, i. e. fre. or 
ether, air, earth, and water. The order is, discordiaque seniiiia rerum 
non bene junctarum congesta eodem, huddled together in the same place. 

9 Librata suis ponderibus, balanced by its own weight, kept in eqiaii. 
hrium. 

A 



2 CHAOS AND THE CREATION. LBOOK 1. 

Margine terrarum porrexerat Ampliitrite. 10 

Quaque fuit tellus, illic et pontus et aer ; 

Sic erat instabilis^ tellus, innabilis unda, 

Lucis egens aer : nulli sua forma manebat ; 

Obstabatque aliis aliud \^ quia corpore in uno 

Frigida pugnabant calidis, humentia siccis, 15 

Mollia cum duris, sine pondere habentia pondus.^ 

Hanc Deus et melior litem Nati^a diremit : 
Nam coelo terras, et terris abscidit undas, 
Et liquidum spisso secrevit ab aere coelum.'* 
Quae^ postquam evolvit caecoque exemit acervo, 20 

Dissociata locis concordi pace ligavit.® 
Ignea convexi vis et sine pondere coeli 
Emicuit/ summaque locum sibi legit 4narce. 
Proximus^ est aer illi levitate locoque ; 
' Densior hife'tellus, elementaque grandia traxit,^ 25 

Et pressa est gravitate sui : circumfluus humor 
Ultima^ possedit, solidumque coercuit orbem. 

Fab. II. — The Creation of Man, 

Sic ubi dispositam, quisquis fuit ille Deorum, 
Congeriem secuit sectamque in membra redegit ;^^ 
Principio terram, n^ non sequaRs ab omni 
Parte 'i^pi'et, magni speciem glomeravit in orbis. 

^ 1 Instabilis, instable, not fixed, qt not to be stood upon. 

' ^ • 2 Ahud obstab^aliis, one element stood in the way of ethers. 

3 Habentia ponohs {pvgncibantcii7n iis quceerant) sine pondere, bodies 
having weight struggled with those xvhich were without weighty i.e. heart/ 
bodies with light. ** . *. , 

4 Liquidum coelum, the pure ether^; atire, thtMmosphere. 

5 Quae {semina, or elernenta), these, the elements previously mentioned. 
4^'6 Dissociata locis lij^avit concordi pace, being disunited from their (for- 
.""^^er) places, he combined in harmoniovs peace. 

;\V 7 Ignea et sine pondere vis coiKexi ccel^^iricnit, the fiery and yeightlcss 
element of the vaulted heaven, i. e. the ether, ciartef^ w/>^ Vis cocli are used 
for cmlum, and convexi is used in the sense of concavi. 

8 Traxit grandia elernenta, attracted the heavier particles (if matter. 

9 Possedit ultima (loca), took possession of the most remote parts ; as en- 
circling the extremities of the earth's surface. 

10 The order is, Ubi (J)eus), quisquis deorum ille fuit, secuit congeriem 
3ic dispositam, redegitque {cam) sectam in membra, and reduced ti when 
thus divided to (distinct) elements, i. e. tofirc, air, earth and water. 



FAB. II.J THE CREATION OF MAN. 3 

Turn freta difFundi, rapidisque tumescere ventis 6 

Jussit, et ambitaj circumdare litora terrae. 

Addidif et fontes, immensaque stagna lacusque, 

Fluminaque obliquis cinxit declivia ripis : 

Q;ii8e di versa locis^ partim sorbentur ab ipsa,* 

In mare perveniunt partim, campoque recepta V* 10 

Liberioris aquae pro ripis litora pulsanl. 

Jussit et extendi campos, subsidere valle.s, 

Fronde tegi silvas, lapidosos surgere montes. 

Utque duae dextra^ ccelum totidemque sinistra 

Parte secant Zonae, quinta est ardentior illis ; 15 

Sic onus inclusum numero distinxit"^ eodem 

Cura Dei, totidemque plagae tellure premuntur.^ 

Quarum quae media^ est, non est habitabilis aestu ; 

Nix tegit alta duas ; totidem inter utramque locavit, 

Temperiemque^ dedit mixta cum frigore flamma. 20 

Imminet his aer, qui,, quanto est pondere teniae 

Pondus aquae levins, tanto est onerosior igni.^0 

Illic^ et nebulas, illic^ consistere nubes 

Jussit, et humanas motura^° tonitrua mentes, 

Et cum fiilminibus facientes frigora ventos.^^ 25 

His quoque non passim mundi fabricator habendum^ '^ 

1 Divejfea locis, for diversis locis, in various places. Diver sa is here 
made to a^ee with quce, the nominative to the verb, instead of being in the 
same ease as locis, a form of expression not unusual with Ovid. See 1,6, 11. 

2 Sorbentur ab (terra) ipsa, are swallowed up by the earth itself. See 
Arethusa in Index. 

3 Utque dua? Zonae secant ccelum dextra parte, and as two zones divide 
the heaven on the right. See Zona. 

4 Distinxit inclusum onus, divided the enclosed mass, i. e. the earth, 
which was supposed to be included within the spliere of the heavens. 

5 Totidemque plaga; premuntur (in) tellure, and as many zones arc 
marked on the earth, i. e. are imprinted on the earth by the corresponding 
zones of the celestial sphere. 

6 Quarum (zonarum, zona) quae est media, of which zones that which m 
in the centre. 

7 Temperiem, due terftpq-ature ; mixta flamma, by mixing fieat. 

* 8 Qui esttanto onerosior igni, quanto pondus aquae est levius pondere 
terra?, wkwhis as much heavier than f re (i. e. ether) as the weight of water 
is lighter than the weigh t of earth. 
9 Illic, there, i. e. in the atmosphere. 10 Motura, calculated to alarm. 

11 Ventos cum fulminibus, for fuhnina et ventos, a form of expression 
frequently employed by Ovid. 

12 Habendum passim, to be possessed by them without control. 



4 THE Gi^ATION OF MAN. ["bOOK I. 

Aera permisit : vix nunc obsistitur^ illis, 

Q/Uum sua quisque regant^ diverse flamina tractu, 

Quin lament mundum ; tantaest discordia fratrum.^ 

Eurus ad Auroram Nabataeaque regna recessit 80 

Persidaque, et radiis juga subdita matutinis. 

Vesper*et occiduo quae litora Sole tepescunt, 

Proxima sunt Zephyro ; Seytbiam Septemque trionem^ 

Horrifer invasit Boreas ; contraria tellus^ 

Nubibus assiduis pluvioque madescit ab Austro. S5 

Haec super imposuit liquidum et gravitate carentem 

jEthera, nee quicquam terrenae faecis habentem.^ 

Vix ea limitibus dissepserat omnia certis, 

Quum, quae pressa diu massa latuere sub ilia, 

Sidera coeperunt to to efFervescere' coelo.K 

Neu regio foret ulla suis animantibus^ orba, 

Astra tenent cadeste solum,^ fomiaeque Deoriim ; 

Cesserunt nitidis habitandae piscibus undae ; 

Terra fetas cepit, volucres agitabilis aer. 

Sanctius his animal mentisque capacius altae^^ 45 
Deerat adhuc, et quod dominari in cetera posset. 
Natus homo est, sive hunc divino semine fecit 
Ille opifex rerum, mundi melioris origo ;^^ 
Sive recens tellus, seductaque nuper ab alto 
^there, cognati retinebat semina coeli.,^^ 50 

1 Vix obsistitnr illis— quin Ian ient mundum, resistance is tcifh d{fficulh/ 
made to them ; (hey can scarcely/ be prevented from tearing the world to 
pieces. 

2 Regant refers to the winds collectively, and is therefore put in the plural ; 
while quisque refers to each singly, and requires regat to be supplied in 
the singular. 3 Fratrum, See Ventus. A. R. A. 473^ 

4 Septemque trionem,/or Septemtrionemque, and the north. 

5 Contraria tellus, the opposite part of the earth, the southern. 

6 Nee habentem quicquam terrene facis, and containing no portion of 
earthy matter. Ea, tliese, i. e. the four elenients. 

7 Effervescere toto coelo, to burst forth over the whole sky. 
H Suis animantibus, animals pecidiar to itself. 

9 Cceleste solum, thejirmament of heaven ; forma; Deorum,/or Dii. 

10 Capacius altae mentis, more capable of lofty thought. 
\l Origo melioris mundi, the creator of a better world. 

12 Retinebat semina. co^znaticccU, still retai)ied the propei-tics of heaven . 'o 
which it teas related. It was a dogma of the Pythagoreans >Wit tlia 
soul of man was a portion of that all-pervading deity who animated the 
universe. 



FAB. II.J THE CREATION OF MAX. 5 

Qiiam satus lapeto, mixtam fluvial ibus iindis, 
Finxit in efiigiem moderantum cuncta Deorum. 
Pronaque quum spectent^ animalia cetera terrain, 
Os homini sublime dedit, coelumque tueri 
Jussit, et erectos ad sidera tollere villtus. 55 

Sic, niodo^qufe fuerat rudis et'sine imagine, tellus 
Induit ignotas hominum conversa figuras.^ 

Fab. III. — The Four Ages, 

A UREA prima sata est fetas, quae, vindice^ nullo, 
Sponte sua, sirie iQge, fidem rectumque colebat.* 
Poena metusque aberant ; nee verba minacia fixo 
jEre^ legebantur : nee supplex turba timebant 
Judicis ora sui ; sed erant sine judice tuti. 5 

Nondum ccesa suis, peregrinum ut viseret ©rbem, 
Montibus in liquidas pinus descenderat^'und^s ; 
Nullaque mortale^ prseter sua litora norant. 
Nondum prsecipites cingebant oppida fossae ; 
Non tuba directi,^ non seris cornua flexi, . 10 

Non galeae, non ensis erant ; sine militis usu^- 
Mollia securae peragebant otia gentes.- 
Ipsa quoque immunis rastroque intacta, nee ullis 
Saucia vomeribus, per se dabat^ omnia tellus"~i 
Contentique cibis, nullo cogente, creatis, 15 

Arbuteos fetus,^ montanaque fraga legebant, 

1 Prona spectent terram, stooping downwards look upon the earth. 

2 Conversa induit figuras hominura ignotas, being changai assumed the 
^giires of men, till then itnknoivn. 

3 Nullo vindice, without any avenger of wrong. The ablative absolute. 

4 Colebat tidem rectumque, practised honesty and integrity. 

5 Fixo aere, on platen of bra^s-jijced up. See Adam's Roman Antiqui- 
ties, p. 79. 

6 Nondum descenderat in liquidas undas, had not yet descended into the 
liquid leaves, had not yet been launched. Pinus is here used for a ship, 
because ships Avere frequently made of pine. A. R. A. 347. 

7 Non tuba directi (ceris), no trumpet of straight brass. A. R. A. 314. 

8 Ipsa per se dabat omnia, produced spoyitaneously all kinds of fruit. 

9 Arbuteos fetus, the fruit of the arbute, or strawberry tree. The ever- 
green strawberry tree grows wild in Italy, and produces a fruit very much 
resembling our strawberry, but larger. Fraga, wild strawberries, whit-h 
arc often found on wooded hills. Coma, cornels, the fruit of the cornel 
trt-e, a species of cherry of a beautiful red colour. Mora, blackberriei, tUa 
fruit of the bramble.^^ 



6 THE FOUR AGES. [BOOK I. 

Comaque et in duris haerentia mora rubetis, 
Et quae deciderant patula Jovis arbore^ glandes. 
Ver erat seternum, placidique tepentibus auris 
JLalcebant Zephyri natos sine semine flores. 20 

Mox etiam fruges tellus inarata ferebat, 
,/Nec renovatus^ ager gravidis canebat aristis. 
/ Fliimina jam lactis, jam flumina nectaris ibant ; 
/ Flavaque de viridi stillabant ilice mella. 

/ Fab. IV. — The Four Seasonsi 

PosTQUAM, Saturno tenebrosa in Tartara misso,' 

Sub Jove mundus erat ; subiit argentea proles/ 

Auro deterior, fulvo pretiosior ^re. 

Jupiter antiqui contraxit tempora veris ; 

Perque hiemes aestusque et inaequales autumnos 5 

Et breve ve^, spatiis exegit^ quatuor annum. 

Tum primuhi siccis aer fervoribus ustus 

Canduit, et ventis glacies adstricta pependit. 

Tum primiim subiere domos ; domus antra fuerunt, 

Et densi frutices, et vinctae cortice virgse.^ 10 

Semina tum primum longis Cerealia sulcis 

Obruta sunt, pressique jugo gemuere juvenci. 

Tertia^ post illas successit ahenea proles, 
Saevior ingeniis et ad horrida promptior arma, 
Nee sceierata tamen. De duro est ultima^ ferro. 1 5 



1 Patula arbore Jovis, from the spreading tree of Jupiter, i. e. the oak. 
This clause seems to limit glans, in the present passage, to the fruit of tho 
oak, which, in southern countries, is large, and is used as food both in a 
raw state and roasted. The oak was sacred to Jupiter, the laurel to Apollo, 
the ash to Mars, the olive to Minerva, the myrtle to Venus, the poplar to 
Hercules, the vine to Bacchus, and the cypress to Pluto. 

2 Et ager non renovatus, and the land without being ploived, 

3 Saturno misso in tenebrosa Tartara, on Saturn being sent dawn to 
gloomy Tartarus ,- being expelled from his kingdom. See Satumus. 

4 Argentea proles subiit, the silver age succeeded ; auro, the golden age ; 
are, the brazen age. 

5 Exegit annum quatuor spatiis, completed the year tcith four seasons, or 
^iidc^d the pear int^^four seasons. A. R. A., 265. See Annus. 

Q Virgae vinctae cortice, twigs fastened together vnth bark. 
7 Tertia post illas {cetates), the third in order after these, i. e. afte-' the 
giMen and silver ages. 8 Ultima (atas^ or proles). 



FAB. IV."] THE FOUR SEASONS. 7 

Protinus irrumpit vense^ pejoris in aevum 
Omne nefas ; fugere pudor verumque fidesque ; 
In quorum subiere'^ locum fraudesque dolique, 
Insidiae^ue et vis et aiiioi* scelerattis habendi.^ 
Velardabat'' ventis^ nee adhuc bene noverat illos, 20 
Navita ; quaeque.diu steterarit in montibus altis, 
Flu(!;tibus ignotis insultavere carina?.^ 
Comraunemque prius, ceu lumina solis et aur^, 
Cautus humum longo sigriavit^ limite mensor,' 
Nee tantum segetes alimentaque debita dives 25 

Poseebatur'^ humus ; sed itum est'^ in viscera terree, 
Quasque recondiderat Stygiisque admoverat^ umbris, < 
EfFodiuntur opes, irritamenta malorum. 
Jam que nocens ferrum, ferroque nocentius aurum 
Prodierant ;^^^ prodit bellum,' quod pugnat utroque, 30 
Sanguineaque manu erepitantia coneutit arma. 
Vivitur^^ ex rapto : non hospes ab hospite tutus, 
Non socer a genero ; fratrum quoque gratia^'"^ rara est. 
Imminet^^ exitio vir conjugis, ilia mariti ; 
Lurida terribiles miscent aconita novereae ; 85 

Filius ante diem patrios inquirit in annos.^* 



1 Irrumpit in aevum pejoris vense, bursts in upon an age of baser metah 
Vena, which properly signifies the vein of metal in the mine, is here applied 
to the age which is characterized by that metal. 

2 In locum quorum subiere, in room of which succeeded. 

3 Sceleratus amor habendi, the wickal desire of amassing wealt\ i. e. 
covetousness. 

4 Dabat vela ventis, spread his sails to the wind. A. R. A. 344. 

5 Carinas insultavere, keels (i. e. ships) bounded over, Carince properly 
signifies trees made into keels. A. R. A. 342. 

6 Signavit humum longo limite, divided the ground by a long boundary. 

7 Poscebatur, was called upon for ; debita, due by it. 

8 Sed itum est (ab hominibus), but men even penetrated. 

9 Admoverat Stygiis umbris, had placed near the Stygian shades, in 
allusion to the depth of the mines. 

10 Prodierant, had come forth, had showed themselves; prodit, ame*/ 
utroque, with both, i. e. with bribes of gold and swords of iron. 

11 Vivitur {ab hominibus) ex rapto, w?fn live by plunder. 

12 Gratia fratrum, the agreement of brothers ; brotherly affection. 

13 Imminet exitio, watches for the death — ilia (imminet exitio). 

14 Ante diem inquirit in patrios annos, btfore the appointed time, pre- 
maturely inquires into the years of his father ; consults the astrologers to 
know how many years he is likely to live. A. R. A. 244. 



8 THE FOUR SEASONS. [^OOK I. 

Victa jacet Pietas,^ et Virgo csede madentes, 
Ultima coelestum, terras Astrea reliquit. 

Fab. V. — The Giants. 

Neve''* foret terris securior arduus aether ; 
AfFectasse^ferunt regnum coeleste Gigantas, 
Altaque congestos struxisse ad sidera montes. 
Turn pater omnipotens missb perfregit^ Olympum 
Fulmine, et excussit subjecto Peliori Ossse. 5 

Obruta iriole sua^ quum corpora dira jacerent ; 
Perfusam multo natorum sanguine Terram 
Incaluisse ferunt, calidumque animasse" cruorem ; 
Et, ne nulla suae stirpis monumenta manerent. 
In faciem vertisse^ hominum. Sed et ilia propago 10 
Contemptrix Super um, ssevaeque avidissima csedis, 
Et violenta fuit : scires e sanguine natos.** 

Fab. Yl.—J^ycaon, 

Qu^^ pater ut summa vidit Satuniius arce, 
Ingemit ; et, facto nondum vulgata recenti, 
Foeda Lycaoniae referens^" convivia mensae, 
Ingentes animo et dignas Jove concipit iras ; 
Conciliumque vocat : tenuit^^ mora nulla vocatos. 5 

1 Pietas, natural affection ; ccelestum, of the celestial deities. 

2 Neve (/or etne) arduus aether foret, and that the loft]/ ether micikt notbe. 

3 Ferunt Gigantas affectasse coeleste regnuin, thep say that the Giants at- 
tempiea to seize the kingdom of heaven. See Giga?. 

4 Fulmine misso perfregit Olympum, by discharging a thunderbolt dashed 
Olympus to pieces. 

5 Obruta sua mole, buried under the pile of their own raising, i. e. under 
tfie mountains ivhich they had piled upon each other. 

6 Animasse calidum cruorem, animated the warm gore. 

7 Vertisse in faciem hominum, changed them into the shape of men ; the 
humanform. 

8 Scires (eos) natos (esse) e sanguine, you might have knoum that they 
voere sprung from blood. 

9 Quse, which things, i. e. the wickedness and impiety of the offspring of 
the giants ; summa arce, /ro?n the highest eminence of heaven, j^iere Jupi- 
ter's palace was. SeeW. ■«-**" '^ 

10 Referens foeda convivia Lycaoniae mensse, nondmn vulgata facto re- 
centi, reflecting upon the abominable entertainment of Lycaon's tahUy which 
was not yet generally known, as the crime had been but lately committed* 

11 Tenuit deos vocatos, detained the gods when summoned. 



FAB. Vl.^ LYCAOX. 9 

Est via sublimis, coelo manifesta sereno; 
Lactea nomen habet,^ candore notabilis ipso. 
Hac''^ iter est Superis ad magni tecta Tonantis, 
Regalemqiie domum. Dextra Iscvaque^ Deorum 
Atria nobilium valvis celebrantur"^ apertis ; ^ 1§ 

Plebs habitant diversa locis ;^ a fronte potentes ^ 
Coelicolae clarique suos posuere Penates.^ 
Hie locus est, quern, si verbis audacia detu;*,' 
Haud timeam magni dixisse Palatia cceli. 
Ergo'* ubi marmoreo Superi sedere recessu,^ 15 

Celsior ipse loco sceptroque innixus eburno, 
Terrificam capitis conbu«sit terque quaterque 
Caesariem, cum qua terrll^, mare, sidera, movit. 
Talibus inde modis ora indignantia solvit i^*^ 
Non ego pro mundi regno magis anxius ilia 20 

Tempestate fui, qua centum quisque parabat 
Injicere anguijDedum^^ captivo brachia coelo: 
Nam, quanquam ferus hostis erat, tamen illud ab uno 
Corpore et ex una pendebat origine bellum. 
Nunc mill!, qua totum Nereus circumsonat orben^ 25 

1 Habet nomen lactea {via), has the name of the milky way, or gdlaxp. 
The construction here is peculiar. The strict sjTitax would have required 
lactece, under the government of nomen, or lacteam, to agree with it. Lactea 
is probably an instance of the nominative absolute. See Lactea. 

2 Hac (via) est iter superis, along this is the way for the pods. 

3 Dextra lasvaque (parte), on the right and left of the milky way. 

4 Atria nobilium deorum celebrantiir, the halls of the powerful gods are 
throngeil. The Romans, in allusion to the division of the senators, divided 
their gods into two classes, the Dii Majorum Gentiiwi, who are here called 
nobiles, and the Dii Minorum Gentium, who are designated plebs, the in- 
ferior deities, A. R. A. 221 and 230. The words ywhiles and plebs refer to 
the division of the Roman citizens into patricians and plebeians , A. R. A. 1. 
In atria celebrantur there is an allusion to the halls in which the Roman no- 
bility received the morning visits of their friends and dependents, A. R. A. 94. 

5 Diversa locis, See 1, 2, 9. A fronte, in front of the royal palace. 

6 Posuere suos penates, have fixed their abodes. Penates, which properly 
denotes the household gods, is here used to signify a house. A. R. A. 230. 

7 Si audacia detur verbis, {f boldness may be allowed to my words. The 
poet here otfers a delicate compliment to Augustus, whose residence was on 
the Palatine hill, and thence called Palatium. 

8 Ergo, therefore ; resuming the narrative from the fifth line. 

9 Marmoreo recessu, in the marble council-room. 

10 Solvit indignantia ora talibus modis, opened his angry lips in such 
strains as the following. 

11 Ang}i\Tpedum{gigayitum),of the snake footed giants. See Gigns. Inji 
cere brachia captivo coelo, to lay his hui^drcd hands on captive heaven. 

A 2 



I'O LYCAUN. [book I. 

Perdendum est mortale genus.^ Per flumina juro 

Infera, sub terras Stygio labentia luco, 

Cuncta prius tentata \^ sed immedicabile vulnus 

Ense^ reddendum est, ne pars sincera trahatur. 

Sunt mihi Semidei, sunt rustica numina, Nymphae 80 

Faujiique Satyrique et nionticolae Silvani : 

Quos quoniam coeli nondum digngpiur honore, 

Quas dedimus, certe terras habitare sinamus. 

An satis, o Superi, tutos fore creditis illps, 

Quum mihi, qui fulmen, qui vos habeoque regoque, 35 

St^^erit insidias notus feritate Lyeaoi^ ?* 

Confremuere omnes, studiisque ardentibus ausuhi 

Talia deposcunt.^ Sic, quuna manus impia^ saevit 

Sanguine Caesareo Romaiium exstinguere^ nOmen, ^ 

Attonitum tantae subito terrore ruinae 40 

Hamanum genus est, totusque perhorruit orbis. 

Nee tibi grata minus pietas,^ Auguste, tuorum, 

Quam fuit ilia Jovi. Qui postquam voce manuque 

Murmura compressit ; tenuere silentia cuncti. 

Substitit ut clamor, pressus gravitate regentis f 45 

Jupiter hoc iterum sermone silentia rumpit : 

Ille quidem poenas, curam banc dimittite, solvit ; 

Q,uod tamen admissum,^^ quae sit vindicta, docebo. 

1 Mortale genus perdendum est mihi, the hwamn race must be destroyed 

bp me. ^ 

2 Cuncta prius tentata (esse mihi) , that every other remedy has already 
been tried by me. 

3 Reddendum est ense, must be cut out with the surgeon's knife ; ne {/ot* 
ut non) sincera pars trahatur, that the sound part be hat qfrect^d. -i,^^ 

4 The order is, Quum Lycaon notus feritate struxerit insidias mihi {has 
laid a plot/or we), qui {habeoque regoque) fulmen, qui habeoque regoque vos. 

5 Ardentibusque studiis deposcunt ausuni talia, and with burning zeal 
demand for punishment the nmn who daredjp cormnit sucJi tuickedness. 

6 Impia manus, a wicked bandj^A.-^.'tlie co^spii^ators -under-Brutus^and 
Cassius. 

7 Saevit exstinguere Romanum nomen Csesaxeo &a,ngmne,fitriously strove 
to extinguish the Roman empire by the assassination of Ccrsar. The poet, 
to flatter Augustus, here compares Julius Caesar with Jupiter, and the 
Roman empire with the unlimited dominions of the gods. 

8 Fietas tuorum, 1 he loyalty of your subjects; qiiam ilia, than (liat—i\\Q 
indignation of the gods at the conduct of Lycaon. S^ee ;J7. 

9 JPressus gravitate regentis, checked by the aidhority of the sovereifffu 
1^ Quod admissum {sit), what his crime was. 

[ 



FAB. VI.] LYCAON. 11 

Contigerat nostras infamia^ temporis aures ; 

Quam cupiens falsam, summo delabor Olympo, 50 

Et deus humana lustro sub imagine terrf^. 

Longa mora''^ est, quantum noxae sit ubique ref)ertum, 

Enumerare : minor fuit ipsa infamia vero. 

Maehala transieram, latebris horrenda ferarum, 

Et cum Cyllene gelidi pineta Lycaei; 65 

Arcados hinc sedes et inhospita tecta tyranni 

Ingredior, traherent quum sera crepuscula noctem. 

Signa dedi^ venisse Deum ; vulgusque pr^cari 

Coeperat. Irridet prim 6 pia vota Lycaon, 

Mox ait, Experiar, Deus hie, discrimine aperto,'* 60 

An sit mortalis ; nee erit dubitabile verum. 

Nocte gravem^ somno necopina perdere morte 

Meparat: liaec^illi placet experientia veri. 

Nee contentus "feo, misSi de gente MolossaT 

Obsidis nnius jugulum mucrone resolwi^^ 65 

Atque ita' ^em^ieces partim f erventibus artus 

Moli-it aquis, partim subjecto torruit igni. 

Quos simul imposuit mensis ; ego vindice flam ma 

In domino dignos everti tecta Penat^S.^ 

Territus ille fugit, nactusque silentia ruris 70 

Exululat, frustraque loqui conatui*: ab ipso^ 

Colligit OS rabiem,^ solitaeque cupidine caedis 

Vertitur in pecudes ;^^ et nunc quoque sanguine gaudet. 

^n villos abeunt vestes, in crura lacerti ; 'v. 

1 Infamia temporis, a report of the wickedness o/the time ; cupiens quam-' 
{esse) falsam, and wishing to find it false. \ 

2 Longa mora est enumerare, it icould he tedious to relate. ' 

3 Dedi signa Deum venisse, / gave -proofs that a God had arrived ; by his \ 
gait, size, and splendour. 8ee 3, 7, 99. \ 

4 Experiar aperto discrimine {num) hie sit Deus an mortalis, I will try \ 
by a clear test vjhetker this be a God or a mortal. y 

5 Gravem somno, overpoue^'ed by sleep ; necopina, unexpected. I 

6 Resolvit mucrone jugulum, laid open, or cut with a sword the neck. 

7 Atque ita, and having done so ; igni subjecto, with fire put under it. 

B Everti tecta in Penates digrios domino, / overturned the house upon 
the household gods, worthy of their master, i. e. equally widced. A. R. A. 230. 

!> Os colligit rabiem ab ipso, his motdh acquires fury from himself , i. o 
from his natural disposition, and not from any external cause. 

10 Vertitur in pecudes, he falls upon sheep ,- abeunt, arc chaftged. 



12 LYCAON. [book 1. 

Fit lupus, et veteris servat vestigia formae : 75 

Canities eadem est^ eadem violentia vultu, 

Idem oculi lucent^^ eadem feritatis imago. 

Occidit una domus -^ sed non domus una perire 

Digna fuit : qua terra patet, fera regnat Erinnys ; 

In facinus jurasse' putes : dent ocius omnes 80 

Quas meruere pati, sic stat sententia/ poenas. 

Fab. VII.— 7%e Deluge. 

Dicta Jovis pars^ voce probant stimulosque furenti 
Adjiciunt ; alii partes asserisibus implent.< 
Est tamen humani generis jactura dolori * 
Omnibus ; et, quae sit terrse nK)rtalibus orbse 
Forma futura, rogant ; quis sit laturus'' in aras 5 

Thura \ ferisne paret populandas tradeye terras \ 
Talia quae rentes, sibi enim fore cetera curae,^ 
Rex Superum trepidare vctat, sobolemque priori 
Dissimilem populo promitLit origine mir^^ 

Jam que erat in totas^ sparsurus fulniina terras ; 10 
Sed timuit, ne forte sacer tot ab ignibus aether 
Conciperet fiammas,^ longusque ardesceret axis.^ 
Esse quoque in fatis^^ reminiscitur, afforo tempus. 
Quo mare, quo tellus, corrept£y|ue regia cceli 



1 Idem oculi lueentv^^ same eyes glare,* his eyes glare as before. 

2 Una domus, one house, i. e. tliatof Lycaon ; uou una, noi 07ie merely. 

3 (Homines) jurasse in facinus, that men had sicorn to commit crimes. 

4 Sic sententia stat {mihi), thus my resolution has been fixed. 

5 Pars— alii,. /or pars — pars, or alii — alii, some — others; implent partes 
assensibus, complete the number (the jjarty) by their assent .- signify their aj- 
sent by a nod. Allusion is here made to the different modes of expressing 
assent in the Roman senate. A. R. A. 12. 

6 Quislaturus sit thura, ivho would qfer frankincense. Frankincense 
was not used in sacrifices in tlYc earliest ages ; but Ovid here, as in many 
other passages, describes the practices as they existed in his own time. 

7 (Dicit) enim cetera fore curae sih\,for he tells them Viat the rest wouhi 
be a matter of care to himself. 

8 Conciperet flammas, should catch the flames ,- be set on fire. 

9 Longus axi^, the vast heaven. The ancients believed that an axis passed 
from the one pole of heaven to the other, through tbe centre of the earth, 
on which the whole frame of the universe revolved, ^.r?* is frequently used 
by the poets to signify the whole heavens. A. R. A. AW. 

'lO Esse in fatis, that it was in the deci'ces of fate. A. R. A 22a 



FAB. VII. J THE DELUGE, 13 

Ardeat, et niundi moles operosa laboret. 1 5, 

Tela reponuntur manibtis fabricata Cyclopum : 
Poena placet diversa, genus mortale sub undis 
Perdere, et ex omni nimbos dimittere coelo. 
Protinus iEoliis Aquilonem claudit in antris, 
Et quaecunque fagant inductas^ flamina nubes ; 20. 

Emittitque Notum. Madidis Notus evolat alls, 
Terribilem pice a tec{us caligine^ vultum : 
Barba gravis nimbis ; canis^uit unda capillis ; 
/ Fronte sedent nel^ulae ; rorant penjjaeque sinusque. 
Utque manu lata pendentia nubjla pressit, 25. 

Fit fragor ; hinc densi funduntur ab sethere nimbi. 
Nuntia 'Junonis varios indula'* colores, 
^Concipit Iris aquas, aiimentaque ntibibus afFert. 
Sternfmtur segetes, et deplorata coloni 
Vota jacent,^ longique l^^or perit irritus anni. SOt 

Nee coelo cantenta suo est Jo vis ira ; sed ilium 
Caeruleus frater'^ juvat auxiliaribus undis. 
Convocat hie Xmne's : qui postquam tecta tyranni 
Intravere sui, Non est hortamine longo^ 
Nunc, ait, utendum ;" vii*es effandite vestras, So/ 

Sic opus est ; aperite domos, ac, mole remota,^ 

Fluminibus vestm totas immittite^ habenas._ 

Jusserat : hi redeunt, ac fontibus ora relaxant, 

l*Operosa moles mimdi laboret, the ingeniously-ivr ought fabric of the 
universe should be in danger of perishing. *■ 

2 Inductas (terris), whenbrought over the earth. ' See 2, 1, 307. 

3 Tectus (secundu7n) terribilem vultum picea caligine, having his dreadful 
countenance covered ivith pitchy darkness. The accusative "is frequently 
joined to passive verbs for the purpose of defining more exactly the part to 
which the verb relates. This construction is usually explained by supply- 
ing the preposition secundum (as to) ; and occurs very often in Ovid. 

4 Induta varios colores, clad in her various colours. Some of the verbs 
of clothing, as induo^ accingo, take, in the passive voice, an accusative of the 
thing put on. See Latin Kud., Rule 33. 

5 Vota coloni jacent d6plorata, the hopes of the husbandman lie desperate, 
i. c. the crops. 6 Ceferujeus frater, his sea-green brother, i. e. Neptune. 

7 Non utendum est (m'ihi) longo hoi-tamine, / must not employ a long 
exhortation. ' 
-■8 Moleremot^, removing every obstacle ; drawing up the flood-gates. 

9 Immittite totas habcnas vestris^uminibus, give the reins entirely ttj 
your streams. The metaphor in ypHine, and in 39,r^ taken from the 
reins of horses, which are slackene#to give them full ^eed. 



14 THE DELUGE. [BOOK I. 

Et defrenato volvuntur in aequora cursu. 

Ipse tridente suo terram pcrcussit ; at ilia 40 

Intremuit, motuque sinus patefecit' aquanim. 

Exspatiata ruunt per apei*tos flumina campos, 

Cumque satis arbusta simul pecudesque virosque 

Tectaque, cumque suis rapiunt penetralia^ sacris. 

Si qua domus mansit potuitque resistere tanto 45 

Indejecta malo ; culmen tamen altior hujus 

Unda tegit,^ pressaeque labant sub gurgite turres. 

Jamque mare et tellus nullum discrimen habebant : 
Omnia pontus erant ; deerant quoque litora ponto. 
Occupat hie collem; cyniba sedet alter adunca, 50 

Et ducit remos illic, ubi nuper ararat. 
Ille supra segetes aut mersae culmina villse 
Navigat ; hie summa piscem deprendit in ulmo/ 
Figitur in viridi, si fors tulit,'^ anchora prato ; 
Aut subjecta terunt curvic vineta carinse. 55 

Et, modo qua graciles gramen carpsere capellae, 
Nunc ibi deformes ponunt sua corpora phoca?. 
Mirantur sub aqua lucos urbesque domosque 
Nereides ; silvasque tenent delphines, et altis 
Incursant ramis, agitataque robora pulsant.^ -60 

Nat lupus inter oves ; fulvos veliit unda leones ; 
Unda vehit tigres ; nee vires fulminis" apro, 
Crura nee ablato prosunt velocia cervo. 
Quaesitisque diu terris, ubi sidere detur, 
In mare lassatis volucris vaga decidit alis. ^ 05 



4. 

rOrrvoii 



1 Patefecit sinus aquarum, laid open the subterraneous riSprvoirs of 
water ,- her secret repositories of water. ^ 

2 Penetralia cum suis sacris, sanctuaries with their sacred deposits,- 
i. e. with the PenateSy or household Gods. A. R. A. 230. 

3 Unda altior tegit cuhnen hujus, the water rising higher than it, covers 
the top of it; turres, palaces, lofty buildings. The towers, or spiivs of the 
moderns, were unknown to the ancients. 

4 In summa uhno, on the top of an elm-tree, 

5 Si fors tulit, if chance directed it so. 

6 Pulsant agitata, for pulsant et agitant, strike against and move ; indi- 
cating the force with which the trees were struck by the dolphins. 

7 Nee vires fulminis (prosunt) apro, nor docs his strength of thunder 
(his destructive strength) avail the boar. The metaphor is taken from the 
irresistible force of the thunderbolt ; ablato, carried away by the current. 



FAB. VII.J THE DELUGE. 16 

Obruerat tumulos iinmensa licentia ponti/ 
Pulsabantque novi montana cacumina fluctus. 
Maxima pars unda rapitur ; quibus unda pepercit, 
Illos longa domant inopi jejunia victu.'^ 

Fab. VIII. — Deucalion and Pyrrha, 

Sep A RAT Aonios QEtseis Phocis ab arvis, 

Terra ferax,^ dum terra fuit ; sed tempore in illo 

Pars maris et latus subitarum campus aquarum. 

Mons ibi verticibus petit arduus astra duobus, 

Nomine Parnassus, superatque cacumine nubes. 5 

Hie ubi Deucalion, nam cetera texerat aequor, 

Cum consorte"^ tori parva rate vectus adhaesit ; 

Corycidas nymplias et numina montis adorant,^ 

Fatidicamque Themin, quse tunc oracla tenebat. 

Non illo^ melior quisquam nee amantior aequi "" 3 

Vir fuit, aut ilia metuentior ulla Deorum. 

Jupiter ut liquidis stagnare" paludibus orbem, 

Et superesse videt de tot modo millibus unum, 

Et superesse videt de tot modo -millibus unam, 

Innocuos ambos, cultores numinis ambos ; 1 5 

Nubila disjecit ; nimbisque Aquilone remotis, 

Et ccelo terras ostendit et aetliera terris. 

Nee maris ira manet, positoque tricuspide^ telo 

Mulcet aquas rector pelagi ;'supraque profundum 

Exstantem. atque humeros Innato murice tectum,^ 20 

1 Immensa licentia ponti, the boundless fury of the sea. 

2 Domant inopi victu, kills from ivant offool. 

3 Phocis, ferax terra, aum fuit terra, a fertile land while it tons laJid. 

4 Cum consorte tori, with the partner of his bed, i. e. his wife Pyrrha. 

5 Adorant is here put in the plural, though depending upon tiie same 
nominative as adhcesit. Similar changes of construction are by no means 
unusual with the Latin poets, and particularly with Ovid, who often con- 
strues two nouns connected by cum in the same way as a plural noun. 

H Illo, than fie, i. e. Deucalion— iWa, than she, i. e. Pyrrha. 

7 Ut Jupiter videt orbem stagnare liquidis paUidibus, when Jujriter sees 
that the world is covered with pools of water ; unum (hominem) — unam ( te- 
minam.) 

8 Tricuspide telo posito, laying aside his three-pronged weapon, his tri' 
dent. A. R. A. 223. 

9 Vocatque cseruleum Tritona exstantem supra profundum {who stands 
out abovi Vie water) ^ atque tectum {secundum) humerus murice innato. 



IG DEUCALION AND PYRRHA. [BOOK T. 

Cffiriileum Tritona vocat, conch aeque sonaci 
Inspirare jubet, fluctusque et flumina signo 
Jam revocare dato. Cava buccina sumitur illi, 
Tortilis, in latum qua? turbine crescit^ ab imo ; 
Buccina, quae medio concepit ut aera ponto, 25 

Litora voce replet sub utroque jacentia Phcebo. 
Turn quoque, ut ora Dei madida rorantia barb a 
Contigit, et cecinit jussos inflata rcceptus, 
Omnibus audita est telluris et sequoris undis ; 
Et quibus est undis audita, coercuit^ omnes. 30 

Jam mare litus habet ; plenos capit alveus amnes ; 
Flumina subsidunt; colles exire videntur; 
Surgit humus ; crescunt loca decrescentibus undis ; 
Postque diem^ longam nudata cacumina silvse 
Ostendunt limumque tenent in fronde relictum. So 

Redditus orbis erat. Quem postquam vidit inanem, 
Et desolatas agere alta silentia terras ; 
Deucalion lacrimis ita Pyrrham afFatur obortis : 
O soror,* o conjux, o femina sola superstcs, 
Quam commune mihi genus et patruelis origo,^ 40 

Deinde torus junxit, nunc ipsa pericula jungunt ; 
Terrarum, quascunque vident occasus et ortus, 
Nos duo turba^ sumus : possedit cetera pontus. 
Haec quoque adhuc vitae non est fiducia nostras 
Certa satis : terrent etiamnunc nubila mentem. 45 

Quid tibi, si sine me fatis erepta fuisses, 

with shell-fish (jrowlng on them. Murex^ which is properly the fish from 
the juice of which the purple dye was obtained, is here used for any shell- 
tish. The miirex was found chiefly on the coast of Phoenicia, the north of 
Africa, and off the Ta?narian promontory in the Peloponnesus. The purple 
most valued resembled the colour of clotted blood. A. R. A. 365. 

1 Quae crescit in latum ab imo turbine, ivhich increases in width from a 
^small circular end ; voce, with its sound. 

2 Cocrcuit omnes (undas) quibus undis audita est, checked all the waters 
by which it was heard. 

3 Longam diem, a long time. Dies, when it refers to a specified time, is 
generally masculine ; when it implies the duration o/time^ it is frequently 
feminine. Nudata, /?-t'c'/rom water. 

4 Soror is here used as a term of .endearment ; for Pyrrha was his cousin 
and not his sister,- or it may be used for soi'or patruelis. n cousin. See 13, 1,31. 

5 Patruelis origo, our descent from brothers. See Deucalion and Pyrrha* 

6 Nos duo sumus turba, we two are Vie whole population. 



FAB. VIII. J DEUCALION AND PYRRHA. 17 

Nunc animi,^ miseranda, foret I quo sola timorem 
Ferre modo posses I quo consolante"^ doleres I 
Namque ego, crede mihi, si te quoque pontus haberet, 
Te sequerer, conjux, et me quoque pontus haberet. 50 
utinam possem populos reparare paternis^ 
Artibus, atque aninias formatae infundere terrae ! 
Nunc genus in nobis restat mortale duobus, 
Sic visum Superis,'^ hominumque exempla manemus. ^ 
Dixerat, et flebant. Placuit coeleste precari o6 

Numen, et auxilium per sacras quaerere sortes."^ 
Nulla mora est ; adeunt pariter Cepliisidas undas, 
Ut nondum liquidas, sic jam vada nota secantes. 
Inde ubi libatos irroravere^ liquores 
Vestibus et capiti ; flectunt vestigia sanctae 60 

Ad delubra Deae, quorum fastigia' turpi 
Pallebant musco, stabantque sine ignibus arae. 
Ut templi tetigere gradus. procumbit uterque 
Pronus humi, gelidoque j^^^s dedit oscula saxo. 
Atque ita, Si precibus, dixebmt, numina justis 65 

Victa^ remoUescunt, si flectitur ira Deorum ; 
Die, Themi, qua generis damnum reparabile nostri 
Arte sit, et mersis fer opem, mitissima, rebus. 
Mota Dea est, sortemque dedit : Discedite templo, 

1 Quid animi nunc foret tibi, what feelings would you now have had? 
What would have now been your feelings? YQX\s,from the fatal deluge. 

2 Quo consolante doleres for quis consolaretur te dolentem, who would 
have consoled you in your grief? 

3 Patemis artibus, by my father's arts. See Prometheus. 

4 Sic visum (est) Superis, so it has seemed good to the gods ; exempla, 
patterns, copies. 

5 Per sacras sortes, by means of the sacred oracle. Oracles had, amongst 
other means of divination, also sortes (dice, tallies), which were given to 
those who came for advice, and on which the answer was written. Hence 
SOTS is used to signify the oracle itself, and also any verbal reply, or response 
of an oracle, as in 69. A. R. A. 243. Ut— sic, though— yet. 

6 Irroravere vestibus et capiti, had sprinkled upon their clothes and head ; 
libatos inde, taken from it. It was customary for the ancients to sprinkle 
themselves with water taken from a fountain or a running stream, before 
ofifering sacrifice or entering the temples of their gods. A. R. A. 260. 

7 Fa^tigium properly signifies the projecting point, or gable-end, of a tttn^ 
pie or palace, which was at first used for the conveyance of rain-water, ami 
was afterwards adorned with various devices — it also signifies the roof. 

8 Victa justis precibus, moved by the prayers of the just. 



> 



18 DEUCALION AND PYRRHA. [^OOK 1. 

Et velate caput, cinctasque resolvite vestes, 70 

Ossaque post tergum magnae jactate parentis. 
Obstupuere diu ; rumpitque silentia voce 
Pyrrha priof, jussisque Deae parere recusal ; 
Detque sibi venianij pavido rogat ore, pavetque 
Laedere'^ jactatis maternas ossibus umbras. 7«5 

Interea repetunt caecis obscura^ latebris 

__Verba data? sortis secum, inter seque volutant. 
Inde Promethides placidis Epimethida dictis 
Mulcet et, Aut fallax, ait, est solertia nobis; 
Aut pia sunt nullumque nefas oracula suadent. 80 

Magna parens Terra est ; lapides in corpora terrae 

vQssa reor dici ; jacere hos post terga jubcmur. 
Conjugis augurio** quanquam Titania mota est," 
Spes tamen in dubio est ; adeo coelestibus ambo 
Diffidunt monitis : sed quid tentare nocebit i Sf) 

Discedunt, velantque caput tunicasque recingunt, 
Et jussos lapides sua post vestigia mittunt. 
Saxa, quis hoc credat, nisi sit pro teste vetustas ] 
Ponere duritiem coepere suumque rigorem, 
jVIollirique mora,^ mollitaque ducere formam. 90 

Mox, ubi creverunt, naturaque mitior iliis 
Contigit, ut quaedam sic non manifesta videri 
Forma^ potest hominis, sed, uti de marmore coepto, 
Non exacta satis rudibusque simillima signis. 
Quae tamen ex illis aliquo pars liumida succo, 96 

Et terrena fuit, versa est in corporis usum ; 
Quod solidum est flectique nequit, mutatur in ossa ; 

1 Resolvite cinctas vestes, loosen the clothes which are girt about you. 
A. R. A. 258. 

2 Laedere maternas umbras jactatis ossibus, to offend the shade of her 
■ mother hy throwing about her bones. To desecrate the ashes or bones of 

their ancestors was considered by the Romans a heinous crune. See Manes. 

3 Obscura caecis latebris, hard to be understood from Vieir dark am- 
biguities. 

4 Augiirio, interpretation, or conjecture. A. R. A. 240. 

5 Mora, by time. 5<;e 1, 8, 6 ; ducere formam, to assume a new shape. 

6 Theorderis, Ut quaedam forma hominis potest videri, sic non manifesta, 
sed uti i/orma) de marmore coepto non satis exacta, simillimaque rudibus 
signis. Rudia signa were statues in a rough state, which had been blocketl 
out, but bad not received the finishing touch of the sculptor. 



FAB. VIIJ.] DEUCALION AND PYRRHA. 19 

Quod modo vena fuit, sub eodem nomine mansit. 

Inque brevi spatio, Superorum numine, saxa 

Missa viri manibus faciem traxere^ virilem ; 1 00 

Et de femineo reparata est femina jactu. 

Inde genus durum sumus experiensque"^ laborum, 

Et documenta damns, qua simus origine nati. 

Fab. IX,— 'Python. 

Cetera diversis tellus animalia formis 

Sponte sua^ peperit, postquam vetus humor ab igne 

Percaluit Solis, coenumque udaeque paludes 

Intumuere sestu, fecundaque semina rerum 

Vivaci nutrita solo,"* ceu matris in alvo 5 

Creverunt, faciemque aliquam ccpere morando. 

Sic ubi deseruit madidos septemfluus agros 

Nilus, et aiitiquo sua flumina reddidit alveo, 

-^therioque recens exarsit^ sidere limus ; 

PlurimaC<Rul tores versis animalia glebis 10 

Inveniunt, et in his quaedam modo coepta, sub ipsum 

Nascendi spatium f quaedam imperfecta suisque 

Trunca vident numeris ; et eodem in corpore saepe 

Altera pars vivit, rudis est pars altera tellus. 

Quippe ubi temperiem sumsere humorque calorque, 15 

Concipiunt, et ab his oriuntur cuncta duobus y 

Quumque sit ignis aquae pugnax ; vapor humidus omnes 

Res creat, et discors concordia^ fetibus apta est. 

1 Traxere virilem faciem, asmmei, the shape of men. 

2 Experiens laborum, capable of enduring toils. 

3 Sua sponte, spontaneousl;/^ i. e. without the intervention of divine or 
human agency. Ovid has here adopted an Egyptian tradition prevalent 
among the early Greeks, according to which the earth was said to have 
produced spontaneously animals of every sort from the mud and stagnant 
waters left on its surface after the deluge. In proof of the earth having 
once possessed this productive power, the Egyptians adduced the myriads 
of insects which are generated by the heat of the sun in the refuse left by 
the Nile after the annual inundation. 

4 Vivaci solo, the enHveninn, or life-givinq soil. 

5 Exarsit setherio sole, has been warmed by the etherial sun. 

6 Sub ipsjun spatium nascendi, obont the very time of their birth, or first 
formation ; trunca suis numeris, destitute of some of their parts. 

7 Ah his duobus, /rom these two elements, i. e. moisture and heat. 

8 Discors concordia est apta fetibus, the discordant harmony is iveli 



20 PYTHON. [book I, 

Ergo ubi diluvio tellus lutulenta recenti 

Splibus setheriis almoque recanduit oestu ; 20 

ESdidit innumeras species, partimque figuras 

E|5tulit antiquas, partim nova monstra creavit. 

IIW quidem nollet, sed te quoque, maxime Python, 

Turn genuit, populisque novis, incognite serpens, 

Terror eras : tantum''^ spatii de monte tenebas. 25 

Hunc Dens arcitenens,^ et nunquam talibus armis 

Ante nisi in damis capreisque fugacibus usus, 

Mille graven! telis, exhausta paene pliaretra, 

Perdidit effuso per vulnera nigra veneno. 

Neve operis famam posset delere vetustas,* 30 

Instituit sacros celebri certamine ludos, « 

Pythia de domiti serpentis nomine dictos. 

His juvenum quicumque manu pedibusve rotave^ 

Vicerat, sesculeae capiebat frondis honorem :^ 

Nondum lanrus erat, longoque decentia crine 35 

Tempora cingebat de qualibet arbore Phoebus. 

Fab. X. — Daphne, 

Pri3ius amor Phoebi Daphne Pene'ia, quern non 
Fors ignara dedit, sed saeva Cupidinis ira. 
Delius hunc nuper victa serpente superbus^ 
Viderat adductq flectentem^ cornua nervo, 

adapted for procreation. Reference is here made to those principles of 
things which, though ever in direct opposition to each other, yet unite in 
preserving the great scheme of the universe, asjire and water, &c. 

1 Ilia, i. e. Tellus,— r\o\let (genuisse), woiddhave refused. The produc- 
tion of Python is here represented ^s the natural consequence of the heat 
of the sun acting upon the refuse left by the deluge, and as involuntary on 
the part of Tellus. 

2 Tantum spatii de monte tenebas, so large a portion of the mountain 
(Parnassus) did you occupy. De monte are used for montis. 

■ 3 Deus arcitenens, the god who bears the bow, i. e. Apollo. A. R. A. 227. 

4 Neve (for ut non) vetustas posset delere famam operis, and Viat time 
might not efface the fame of the deed. See Python. 

5 Manu ))edibusve rotave, in boxing^ or in running^ or in the chariot 
race. A. R. A. 276 and 277. 

fi Capiebat honorem aesculeae frondis, received as a reward a crown of 
oiiken leaves. A. R. A. 322. 

7 Superbus victa serpente, elated idth his inctory over the serpent. 

8 Flectentem cornua adducto nervo, bending his bau: by drawing Ihe 
firing towards him. 



FAB. X. ] DAPHNE. 21 

Quidque tibi/ lascive puer, cum fortibus armis ? 5 

Dixerat : ista decent humeros gestamina nostros, 
Qui''^ dare ceita ferte, dare vulnera possumus hosti, 
Qui modo pestifero tot jugera ventre prementem^ 
Stravimus innumeris tumidum Pythona sagittis. 
Tu face nescio'* quos esto contentus amores 10 

Irritare tua, ncc laudes assere^ nostras. 
Filius huic Veneris : Figat tuus omnia, Phoebe, 
Te meus arcus, ait : quantoque^ animal ia cedunt 
Cuncta tibi, tanto minor est tua gloria nostra. 
Dixit : et eliso percussis" aere pennis 15 

Impiger umbrosa Parnassi constitit arce ; 
Eque sagittifera promsit duo tela pharetra 
Diversorum operum f fugat hoc, facit illud amorem. 
Quod facit, auratum^ est, et cuspide fulget acuta ; 
Quod fugat, obtusum est, et habet sub arundine*'' 
plumbum. 20 

Hoc Deus in nympha Peneide fixit ; at illo 
Lsesit^^ Apollineas trajecta per ossa medullas. 
Protinus alter^''^ amat ; fugit altera nomen amantis, 
Sil varum latebris capti varum que ferarum 
Exuviis gaudens innuptaeque aemula Phoebes. 25 

1 Quid {est) tibi cum fortibus armis, what have you to do with brave 
arms? ista gestamina, f/^e^e arww. 

2 Qu?, in this and the following line, has as its antagedent the personal 
pronoun nos, implied in nostros. 

3 Prementem tot jugera, which covered so many acres. A. R. A. 436. 

4 Nescio quos amores, / know not tvhat kind o/love, some sort of love, 1 
know not what, implying contempt. 

5 Nee assere nostras laudes, and claim not thepraises due to me. Assero, 
in the forensic sense, signifies to establish a claim to any thing before a 
judge. A. R. A. 189. 

6 Quanto— tanto, as much as— so much. 

7 Aere eUso percussis ponnis, cleaving the air by the movement of his wings. 

8 Diversorum operum, of different properties, producing opposite effects 

9 The order is, (Telum) quoa facit (amorem) est auratum—(<eZMm) quod 
fugTt (amorem) est obtusum. 

10 Habet plumbum sub arundine, has Uad below, or at the end of the shaft, 
i. e. is tipped with lead. 

11 Laesit Apollineas meriullas per trajecta ossa, for trajecit ossa et laesit, 
he pierced the bones of Apollo, and wounded his ve^'y marrow. 

12 Alter, the one, i. e. Apollo ; altera, theothcr, i. e. Daphne. ^Zter signi- 
fies the one of two, and is tljus distinguished from alius, wliich signifies 
one of many. 



22 DAPHNE. [book 1. 

Vitta coerce! )at positos sine lege capillos. 

Miilti illam petiere : ilia aversata^ petentes, 

Impatiens expersque viri, nemonim avia lustrat, 

Nee quid Hymen, quid Amor, quid'sint connubia, curat. 

Saepe pater dixit : Generum niihi, lilia, debes ; 30 

Saepe pater dixit : Debes mihi, nata, nepotes. 

Ilia, velut crimen ttedas exosa''^ jugales, 

Pulchra A^erecundo sufFunditur ora rubore, 

Inque patris blandis haerens ccrvice lacertis 

Da mihi pcrpetua, genitor carissime, dixit, 35 

Virginitate frui ; dedit hoc pater ante Dianae. 

Ille quidem obsequitur ; sed te decor iste, quod optas, 

Esse vetat, votoque tuo tua forma repugnat. 

Phoebus amat, visiequc cupit connubia Daphnes ; 

Quaeque cupit, sperat ; suaque ilium oracula fallunt. 40 

ITtque leves stipulae demptis adolentur aristis,^ 

Ut facibus sepes ardent, quas forte viator 

Vel nimis admovit, vel jani sub luce reliquit ;'* 

Sic Dcus in flammas abiit ; sic pectore toto 

Uritur, et sterilem sperando nutrit amorem. 45 

Spectat inornatos collo pendere capillos, 

Et, Quid, si comantur,'' ait. Videt igne micantes 

Sideribus similes oculos : videt oscula, qua? non 

Est vidisse satis ; laudat digitosque manusque 

1 Aversata petentes, hating her suitors ; impatiens expersque, unaJtle 
to endure and without ejcperience of; avia nenioruin, the solitary parts of 
the woods. Ncmus denotes generally any wood or forest , and lucus, the 
g7'0ve or thicket closely surrounded by trees, in which the temple or altar 
of some deity was situated. 

2 Exosajujrales ta?das, hatimj themarriage torches, i. e. marriage- Marriages 
among the Romans were celebrated by night, and the processions were 
preceded by torclies. Hence tada is used to signify marriage. A. R. A. 4(>4. 

3 Aristis demptis, after the ears have l)een taken of. There is here an 
allusion to the ancient mode of reaping, in which the ear, with only a small 
part of the stalk, was stripped off, the rest of the straw being allowed to 
remain on the ground, and afterwards burnt to manure the land and de- 
stroy the weeds. A. R. A. 4(jiJ and 4(59. 

4 Reliquit sub luce, left unextinguished at day-hreak. The siifiilc is bor- 
rowed from a practice which existed in ancient times, of people who travelled 
by night carrying torches with them, which were sometimes thrown into a 
hedge at daybreak, or carelessly left unextinguished, and frequently caused 
alarming con flagrations. 

5 (^uid (sint) si comantur, what woidd they be if they were combed f 



FAB. X.] DAPHNE. 2^ 

Bracliiaque^ et nudos media plus parte lacertos. 50 

Si qua latent, meliora putat. Fugit ocior aura 
Ilia levi, neque ad hoec revocantis verba resistit : 
Nympha, precor, Penei, mane : non insequor hostis : 
Nympha, mane. Sic agna lupum, sic cerva leonem, 
Sic aquilam penna fugiunt trepidante columbfle, 55 

Hostes quacque'^ suos ; amor est mihi causa sequendi. 
Me miserum ! ne prona cadas,^ indignave laedi 
Crura secent sentes, et sim tibi causa doloris. 
Aspera, qua properas, loca sunt ; moderatius, oro, 
Curre fugamque inhibe ; moderatius insequar ipse. 60 
Cui placeas, inquire tamen : non incola mentis, 
Non ego sum pastor ; non hie armenta gregesve 
Horridus"* observe. Nescis, temeraria, nescis 
Qucm fugias, ideoque fugis. Mihi Delphica tellus 
Et Glares et Tenedos Pataraeaque regia servit. 65 

Jupiter est genitor : per me, quod eritque fuitque 
Estque, patet f per me concordant carmina nervis. 
Certa quidem nostra est, nostra tamen una sagitta 
Certior, in vacuo^ quae vulnera pectore fecit. 
Inventum medicina meum est, Opiferque per orbem 70 
Dicor, et herbarum subjecta potentia' nobis. 
Hei mihi, quod nullis amor est medicabilis herbis, 
Nee i)rosunt domino, quae prosunt omnibus, artes ! 

1 Brachium signifies the ami from tlie wrist to the elbow, and I acei'tus , 
from the elbow to the shoulder. The different parts of the arm are here 
mentioned in order, from the fingers to the shoulder. The attendants of 
Diana are always represented wth their arms and shoulders uncovered. 

2 Quffique (/iifjit) suos hostes, each creature flies from its oicn enemies. 

3 (Timeo) ne c'adas prona, I am afraid that you fall on your face. 

4 Non horridus observo, / do not here, in mean attire, icatch. Armen- 
tum, when distinguished from grex, signifies a herd of large cattle, as oxen, 
camels, (fee. ; and grex, a flock of small cattle, as sheep, goats, &c. 

5 Quod eritque fuitque c::tque, patet, the future, the post, and the present, 
are made known,- carmina concordant nervis, songs harmonize, with the 
strings of the lyre, are set to music. Music, of which Apollo was the inventor, 
was held in high esteem by the ancients ; and the invention of their besi 
instruments was ascril)ed to the gods. The cilhara was said to have been 
invented by Apollo, and the lyra by JMercury. 

6 Vacuo {ah amore), wJiich was before free from love. 

7 Potentia herbarum, the healing properties of plants. The medical 
knowledge of the ancients was limited to an acquaintance with the healing 
properties of certain plants. 



24 DAPHNE. [book I. 

Plura locuturum timido Peneia cursu 
Fugit, cumque ipso verba imperfecta^ reliquit : 75 

Turn quoque visa decens ; nudabant corpora venti, 
Obviaque adversas vibrabant^ flamina vestes, 
Et levis impulses retro dabat aura capillos ; 
Aucta fuga forma est. Sed enim^ non sustinet ultra 
Perdere bland itiasjuvenis Deus ; utque movebat 80 
Ipse Amor, admisso sequitur vestigia passu. 
Ut canis in vacuo leporem quum Gallicus arvo 
Vidit, et hie praedam pedibus petit, ille salutem ; 
Alter inhaesuro'^ similis, jam jamque tenere 
Sperat, et extento stringit vestigia rostro ; 05 

Alter in ambiguo est, an sit comprensus, et ipsis 
Morsibus eripitur tangentiaque ora relinquit : 
Sic Deus et virgo est, hie spe celer, ilia timore. 
Qui tamen insequitur, pennis adjutus Amoris 
Ocior est, requiemque negat ; tergoque fugacis 90 

- Imminet,^ et crinem sparsum cervicibus afflat. 
Viribus absumptis expalluit ilia, citaeque 
Victa labore fugae, spectans Pene'idas undas, 
Fer, pater, in quit, opem, si flumina numen habetis. 
Qua nimium placui,^ tellus, aut hisce, vel istam, 95 
Quae facit ut laedar, mutando perde figuram. 

Vix prece finita, torpor gravis alligat artus ; 
Mollia cinguntur tenui praecordia libro ; 
In frondem crines, in ramos brachia crescunt ; 
Pes, modo tam velox, pigris radicibus haeret ;' 100 

Ora cacumen obit ; remanet nitor unus in ilia. 

1 Cumque ipso verba imperfecta,./or et ipsura (Appollinem) et verba 
imperfecta, iinfinisJied, not uttered. 

2 Flaminaque obvia vibrabant adversas vestes, atid the breezes meetiup 
her tossed back her clothes vihich opposed them ,- dabat retro, bleio back. 

3 Sed enim, but now, but in truth ; admisso passu, with swift stcfis, at 
full speed. The metaphor is taken from a horse which has got full reins. 

4 Similis inhsesiiro, as if on the point of seizing the hare ; stringit vesti- 
gia extento rostro, (irazes its heels icilh his extended snout. 

5 Imminet tergo fugacis, is close upon her back as she^flics. 

a Qua nimium placui, ivhere I have pleased too much ; perde mutando, de- 
jtroj/ Inj changing it ; qua? facit ut locdar, which is the cause of mil beinn hurt. 

7*llrcrct pigris radicibus, is held fast by immovable roots ,- cacumen obit 
ora, the top of the tree covers her face. 



FAB. X.J DAPHNE. 2r) 

rianc quoque Phoebus amat, positaque in stipite dextra 
Sentit adhuc trepidare novo sub cortice pectus ; 
Complexusque suis ramos, ut membra, lacenis, 
Oscula dat ligno ; refugit tamen oscula lignum. 105 

Cui Deus, At conjux quoniam mea non potes esse. 
Arbor eris certe, dixit, mea ; semper habebunt^ 
Te coma, te citharae, te nostrse, Laure, pharetrae. 
Tu ducibus Latiis aderis, quum laeta triumphum 
Vox canet, et longas visent Capitolia pompas. 110 

Postibus Augustis eadem fidissima custos 
Ante fores stabis,'^ mediamque tuebere quercum. 
Utque meum intonsis caput est juvenile capillis, 
Tu quoque perpetuos semper gere frondis honores. 
Finierat Paean. Factis modo laurea ramis 115 

Annuit, utque caput, visa est agitasse cacumen. 

Fab. XL—Io. 

Est nemus Haemonite, praei-upta quod undique claudit 
Silva ; vocant Tempe ; per quae Peneus, ab imo 
EfFusus Pindo, spumosis volvitur undis, 
Dejectuque gravi tenues agitantia fumos 
Nubila conducit,^ summasque aspergine silvas 6 

Impluit, et sonitu plus quam vicina fatigat.'' 
Haec domus, haec sedes, haec sunt penetralia magni 
Amnis ; in hoc residens facto de cautibus antro, 
Undis jura dabat Nymphisque colcntibus undas. 

1 Semper habebunt te, shall always he adorned with thee,- aderis Latiis 
ducibus, sJialt attend upon, shall adorn the Roman gcnei-als. Among the 
Romans the laurel was the emblem both of victory and of triumph, and was 
used to adorn the/asces of the generals and the arms of the soldiers. The 
victorious general in the triumphal procession wore a crown of laurel, and 
held a branch of it in his right hand. A. R. A. 325. See Triumphus. 

2 {Tu) eadem stabis fidissima custos, thou shalt also stand as a most faith- 
ful guardian. One of the honours decreed to Augustus by the senate was, 

that a civic crown should be suspended from the top of his house, between 
two laurel branches, which were set up in the vestibule before the gate. 
A. R. A. 323. 

3 Gravique dejectu conducit nubila agitantia tenues fumos, and by its 
heavy fall produces clouds which enut a thin vapour. 

4 Fatigat sonitu plus quam vici; a (loca), disturbs with its noise more than 
the places adjoining to it, i. e. even places at a distance. 

B 



26 lu. Lbook I. 

Conveniunt illuc popularia flumina* primuiii, 10 

Nescia gratentur, consolcnturne parentem/'^ 

Populifer Spercheos et irrequietus Enipeus, 

Apidanusque senex lenisque Amphrysos et ^as ; 

Moxque amiies alii, qui, qua tulit impetus illos, 

In mare deducunt fessas erroribus undas. 15 

Inachus unus abest, imoque reconditus antro 

Fletibus auget aquas, natamque miserrimus lo 

Luget ut amissam : nescit vitane fruatur,^ 

An sit apud manes ; sed quam non invenit usquam, 

Esse putat nusquam, atque animo pejora veretur. 20 

Viderat a patrio redeuntem Jupiter lo 
Flumine, et, virgo Jove digna, tuoque beatum 
Nescio quem factura toro,'^ pete, dixerat, umbras 
Altorum ncmorum, et nemorum monstraverat umbras ; 
Dum calet et medio Sol est altissimus orbe. 25 

Quod si sola times latebras intrare ferarum ; 
Praeside tuta Deo nemorum secreta^ subibis : 
Nee de plebe Deo, sed qui coelestia magna 
Sceptra manu teneo, sed qui vaga fulmina mitto. 
Ne fuge me ! fugiebat enim. Jam pascua Lemse, SO 
Consitaque arboribus Lyrcea reliquerat arva ; 
Quuni Deus inducta latas caligine terras 
Occuluit,^ tenuitque fugam rapuitque pudorem. 
Interea medios Juno despexit in agros, 
Et noctis faciem nebulas fecisse volucres 35 

Sub nitido mirata die ; non fluminis illas 
Esse, nee humenti sensit tellure remitti ;^ 

1 Popularia flumina, Vie rivers of the covntrp, i. e. o/Thessaly. 

2 Nescia {num) gratentur (parenti) consolenturne parentem, not knoicing 
whether they should congratulate or console the/athcr of Daphne, i. c. FencKS. 

3 Nescit fruaturne vita, an sit apud manes, he knows not wluihcr she still 
enjoys life, or is with the manes, i. e. is dead. A. R. A. 415. See Manes. 

4 Factura nescio quern beatum, destined to make some one, I know not 
whom, happy ; some person or other; pete, go to. 

5 Secreta nemorum, the lonely ]>laces of the voods ; Deo pra?side, trith a 
god as your protector ; nee Deo de plebe, nor an inferior god. See 1 , (i, 11. 

6 Occuluit latas terras caligine inducta, covered the extensive earth with 
darkness dratvn over it. 

7 Illas rton esse (nebidas) fluminis,nec remitti humenti tellure, tJiat thejf 
were not the vapours of a river, nor were exhaled from Uie moist earth. 



FAB. XI. J 10. 27 

Atque, Sims conjux ubi sit, circuraspicit, ut quae 

Deprensi toties jam nosset furta mariti.^ 

Quein postquam coelo non reperit ; Aut ego fallor, 40 

Aut ego laedor, ait ; delapsaque ab lc there summo 

Constitit in terris, nebulasque recedere jussit. 

Conjugis adventum pniesenserat, iiKiiie nitentem 

Inachidos vultus mutaverat ille juvencam. 

Bos quoque formosa est. Speciem Saturnia vaccse, 45 

Quanquam in vita, probat ; nee non et cujus, et unde,''^ 

Quove sit armento, veri quasi nescia, quaerit. 

Jupiter e terra genitam mentitur,^ ut auctor 

Desinat inquiri. Petit banc Saturnia munus. 

Quid faciat I crudele, suos addicere amores ;* 50 

Non dare, suspectum. Pudor est, qui suadeat illinc, 

Hinc dissuadet amor. Victus pudor esset amore ; 

Sed leve si munus sociae generisque torique^ 

Vacca negaretur, poterat non vacca videri.^ 

Pellice donata, non protinus exuit omnem 55 

Diva metum, timuitque Jovem et fuit anxia furti. 

Donee Arestoridae servandam tradidit Argo. 

Fab. XII. — Argus, 

Centum luminibus cinctum caput Argus habebat : 
Inde^ suis vicibus capiebant bina quietem ; 
Cetera servabant, atque in statione manebant. 

1 Ut quae n6sset furta mariti jam toties deprensi, as she knew well the iiv- 
trigues of her husband, who had been already/ so often detected. 

2 Quaerit cujus (sit), et unde (sit) , she asks whose she is and wheyice sheis. 

3 INIentitur (earn) genitam esse e terra, falsely asserts that she was pro- 
duced from the earth. 

4 Addicere suos amores, to give up his mistress ; suspectum, liable to sm^ 
picion. Addicere is a term borrowed from the Roman law, and is applied 
to the surrender of insolvent debtors to their creditors. A. R. A. 40. 

5 Sociae generis torique, to the sharer of his descent aiui of his bed, i. e. to 
Juno. 5ee 11, 10, 62. 

6 Poterat videri non vacca, might scem^ not to be a cow ; to he something 
more than a cow. 

7 Anxia furti, afraid of theft,— afraid that the cow would be stolen ; 
(vaccam) servandam, to be watched. 

8 Inde, of than, i. e. of the hundred eijes ; suis vicibus, in their turn ; 
bina, two at a time; in statione, on guard, on duti^ — a metaphor borrowed 
from the soldiers appointed to keep guard. A. R. A. 314. 



2JJ ARGUS. LbooK I. 

Constitcrat quocumqiie modo, spcctabat ad lo ; 

Ante oculos lo, qiiamvis avcrsus, habebat. o 

Luce sinit pasci ; quum Sol tellure sub alta est, 

Claudit et indigno^ circumdat vincula collo. 

Frondibus arboreis et amara pascitur herba, 

Proque toro, terrce, non semper gramen habenti, 

Incubat infelix, limosaque flumina potat. 10 

lUa etiam supplex Argo quum brachia vellet 

Tendere, non habuit quie brachia tenderet Argo ; 

Et conata queri mugitus edidit ore ; 

Pertimuitque sonos, propriaque exterrita voce est. 

Venit et ad ripas, ubi ludere saepe solebat, 1-5 

Inachidas ripas ; novaque ut conspexit in unda 

Cornua, pertimuit seque exsternata refugit.^ 

Naides ignorant, ignorat et Inachus ipse, 

Quae sit ; at ilia patrem sequitur sequiturque sorores, 

Et patitur tangi, seque admirantibus ofFert. 20 

Decerptas senior porrexerat Inachus herbas ; 

Ilia manus lambit, patriisque dat oscula palmis ; 

Nee retinet lacrimas ; et, si modo verba sequantur,' 

Oret opem, nomenque suum casusque loquatur. 

Litera pro verbis,** quam pes in pulvere duxit, 25 

Corporis indicium mutati triste peregit. 

Me miserum ! exclamat pater Inachus ; inque gementis 

Cornibus et niveoe pendens cervice juvencae. 

Me miserum ! ingeminat. Tune es qutesita per omnes, 

Nata, mihi terras I tu non inventa reperta^ 30 

Luctus eras levior, Retices, nee mutua nostris 

Dicta refers ; alto tantum suspiria duels 

Pectore, quodque unum potes,^ ad mea verba remugis. 

1 Indiffno, unworthy of such treatment. 

2 Exsternata refugit se, and started back in alarm at hei'setf, Jfed in 
alarm fi'om her own shadow. 

3 Si mod6 verba sequantur, i/icords woidd hutfolloiVy if she couM but 
utter words. 

4 Pro verbis litera, instead oftrords letters, i. e. the letters I O. 

5 Eras levior luctus repertii, caused less prief to me than now when you 
arc found ,- dicta mutiia nostris (dlctis), wo)'d's in reply to mine. 

6 Quod unum potes, what alone you can do .• tsedas. See i, 10, 32. 



FAB. XII.J ARGUS. 29 

At tibi ego ignanis thalamos ticdasque parabam ; 
Spesque fuit generi^ mihi prima, secunda nepotum. 35 
De grege nunc tibi vir, nunc de grege natus habendus. 
Nee finire licet tantos mihi morte dolores ; 
Sed nocet^ esse Deum ; praeclusaque janua leti 
Sternum nostros luctus extendit in «vum. 
Talia moerenti^ stellatus submovet Argus, 40 

Ereptamque patri diversa in pascua natam 
Abstrahit : ipse procul mentis sublime cacumen 
Occupat, unde sedens partes speculatur in omnes. 

Nee Superum rector mala tanta'* Phoronidos ultra 
Ferre potest ; natumque vocat, quern lucida partu 45 
Ple'ias enixa est, letoque det, imperat,'^ Argum. 
Parva mora est, alas pedibus virgamque potenti 
Somniferam sumpsisse^ manu tegimenque capillis. 
Haec ubi disposuit, patria Jove natus ab arce 
DesiKt in terras. Illic tegimenque removit, 50 

Et posuit pennas ; tantummodo virga retenta est. 
Hac^ agit, ut pastor, per devia rura capellas, 
Dum venit, abductas, et structis cantat avenis. 
Voce nova captus custos Junonius, At tu, 
Quisquis es,^ hoc poteras mecum considere saxo, 55 

Argus ait : neque enim^ pecori fecundior ullo 

1 Prima spes mihi fuit (spes) generi, my first hope was that of a son-in-law. 

2 Nocet (mihi, me) esse Deum, it is mi/ misfortune to be a <jod. 

3 Submovet (cam) patri moerenti talia, removes her from her father 
while uttering such lamentations ,- abstrahitj/cwre^ her away. 

4 Tan ta mala, ilie great calamities s ultra, any longer,- natum, his son, 
i. e. Mercury. 

5 Imperat (uf) det Argum leto, orders him to put Argus to death. The 
conjunction ut is frequently omitted after verbs signifying to command, en- 
treat, &c. See 1, 8, 74. 1, f2, 17. 

6 Parva mora est sumpsisse, hut small delay is made in placing. Mer- 
cury was represented ^vith a petasus, or winged cap ; talaria, or winged 
sandals for his feet, and a caduceus, or wand with two serpents entwined 
round it. A. R. A. 226. 

7 Hae, icith this, i. e. the caduceus; abductas dum venit, stolen as he comes, 
stolen by the way ; cantat avenis structis, plays on oaten straws joined to- 
gether. For the origin of this pipe, see 1,12, 23. 

8 Quisquis es, whoever you are, be you who you may. An expression 
used by the Romans when addressing a stranger or a god whose name was 
unknown to them. 

9 Neque enim est ullo loco,/(W there is not in anyplace. 

B 2 



30 ARGD8. [book I. 

Herba loco est, aptamque vides pastoribus umbram. 
Sedit Atlantiades, et euntem multa loquendo 
Detinuit* sermone diem ; junctisque canendo 
Vincere arundinibus servantia lumina tentat. 00 

Ille tamen pugnat molles evincere somnos, 
Et, quamvis sopor est oculoruin parte receptus. 
Parte tamen vigilat ; qua^rit quoque, namque reperta 
Fistula nuper crat, qua sit ratione reperta/'^ 

Fab. XllL—Syrina?. 

TuxM Deus, Arcadioe gelidis sub montibus, inquit, 

Inter Hamad ryadas ccleberrima Nonacrinas 

Naias una fuit ; Nymph se Syringa vocabant. 

Non semel et Satyros eluserat^ ilia sequentes, 

EtquoscumqueDeos umbrosave silva, feraxve 5 

Hus habet. Ortygiam studiis ipsaque colebat 

Virginitate Deam. Ritu quoque cincta Dianse 

Falleret, et credi posset Latonia, si non 

Corneus huic arcus, si non foret aureus illi. 

Sic quoque fallebat. Rcdeuntem coUe Lycseo 10 

Pan videt banc, pinuque caput prtecinctus acuta,"* 

Talia verba refert. Restabat^ verba referre, 

Et precibus spretis fugisse per avia Nympham, 

Donee arenosi placidum Ladonis ad amnem 

Venerit ; hie illi cursum impcdientibus undis, 15 

Ut se mutarent, liquidas orasse sorores f 

Panaque, quum prensam sibi jam Syringa putaret, 

1 Et loquendo multa detinuit sermone euntem diem, and in talking much 
beauiled by his conversation the passing day, 
-2 Qua ratione reperta sit, by what means it was invented. 

3 Non semol eluserat, s?u'; had not once, 1. e. she had often escaped from. 
Eludere is a term borrowed from the gladiators, when one, by some parti- 
cular attitude, avoided the blow of his antagonist. A. R. A.* 280. 

4 Pra>cinctus {secumlum) caput acuta pinu, having his head encircled 
with sharp-pointiu I pine -leaves. l*an was represented with two small horns, 
and with a wreath of pine on his head. A. R. A. 232. 

5 Restabat referre verba, it remained for him (Mercury) to relate the 
words of Pan, and to tell that, «Scc. 

(j Liquidas sorores, her liquid sistei's, — the water-nymphs of the Ladon, 
who, a« goddesses, possessed the power of changing her. 



FAB. xm.] SyRINX. 31 

Corpore pro Nynipliae calamos tenuisse palustres ; 
Dumque ibi suspirat, motos in arundine ventos 
EfFecisse sonum tenuem similemque querenti ; 20 

Arte nova vocisque Deum dulcedine captum, 
Hoc inihi concilium^ tecum, dixisse, manebit ; 
Atque ita disparibus calamis compagine cerae 
Inter se junctis nomen tenuisse^ puellfle. 
Talia dicturus vidit Cyllenius omnes 25 

Succubuisse oculos, adopertaque lumina somno. 
Supprimit extemplo vocem, finn atque soporem, 
Languida permulcens medicata^ himina virga. 
Nee mora : falcato* nutantem vulnerat ense, 
Qua collo est confine^ caput ; saxoque cruentnm ^ 
Dejicit, et maculat prtcruptam sanguine cautem. 
Arge, jaces ; quodque in tot lumina lumen habebas,^ 
Extinctum est, centumque oculos nox occupat una. 
Excipit hos volucrisque suae Satumia pennis' 
Collocat, et gemmis caudam stellantibus implet. 35 

Protinus exarsit^ nee tempora distulit iroe, 
Horriferamque oculis animoque objecit Erinnyn 
Pellicis Argolicae, stimulosque in pectore csecos 
Condidit, et profugam^ per totum terruit orbem. 
Ultimus immenso restabas, Nile, labori. 40 

Quern simul ac tetigit, positisque in margins ripse 

1 Hoc concilium tecum manebit mibi, this intei'course tcith ymt shall be 
continued by me. 

2 The preceding part of the clause from dirparibits to jtmctis forms the 
accusative before the infinitive tenuisse. Pan's pipe consisted of seven un- 
equal reeds. 

3 Medicata virga, trith his enchanted rod; with his caduceus, which pos- 
sessed the power of causing sleep. 

4 I'alcato ense, leith his crooked steord, or falchion ; a wet»pon frequently 
mentioned by the mythological writers. 

5 Qua caput e?t confine collo, where the head is joined to the neck. His 
neck was particularly exposed by his posture while asleep. 

6 Lumenque quod'habebas in'tot lumina, and the power of vision which 
you had diffused over so many eyes. 

7 Pennis suae volucris, in the feathers of her bird, i. e. the peacock. A. 
R. A. 222. 

8 {Juno) protinus exarsit, Juno icas immediately inflamed with rape. 

9 Terruit (earn) profugam, forced her by terror to wander.- uitinms 
ifinis) immenso labori, thefarthest limit to her immense toilf her uandcru^fs. 



32 SYRINX. [^BOOK. I. 

Procubiiit gcnibus, resnpinoqiic ardua^ collo, 

Quos potuit solos, toUens ad sidera vultiis ; 

Et gemitu et lacrimis et luctisono mugitu 

Cum Jove visa queri est, finemque orare malorum. 45 

Conjiigis ille suae complexus coUa lacertis, 

Finiat ut poenas tandem, rogat ; Inque futurum 

Pone metiis, inquit, nnnquam tibi causa doloris 

Haec erit ; et Stygias jubet hoc audire paludes. 

Ut lenita Dea est, vultus capit''^ ilia priores ; 50 

Fitque, quod ante fuit. Fugiunt e corpore sette ; 

Cornua decrescunt ; fit luminis arctior orbis f 

Contrahitur rictus ; redeunt humerique manusque ; 

Ungulaque in quinos dilapsa absumitur* ungues. 

De bove nil superest, formte nisi candor, in ilia ; 55 

Officioque pedum Nymplie contenta duorum 

IJrigitur ; metuitque loqui, ne more juvencae 

]Mugiat ; et timide verba intermissa retentat.^ 

Nunc Dea linigera^ colitur celeberrima turba. 

Fab. XIV. — Epaphus and Phaethon. 

Huic Epaphus magni genitus^ de semine tandem 
Creditur esse Jo vis ; perque urbes juncta parenti 
Templa tenet. Fuit huic animis aequalis et annis 
Sole satus Phaethon ; quem quondam magna loquentem,* 
Nee sibi cedentem, Phoeboque parente superbum,^ 5 

1 Arduaque collo resupino, looking upwards with her neck bent back. 

2 Ilia capit priores vultus, she (loj recovers her former shape^ 

3 Orbis luminis, the ball of her et/e^ her eye; rictus, the aperture of her 
mouthy her month. 

4 Ungula dilapsa absuinitur, her hoofseparatinp wastes awai/ into. 

5 Rotentnt \ erba intermissa, tries a<'iain uvrds lorn] discontinued. 

6 Linicjcra turb:i, bi/ the li)ien-wearin!>^ class, i. e. tiie priests of Isis, who 
' were elothed in linen, lo was worshipped iis a goddess by the Egyptians 

under the name of Isis. 

7 Creditur penitus esse huic, is believed to have been bom bv her ; juncta 
Yifirenti, joined tvith his 7nother, jointlij with his mother. The strict con- 
6truction would have required parentis under the government of tem- 
plis, understood. This shortened form of expression, though logically in- 
accurate, is frequently met with both in Latin prose and poetry. 

8 Loquentom magna, boast inij mi(}htdij ; non tulit, could twt bcur, ThU 
■r.eaning of fero is not unusuaL' See 2, i, 22, &C. 

a Su^erbum. See I, 9^3. 



FAB. XIV. J I::PAPnUS AND PHAETHON. .73 

iSoii tulit Inachides, Matrique, ait, omnia demens 
Credis, ct cs tiimidus genitoris imagine falsi. ^ 

Eriibuit Phaetlion, iramque pudore repressit, 
Et tulit ad Clymenen Epaplii convicia matrem ; 
Quoque magis doleas,^ genitrix, ait, Ille ego liber, 1 
Ille ferox tacui. Pudet hsec opprobria nobis 
Et dici potuisse, et non potuisse repelli. 
At tu, si modo sum coelesti stirpe creatus, 
Ede notam tanti generis, meque assere^ coelo. 
Dixit, et implicuit materno bracliia collo ; 1 5 

Perque suum Meropisque caput taedasque sororum, 
Traderet, oravit, vcri sibi signa parentis. 
Ambiguum,'* Clymene precibus Phaethontis, an ira 
Mota magis dicti sibi criminis ; utraque coelo 
Brachia porrexit, spectansque ad lumina Solis, 20 

Per jubar hoc, inquit, radiis insigne coruscis, 
Nate, tibi juro, quod nos auditque videtque. 
Hoc te, quem spectas, hoc te, qui tempcrat orbem. 
Sole satum.^ Si ficta loquor, neget ipse videndum 
Se mihi, sitque oculis lux ista novissima nostris. 25 
Nee longus labor est patrios tibi nosse penates :^ 
Unde oritur, domus est terrse contermina nostrae. 
Si modo fert animus ; gradere, et scitabere ab ipso. 
Emicat extemplo laetus post talia matris 
Dicta suae Phaethon, et concipit aethera mente ;' 30 
iEthiopasque sups positosque sub ignibus Indos 
Sidereis^ transit, patriosque adit impiger ortus. 

1 Es tumidns imagine falsi genitoris, are puffed tip imth the groundless 
lelief of a false father ,- in opposition to veri parentis in 17- 

2 Quoque magis doleas, ego ille liber, ille ferox tacui, and, to grieve you 
the more, I, that open-minded, that dauntless pouth, remained silent. 

3 Assere me ccelo, vindicate for me mi/ celestial origin, prove that I am 
descended from a cmi. A. R. A. 189. See 1, 10, 11. 

4 Ambiguum (est utrum) Clymene mota (sit), it is doubtful whether Cly- 
mene teas moved ; criminis dicti sibi, Tor the calumny alleged against her. 

o Te satum (esse) hoc sole, that you are desceyuied from this sun ,- tempe- 
rat, regulates— hy diffusing light and heat, and producing the change of 
seasons, &c. The ancients were accustomed to swear by the sun, and to 
call him as a witness of their own innocence, or of the guilt of others. 

6 Ndsse patrios penates, to visit your father's palace. A. R. A. 230. 

7 Concipit mente scthera.,fjces his thoughts upon lieaven. 

8 Sidereis ignibus, the violent heat qf the sun, i. e. t/» the toriid zone. 



34 PHAETHON. LboOK 11. 

BOOK II. 

Fab. I. — Pha'ethon. 

Regia Solis erat sublimibus alta columnis,^ 
Clara micante auro flammasque imitante pyropo f 
Cujus ebur^ nitidum fastigia summa tenebat, 
Argenti bifores radiabant lumine valvae. 
Materiem superabat opus : nam Mulciber illic 5 

jEquora caelarat medias cingentia terras, 
Terrarumque orbem, coelumque, quod imminet orbi. 
Cseruleos habet unda Deos, Tritona canorum, 
Proteaque ambiguum, balaenaruinque prementem 
^gaeona suis immania terga lacertis, ' 10 

Doridaque et natas ; quarum pars* nare videntur, 
Pars in mole sedens virides siccare capillos, 
Pisce vehi quiedam ; facies non omnibus una, 
Nee diversa tamen : qualem decet^ esse sororum. 
Terra viros urbesque gerit, silvasque ferasque, 15 

Fluminaque et Nymphas, et cetera numina ruris. 
Haec super imposita est coeli fulgentis imago,^ 
Signaque sex foribus dextris,^ totidem.que sinistris. X 
Quo simul acclivo Clymene'ia limite"^ proles 
Venit, et intravit dubitati tecta parentis ; 20 

1 Alta sublimibus coluinnis, raised hy means of lofty pillars. 

2 Pyropo, the pyropiis ; a mixture of three parts of copper and one of gold, 
which, as the word imports, was of a fiery colour. It may also be trans- 
lated, a carbuncle, or ruby ; a precious stone of a red fiery colour, resem- 
bling a burning coal. 

3 Nitidum ebur, statues of polished ivory ; summa fastigia, the top of 
the roof See 1,8 61. A. R. A. 456. Bifores valvae, double folding-doors. 
A. R. A. 44f). 

4 Pars— pars, some— others— in mole, 07i a rock — vehi, to ride. 

5 (Talis fades) qualem decet (faciem) sororum esse, but such a likeness 
as that of sisters ought to be. 

6 Imago fulgentis coeli, a representation of the heaven shining with stars. 

7 Sex signa dextris foribus, six signs on the right foldiiig-door. See 
Zodiacus. 

8 Acclivo limite, hy an ascending path. Tlie ancient temples were 
usually built on a rising ground, and the approach to them was by a flight 
of steps. fieel,8, 63. 



(fab. iQ phaethon. 35 

Protinus ad patrios sua fert vestigia vultus, 

Consistitque procul ; neque enim propiora ferebat 

Lumina. Purpurea velatus veste sedebat 

In solio Phoebus, claris lucente zmaragdis.^ 

A dextra Isevaque ©ies et Mensis et Annus, 25 

Seculaque et positae spatiis aequalibus'^ Horae, 

Verque novum stabat cinctum florente corona ; 

Stabat nuda ^stas et spicea serta gerebat : 

Stabat et Autumnus calcatis sordidus uvis f 

Et glacialis Hiems, canos hirsuta capillos. a^-^, 80 

Inde loco medius* rerum novitate paventem 

Sol oculis juvenem, quibus adspicit omnia, vidit, 

^uaeque viae tibi causa I quid hac, ait, arce petisti, 

Progenies, Phaethon, hand inficianda'^ parent! \ 

lUe refert : 9 lux immensi publica mundi, 35 

Phoebe pater, si das hujus mihi nominis usum, 

Nee falsa ©lymene culpam sub imagine^ celat ; 

Pignora da, genitor, per quae tua vera propago^ 

Credar, et hunc animis errorem detrahe nostris. 

Dixerat ; at genitor circum caput omne micantes 40 

Deposuit radios propiusque accedere jussit ; 

Amplexuque dato. Nee tu mens esse negari^ 

Dignus es, et Clymene veros, ait, edidit ortus. 

ftuoque minus dubites, quodvis pete munus, ut illud, 

Me tribuente, feras : promissis testis adesto ^ 45 

Dis juranda palus,^ oculis incognita nostris,^^ 

1 Zmaragdis, emeralds. The emerald is a precious stone usually of a 
green colour ; but the ancients seem to have used zmaragdus in a more 
extended sense, and to have understood by it green crystals, jaspers, &c. 

2 Positae asqualibus spatiis, placed at equal distances. A. R. A. 230. 

3 Sordidus calcatis uvis, besmeared with pressed grapes— in allusion to 
the custom of treading out the grapes, a practice still frequent in many 
parts of Italy. A. R. A. 388. 

4 Sol medius loco, /or in medio loco, Sol who was in the centre of thi 
palace. See 1, 2, 9. and 1,6, 16. 

5 Haud inficianda parenti, ?iot deserving to be disowned by your father. 

6 Sub falsa imagine, tinder a feigned disguise. 

7 Credar (esse) tua vera propago, I may be believed to be your real of- 
spring — errorem , uncertainty. 

8 Nee tu es dignus negari esse mens (filius), you do not deserve to be 
denied to be my son. 

9 Palus juranda Dis, let the lake by which the gods are wont to swear. 



*i 



36 PHEATHON. [book II. 

Vix bene desierat : currus rogat ille patemos, 
Inque diem alipedum jus et moderamen^ equorum. 
Poenituit jurasse patrem, qui terque quaterque 
Concutiens illustre caput, Temeraria,^ dixit, 50 

Vox mea facta tua est. Utinam promissa liceret 
Non dare ! confiteor, solum hoc tibi, nate, negarem. 
Dissuadere licet : non est tua tuta voluntas. 
Magna petis, Phaethon, et quae nee viribus istis 
Munera conveniunt,^ nee tam puerilibus annis. 55 

Sors tua mortal is : non est mortale* quod optas. 
Plus etiam, quam quod Superis contingere fas est,* 
Nescius affectas. Placeat sibi quisque licebit :^ 
Non tamen ignifero quisquam consistere in axe 
Me valet excepto. Vasti quoque rector Olympi, (30 
Qui fera terribili jaculatur fulmina dextra, 
Non agat hos currus : et quid Jove majus habemus I 
Ardua prima via^ est, et qua vix mane recentes 
Enitantur equi ; medio est altissima coelo, 
Unde mare et terras ipsi milii saepe videre ()5 

Fit timer, et pavida trepidat formidine pectus. 
Ultima prona via est, et eget moderamine certo. 
Tunc etiam, quae me subjectis excipit undis,* 
Ne ferar in praeceps,^ Tethys solet ipsa vereri. 

There is here a peculiarity of constructioTi, the common form of expression 
being jurai'e per pahtdem, though the same construction, without the pre- 
position, is also found. SeeWl. Sce^tyx. 

1 Jus et moderamen, the manariement and control — in (W^m, for one day. 

2 Mea vox facta est temeraria tua {voce), my promise has become rash ly 
your request. 

3 Conveniunt nee istis viribus, suits neither that feeble strength of yours. 

4 Non est mortale, is not possible for mortals; is beyond'the power of 
mortals. 

5 Fas est contingere, is allowed to fall to the lot of— is allowed by those 
eternal laws by which the power of each god is limited and detined. 

6 Licebit (ut) quisque placeat sibi, it will be allourd to every one to be 
pleased ivHh himself— let every one think of himself as he chooses. 

7 Prima via, thefirst 2)art of the rooflf— qua, along ichich. This descrip- 
tion of the course of the sun is founded upon the erroneous opinion tluit the 
aun revolves round the earth as the centre of the planetary system. 

8 Quae excipit me subjectis \\ry([is,who receives me in her waters lying below. 
The sun was supposed to lose himself in the sea in the west at night, and to 
riae from it in the east in the morning. 

9 Ne ferar in praeceps, lest J should he hurried headlong. 



FAB. I.l PHAETHON. 37 

Adde, quod assidua rapitur vertigine* coelum, 70 

Sideraque alta trahit celerique volumine torquet. 

Nitor in adversum f nee me, qui cetera, vincit 

Impetus ; et rapido contrarius evelior orbi. 

Finge datos currus : quid agas I poterisne rotatis 

Obvius ire polls, ne te citus auferat axis F .^.' 75 

Forsitan et lucos illic urbesque domosque 

Concipias animo, delubraque ditia don is 

Esse : per insidias iter est formasque ferarum.* 

Utque viam teneas nulloque errore traharis ; 

Per tamen adversi gradieris cornua Tauri, 80 

Haemoniosque arcus, violentique ora Leonis, 

Saevaque circuitu curvantem brachia longo 

Scorpion, atque aliter curvantem brachia Cancrum. 

Nee tibi quadrupedes animosos ignibus illis, 

Quos in pectore habent, quos ore et naribus efflant, 85 

In promptu^ regere est : vix me patiuntur, ut acres 

Incaluere animi, cervixque repugnat habenis. 

At tu, funesti ne sim tibi muneris auctor, 

Nate, cave ; dum resque sinit, tua corrige vota. 

Scilicet, ut nostro genitum te sanguine credas, 90 

Pignora certa petis : do pignora^ certa timendo, 

Et patrio pater esse metu probor.^L Adspice vultus 

Ecce meos, utinamque oculos in pectora posses 

Inserere, et patrias intus deprendere curas ! 

Denique quicquid habet dives, circumspice, mundus, 95 

Eque tot ac tantis coeli terrseque marisque 

1 Rapitur assidua vertigine, is carried forward in a ceaseless revolutior^ 
According to the opinions of some of the ancient philosophers, the heaven 
moved round in a rapid and incessant revolution, and carried along with 
it the stars. 

2 Nitor in adversum, I advance icith difpcidty in the opposite direction^ 
i. e./rom east to west; while the planets moved from west to east. 

3 Ne citus axis auferat te, and the rapid axis, i. e. the rapid revolution 
of the heavens y not carry you away. See 1, 7, 12. 

4 Formas ferarum, the forms of wild beasts— those by which the signs of 
the zodiac were represented, as Leo, Scorpio, &c. Seel, 2, 42. 

5 Nee in promptu est tibi regere, nor is it easy for you to manage. Sol 
here speaks as if the sun would pass through all the signs of the zodiac in a 
single day, "whereas the time necessary to accomplish this is a year. 

6 CQTta j^ifoioraf undoubted pledges ; timQndo,bybei7ig afraidfor you, 

C 



38 PHAETHON. [book lU 

Posce bonis aliquid : nullam patiere repiilsam. 
Deprecor^ hoc unum, quod vero nomine poena, 
Non honor est : poenam, Phaethon, pro munere poscis. 
Quid mea colla tones blandis, ignare, lacertis I 100 

Ne dubita, dabitur, Stygias juravimus undas, 
Quodcumque optaris : sed tu sapientius opta. 
^Finierat''^ monitus : dictis tamen ille repugnat^/^'' 
Propositumque tenet, flagratque cupidine currus. 
Ergo, qua licuit,^ genitor cunctatus ad altos 105 

Deducit juvenem, Vulcania niunera, currus. 
Aureus axis erat, temo aureus, aurea summae 
Curvatura rotse,^ radiorum argenteus ordo ; 
Per juga chrysolithi^ positseque ex ordine gemmae 
Ciara repercusso reddebant lumina Phoebo..^ 110 

Dumque ea magnanimus Phaethon miratur djpusque 
Perspicit ; ecce vigil rutilo patefecit ab ortu 
Purpureas Aurora fores, et plena rosarum 
Atria. DifFugiunt stellae, quarum agmina cogit^ 
Lucifer, et coeli statione novissimus exit.^c^ 115 

At pater ut terras mundumque rubescere vidit, 
Cornuaque extremae velut evanescere Lunae,' 
Jungere equos Titan velocibus imperat Horis. 
Jussa Deae celeres peragunt, ignemque vomentes 
Ambrosia? succo saturos,^ praesepibus altis 120 

1 Deprecor hoc unum, quod vero nomine (est) pcena, linterpose against 
this one tiling, ivhich, by its true name, is a punishment. 

2 Finierat, i.e. Phabus—iWe, i.e. Phaethon. 

3 Cunctatus qua licuit, having delayed as long as he could. 

4 Curvatura summas rotae, the outermost rimy or felloe of Vie wheel ; ordo 
radiorum, the roiv of spokes. 

5 Chrysolithus, gold-stone, was a precious stone of a bright yellow colour, 
supposed to be a topaz. 

6 Cogit agmina, brings up the rear—s, form of expression borrowed from 
an army on march. The stars are represented as an army marching off 
the field at the approach of the morning star, with Lucifer as the com- 
mander of tlie last company. 

7 Cornuaque extremse Lunse velut evanescere, and Vie hoyms of Vie 
fading moon to vanish as it ivere. 

8 Saturos succo ambrosias, fidlfed with the juice ofamU'Osia, Ambro- 
sia, which properly signilies the food of the gods, is represented by the 
poets as being the food of their horses also ; quadrupedes, horses ; addunt, 
put on. 



FAB. I.J PHAETHOX. 39 

Quadrupedes ducimt, adduntque sonantia freiia. 

Turn pater ora sui sacro medicamine nati 

Contigit/ et rapidae fecit patientia flammae, 

Imposuitque comae radios, priEsagaque luctus' 

Pectore sollicito repetens suspiria, dixit : 1 25 

Si potes hie saltern monitis parere paternis ; 

Parce, puer, stimulis, et fortius utere loris : 

Sponte sua propcrant ; labor est inhibere volentes. 

Nee tibi directos placeat via quinque per arcus/ 

Sectus in obliquum est lato ciirvamine limes,'* ISO 

Zonarumque trium contentus fine ; polumque 

Effugito australem, junctamque aquilonibus Arcton : 

Hac sit iter ; manifesta rotse vestigia cernes. 

Utque ferant sequos et coelum et terra calores. 

Nee preme, nee summum molire per aethera curnim. 1 So 

Altius egressus^ coelestia tecta cremabis ; 

Inferius, terras : medio tiitissimus ibis. 

Neu^ te dexterior tortum declinetin Anguem, 

Neve sinisterior pressam rota ducat ad Aram : 

Inter utrumque tene. Fortunae cetera mando, 140 

Qua? juvet,^ et melius, quam tu tibi, consulat, opto. 

Dum loquor, Hesperio positas in litore metas^ 

Humida nox tetigit : non est mora libera nobis ; 

1 Contigit sacro medicamine, rubbed with a celestial ointments patientia, 
capable of enduring. 

2 Pra?saga luctus, which foreboded his future sorrow ; stimulis, the goads. 
A.R.A. 4ai. 

3 Nee via per quinque directos arcus placeat tibi, and let not the road 
through the five parallel circles please you, i. e. go not through theequaicr, 
the tropics, and the polar circles. See 1, 2, 14, &c. 

4 Limes, the paVi, i.e. the ecliptic, which cuts the equator obliquely; 
contentus tine trium zonarum, confined u'i thin the limits of three zones. 
The ecliptic lies within the torrid zone, having one of the temperate zones 
on each side. The torrid and two temperate zones are therefore the three 
here referred to. 

5 Egressus altiils, hi/ going too high ; (egressus) inferiCls, by going too low. 

6 Neu — neve, neither— nor,- tene {cursum)y keep the way; anguem, 
aram. See Anguis, Ara. 

7 Opto, quae (for ut ea) juvet, I pray that she may assist yoii. 

8 Metas positas in Hesperio litore, the goals placed on the western shore, 
i. e. the shore of the Atlantic. The Goddess of Night is represented as passing 
in a chariot across the sky, and reaching the western horizon at the same 
time that the sun rises in the east. A. R. A. 275. 



40 PHAETHON. [book II. 

Poscimur ; efFulget tenebris Aurora fugatis. 
Corripe lora manu ; vel, si mutabile pectus 1 45 

Est tibi, consiliis, non curribus, utere nostris, 
Bum potes et solid is etiamnum sedibus adstas, 
Dumque male optatos nondum premis inscius axes. 
Quae tutus spectes, sine me dare lumina terris. 
Occupat ille levem juvenili corpore^ currum, 150 

Statque super, manibusque datas contingere habenas 
Gaudet, et invito grates agit inde parenti. 

Interea volucres Pyroeis, Eous et jEthon, 
Solis equi, quartusque Phlegon, hinnitibus auras 
Flammiferis implent, pedibusque rejDagula pulsant/^ 155 
Quae postquam Tethys, fatorum ignara nepotis, 
Pepulit, et facta est immensi copia mundi f 
Corripuere viam, pedibusque per aera motis 
Obstantes findunt nebulas, pennisque levati 
Praetereunt ortos isdem de partibus Euros. IGO 

Sed leve pondus erat, nee quod cognoscere possent 
Solis equi,"^ solitaque jugum gravitate carebat. 
Utque labant curvae justo sine pondere naves, 
Perque mare instabiles nimia levitate feruntur ; 
Sic onere assueto vacuos dat in aera saltus,^ 165 

Succutiturque alte, similisque est currus inani. 
Quod simulac sensere, ruunt tritumque relinquunt 
Quadrijugi spatium, nee, quo prius, ordine currunt. 
Ipse pavet, nee qua commissas flectat habenas, 
Nee scit, qua sit iter ; nee, si sciat, imperet illis. 170 
Turn primum radiis gelidi caluere Triones, 

1 Levem juvenili corpora, light on account of his youthful body ,- inde, 
from it, from the chariot, 

2 Pulsant repagula, strike the barriers. The repagula "were beams of 
wood placed across the openings in the race-course from which the horses 
started, to prevent them from setting off before the time. A. R. A. 27.5. 

3 Et copia immensi mundi facta est, a7id full scope over the boundless 
universe was given them. 

4 Nee {for et) quod equi solis (non) possent cognoscere, and such as the 
horses of the sun could not feel. 

5 Dat saltus in aera vacuos assueto onere, makes leaps into the air indi- 
cating the want of its usual weight. Vacuos strictly refers to currus-^ 
mani {currui). 



FAB. I.J PHAETHON. 41 

Et vetito fnistra tentarunt sequore tingi ; 
Quaeque polo posita est glaciali proxima Serpens, 
Frigore pigra prius, nee formidabilis ulli, 
Incaluit, sumpsitque novas fervoribus iras/ J75 

Te quoque tiirbatum memorant fugisse, Boote, 
Quamvis tardus eras, et te tua plaustra tenebant. 
Ut vero summo despexit ab aethere terras 
Infelix Phaethon penitus penitusque jacentes ;'^ 
Palluit, et subito genua intremuere timore, 180 

Suntque oculis tenebne per tantum lumen obortae,' 
Et jam mallet equos nunquam tetigisse paternos ; 
Jamque agnosse genus piget, et valuisse rogando ; 
Jam Meropis dici cupiens, ita fertur,"* ut acta 
Praecipiti pinus Borea, cui victa remisit 185 

Frena suus rector, quam Dis votisque reliquit. 
Quid faciat ? multum cceli post terga relictum ; 
Ante oculos plus est ; animo metitur utrumque, 
Et modo, quos illi fato contingere non est,^ 
Prospicit occasus, interdum respicit ortus ; 1 00 

Quidque agat ignarus, stupet ; et ncc frena remittit. 
Nee retinere valet, nee nomina novit equorum. 
Sparsa quoque in vario passim miracula coelo^ 
Vastanimque videt trepidus simulacra ferarum. 

Est locus, in geminos ubi brachia concavat arcus 1 95 
Scorpios, et cauda flexisque utrimque lacertis 
Porrigit in spatium signoinim membra duoiTim. 
Hunc puer ut nigri madidum sudore veneni 



1 Sumpsit novas iras fervoribus, felt unusual rage from the heat. 

2 Jacentes penitus penitusque, lying deeper and deeper bf low him. 

3 Tenebrae obortae sunt oculis per tantum lumen, darkness overspread 
his eyes from such a glare of light. 

4 Fertur ita ut pinus, is borne along like a ship ; victa frena, the hetm 
now unmanageable ; Dis, to the tutelary gods, whose images were placed on 
the stern, and to whom the crew addressed prayers and made vows in a 
storm. A. R. A. 342. 

5 Non est illi fato contingere, it is not alloiced him by fate to reach. 

6 Miracula sparsa passim in vario ccelo, strange of^ects scattered every 
where over the spangled heaven. In miracula there is an allusion to the 
constellations mentioned in 78, &c. and vario refers to the firmament 
bestudded with stars. 



42 PHAETHON. [book II. 

Vulncra ciirvata minitantom ciis])ide vidit ; 
Mentis inops gelida formidine lora rcniisit. 200 

Quae postquam siimmum tetigere jacentia tergiim, 
Exspatiantur^ eqiii, niilloquc inhibente per auras 
Ignotfle regionis cunt ; quaque impetus egit, 
Hac sine lege ruunt ; altoque sub aethere fixis 
Incursant stellis, rapiuntque per avia curruni. 205 

Et modo summa'^ petunt, mod 6 per decliva viasque 
Pra?ci])itcs spatio terrte propiore feruntur. 
Inferiiisque suis'^ fraternos currere Luna 
Admiratur equos ; aml)ustaque nubila fumant. 
Corripitur flammis, ut quaeque altissima/ tellus, 210 
Fissaque agit rimas, et succis aret ademptis. 
Pabula canescunt ; cum frondibus uritur arbos ; 
Materianique suo pra?bot seges arida damno. 
Parva queror ; magnte poreunt cum moenibus"^ urbes, 
Cumquc suis totas po])ulis inccndia gentes 215 

In cinerem vertimt. Silva? cum montibus ardent ; 
Ardet Athos Taurusque Cilix et 'J'molus et QKte ; 
Et nunc sicca, ])rius celeberrima fontibus, Ide, 
Virgineusque Helicon, et nondum CKagrius Haemos ; 
Ardet in immensum gcminatis ignibus iEtne, 220 

Parnassusque biceps et Eryx et Cynthus et Otlirys, 
Et tandem Rhodope nivibus caritura, Mimasque 
Dindymaque et Mycale natusque ad sacra Citba^ron. 
Nee prosunt Scytliiae sua frigora : Caucasus ardet, 
Ossaquc cum Pindo mnjorque ambobus Olympus, 225 
Aeriaeque Alpes et nubifer Apenninus. 



1 Exspatiantur, start from the road ; sine lecre, vifhout control. 

2 Suniina (loca), the hh]1u'st places ; decliva (loca), declivities; spatio 
propiore terrae, a track nearer to the earth. 

3 JnferiAs suis (equis), lower than her own horses. The moon moves 
round the earth in a smaller circle than the sun, and her horses are there- 
fore nearer the centre of attraction. 

4 Tellus, ut quajque (fellus) est altissima, the earth, as any part of it is 
verp high, all the highest parts of the earth. 

5 Ciim mopnibus", with the fmilditu/s. Mo'nihus probably signifies the 
Larger and more durable editioes, chieHv the public buildings ; gentes cum 
ffuis populis, countries with their inhabitants. 



FAB. I.J PHAETHON. 43 

Tunc vero Phaethon cunctis e partibus orbem 
Adspicit acccnsum, nee tantos sustinet a?stiis ;' 
Ferventesque auras, velut e fornace profunda, 
Ore trahit, currusque suos candescere sentit ; 280 

Et neque jam cineres ejectatamque favillam 
Ferre potest, calidoque involvitur undique fumo. 
Quoque eat, aut ubi sit, picea caligine tectus, 
Nescit, et arbitrio volucrum raptatur equorum. 
Sanguine turn crcdunt in corpora summa vocato^ 235 
^tbiopum populos nigrum traxisse colorem. 
Tum facta est Libye, raptis humoribus sestu, 
Arida ; tum Nympbae passis fontesque lacusque 
Deflevere comis. Quferit Boeotia Dircen, 
Argos Amymonen, Epbyre Pirenidas undas. 240 

Nee sortita loco distantes^ flumina ripas 
Tuta manent ; mediis Tanais fumavit in undis, 
Peneosque senex Teutbranteusque Caicus 
Et celer Ismenos cum Psopha'ico Erymantho, 
Arsurusque iterum Xantbus flavusque Lycormas, 245 
Quique recurvatis ludit Mseandros in undis, 
Mygdoniusque Melas et Taenarius Eurotas ; 
Arsit et Euphrates Babylonius, arsit Orontes, 
Thermodonque citus Gangesque et Phasis et Ister ; 
-^stuat Alpheos ; ripae Spercbe'ides ardent ; 250 

Quodque suo Tagus amne vehit, fluit ignibus,^ aurum ; 
Et, quae Msonias celebrarant carmine ripas, 
Flumineae volucres medio caluere Caystro. 
Nilus in extremum fugit perterritus orbem, 
Occuluitque caput, quod adhuc latet : ostia septem 255 



1 Nee sustinet tantos aestus, and cannot endure sttch violent heat. Sus- 
tinet is used for potest sustinere, and is equivalent to jwtest/erre in line 23-2. 

2 Sanguine vocato in summa corpora, /raw the blood being drawn to the 
surface of the body. 

3 Sortita ripas distantes loco, having obtained, which have banks dvftant 
in place, at a distance from each other, i.e. large rivers whose banks are 
farthest separated. 

4 Fluit ignibus, is melted by the fire ; flumineae volucres, the birds of the 
river t i. e. the swans. 



44 PHAETHON. LbOOK II. 

"Pulverulenta vacant,^ septem sine flumine valles. 
Fors eadem Ismarios, Hebrum cum Strymone siccat, 
Hesperiosqiie amnes, Rhenum Rhodanumque Padumque, 
Cuique fuit rcriim promissa potentia, Thybrin. 

Dissilit'^ omne solum ; penetratque in Tartars rimis 
Lumen, et infernum terret cum conjuge regem ; 261 
Et mare contrahitur ; siccceque est campus arente, 
Quod modo pontus erat ; quosque altum texerat aequor, 
Exsistunt montes et sparsas Cycladas augent. 
Ima petunt pisces, nee se super sequora curvi 265 

Tollere consuetas audent delphines in auras. 
Corpora phocarum summo resupina profundo' 
Exanimata jacent ; ipsum quoque Nerea fama est 
Doridaque et natas tepidis latuisse sub antris. 
Ter Neptunus aquis cum torvo brachia vultu* 270 

Exserere ausus erat : ter non tulit aeris sestus. 
Alma tamen Tellus, ut erat circumdata ponto, 
Inter aquas pelagi contractosque undique fontes, 
Qui se condiderant in opacse viscera matris, 
Sustulit omniferos'' collo tonus arida vultus, 275 

Opposuitque manum front! ; magnoque tremore 
Omnia concutiens paulum subsedit ; et infra, 
Qaam solet esse, fuit ; siccaque ita voce locuta est : 
Si placet hoc, meruique, quid 6 tua fulmina cessant,^ 
Summe Deum I liceat periturse viribus ignis,^ 280 



1 Septem ostia vacant pulverulenta, his seven mouths are urithout water 
and full of dust. 

2 Dissilit, gapes — infernum regem cum conjuge, Pluto and Proserpine, 

3 Summo profundo, on the surface of the deep ; resupina, with the bellp 
upwards, on their back. 

4 Brachia cum torvo vultu, Ms arms and ?iis stern countenance. Allu- 
sion is here made to the attitude of the Roman orators, who used, when 
speaking, to disengage tlie right arm from the toga. Neptune is here repre- 
sented as rising from the deep to plead the cause of the world. A. R. A. 350. 

5 Omniferos vultus, her all-productive countenance. This epithet is ap- 
plied to the earth as producing every thing necessary for the support of 
animal life. 

6 The order is. Si hoc placet {tibi)y meruique, quid, O summe Doum, 
tua fulmina cessant ? 

7 Liceat (mihi) periturse viribus ignis, may it be allowed m«, if I nwut 
perish by the force of fire. Viribus ignis are used for igne. 



FAB. I.J PHAETHON. 45 

Igne perire tiio clademque auctore levare.^ 

Vix equidem fauces haec ipsa in verba^ resolvo ; 

Presserat ora vapor ; tostos en adspice crines, 

Inque oculis tantum, tantiim super ora favillae. 

Hosne mihi fructus, hunc fertilitatis honorem 285 

Officiique refers, quod adunci vulnera aratri 

Rastrorumque fero, totoque exerceor anno I 

Quod pecori frondes, alimentaque mitia, fruges, 

Humano generi, vobis quod thura ministro I 

Sed tamen exitium fac me meruisse :^ quid undae, 290 

Quid meruit frater I cur illi tradita sorte 

-^qaora decrescunt et ab ae there longius absunt I 

Quod si nee fratris, nee te mea gratia'^ tangit ; 

At coeli miserere tui. Circumspice utrumque f 

Fumat uterque polus ; quos si vitiaverit ignis, 295 

Atria vestra ruent. Atlas en ipse laborat, 

Vixque suis humeris candentem sustinet axem. 

Si freta, si terras pereunt, si regia coeli ; 

In Chaos antiquum confundimur. Eripe flammis, 

Si quid adhuc superest/ et rerum consule summae/ SOO 

Dixerat haec Tellus ; neque enim tolerare vaporem 

Ulterius potuit, nee dicere plura ; suumque 

Retulit^ OS in se propioraque Manibus antra. 

At pater omnipotens Superos testatus^ et ipsum, 
Qui dederat currus, nisi opem ferat, omnia fato 805 

Interitura gravi, summam petit arduus arc em, ^° 

1 Levare cladem auctore, to alleviate my calamity hy the author of it, 
i.e. let it be iniiicted by you rather than be the result of Phaethon's 
imprudence. 

2 In haec ipsa verba, yor these icords even. 

3 Fac me meruisse, suppose, grant that I have deserved it—undse (mei-u- 
e^'tmO—frater, i, e. Neptune. 

4 Quod si nee (gratia) fratris, nee mea gratia tangit te, but if neither 
a regard for your brother nor for me qffl'cts you. 

5 'Circumspice utrumque (polum), look to both poles. 

6 Si quid adhuc superest, whatever still remains. 

7 Consule sumnije rerum, provide for the safety of the world. 

8 Retulit OS in se, drew back her face within herself, i. e. into the earth, 
of which she was the goddess. 

9 Testatus — et ipsum, calling to witness — and him too — says. 

10 Petit arduus summam arcem, mounts aloft tO'the highest point ofheaven» 

c 2 



46 PHAETHON. [book TI. 

Unde solet latis nubes inducere terris ; 

Unde movet^ tonitrus, vibrataque fulmina jactat. 

Sed neque, quas posset terris inducere, nubes 

Tunc habuit, nee, quos ccelo demitteret, imbres. 310 

Intonat, et dextra libratum^ fulmen ab aura 

Misit in aurigam, pariterque animaque rotisque 

Expulit/ et saevis compescuit ignibus ignes.** 

Consternantur equi, et saltu in contraria facto 

Colla jugo eripiunt, abruptaque lora relinquunt. 315 

Illic^ frena jacent, illic temone revulsus 

Axis, in hac radii fractarum parte rotarum ; 

Sparsaque sunt late laceri vestigia currus. 

At Phaetbon, rutilos flamma populante capillos, 

Volvitur in praeceps,^ longoque per aera tractu 320 

Fertur ; ut interdum de coelo stella sereno, 

Etsi non cecidit, potuit cecidisse videri. 

Quern procul a patria diverso maximus orbe 

Excipit Eridanus, fumantiaque abluit ora. 

Fab. II. — The Sisters of Phaethon, 

Naides Hesperiae trifida fumantia flamma 

Corpora dant tumulo,^ signantque hoc carmine saxum : 

Hie situs est^ PJiaethon, currus auriga pateymi ; 

Quern si non tenuity magnis tamen exeidit ausis. 

Nam pater obductos, luctu miserabilis aegro, 6 

Condiderat vultus ; et, si mod 6 credimus, unum 



1 Mo vet, hurls; jactat vibrata fulmina, dai'ts the brandished lightning. 
A.R. A. 221. 

2 Libratum ab dextra aure, swung from his right ear. 

3 Expulit animaque rotisque, deprived him of life and drove him from 
the chariot. 

4 Compescuit ignes saevis ignibus, quenched the f res (by which the earth 
was consumed) with cruel fires ^ i. e. with lightning. 

5 Illic— illic, in one place — in another place. A. R. A. 476- 

6 Volvitur in praeceps, is hurled headlong ; potuit videri, map have seemed. 

7 Dant tumulo, commit to the tomb, bury. A. R. A. 4U8. Carmine, 
inscription, epitaph. 

8 Hie situs est, here is buried. These words were frequently used in the 
beginning of inscriptions on sepulchral monuments. A. R. A. 423. Tenuit, 
VMnaged. 



FAB. II.J THE SISTERS OF PHAETHON. 47 

Isse diem siiie Sole ferunt :' incendia lumen 
Praebebant ; aliquisque malo fiiit usus in illo. 

At Clyniene, postquam dixit qurecumque fucrunt 
In tantis dicenda mails ; lugubris et amens 10 

Et laniata sinus^ totum percensuit orbem ; 
Exanimesque artus primo, mox ossa requirens, 
Reperit ossa tamen peregrina condita ripa, 
Incubuitque loco ; nomenque in marmore lectum 
Perfudit lacrimis et aperto pectore fovit.^ 15 

Nee minus Heliades fletus et, inania* morti 
Munera, dant lacrimas ; et caesae pectora palmis 
Non auditurum miseras Phaethonta querelas 
Nocte dieque vocant ; adstemunturque sepulcro. 
Luna quater junctis implerat cornibus orbem ;^ 20 

Illae more suo, nam morem fecerat usus, 
Plangorem dederant. E quis Phaethusa soroinim 
Maxima, quum vellet terrae procumbere, questa est 
Diriguisse pedes ; ad quam conata venire 
Candida Lampetie, subita radice^ retenta est. 25 

Tertia, quum crinem manibus laniare pararet, 
Avellit frondes ; hsec stipite crura teneri, 
Ilia dolet fieri longos sua brachia ramos. 
Dumque ea mirantur, complectitur inguina cortex, 
Per que gradus^ uterum pectusque humerosque ma- 
nusque 30 

Ambit, et exstabant tantum ora vocantia matrem. 
Quid faciat mater, nisi, quo trahat impetus illam, 
Hue eat atque illuc, et, dum licet, oscula jungat I 
Non satis est : truncis avellere corpora tentat, 

1 Ferunt {homines), they say ,- isse, passed; lugubris, sorrmful, or 
dressed in mouminc} garments. A. R. A. 422. 

2 Laniata {secmi'dum) sinus, tearing her bosom — a usual mode, especially 
with women, of expressing grief. A. R. A. 414. Aee 17. 

3 Fovit aperto pectore, warmed it (the name) with her naked breast. 

4 Inania, unavailing ; morti, to the dead body. 

5 Implerat orbem, had completed her disk, i. e. four months had elapsed ; 
usus fecerat morem, custom had made it a habit. 

6 Subit& radice, by a root suddenly growing from her feet, 

7 Per gradus, by degrees, gradually ; impetus trahat, herphrmsy huri ies 
her. 



48 THE SISTERS OF PHAETHON. [bOOK !!• 

Et teneros manibus ramos abrumpere ; at inde 35 

Sanguineae manant tanquam de vulnere guttae. 
Farce, precor, mater, quaecumque est saucia, clamat ; 
Parce, precor : nostrum laniatur in arbore corpus. 
Jamque vale. Cortex in verba novissima venit. 

Inde fluunt lacrimse, stillataque Sole rigescunt^ 40 
De ramis electra novis ; quae lucidus amnis 
Excipit, et nuribus mittit gestanda Latinis. 

Fab. III. — CycnuSs 

Adpuit huie monstro^ proles Sthenelei'a Cycnus, 
Qui tibi materno quamvis a sanguine junctus, 
Mente tamen, Phaethon, propior fuit. Ille relicto. 
Nam Ligurum populos et magnas rexerat urbes, 
Imperio ripas virides amnemque querelis 5 

Eridanum implerat silvamque sororibus auctam :^ 
Quum vox est tenuata viro,* canaeque capillos 
Dissimulant pluniae/ collumque a pectore longum 
Porrigitur, digitosgue ligat junctura rubentes ; 
Penna latus vestit ; tenet os sine acumine rostrum: 10 
Fit nova Cycnus avis, nee se coeloque Jovique 
Credit, ut injuste missi memor ignis ab illo :^ 
Stagna petit patulosque lacus, ignemque perosus, 
Quae colat,^ elegit contraria flumina flammis. 

Squalidus interea genitor Phaethontis et expers 1 5 



1 Electra stillata de noris ramis rigescunt sole, amber dropping from 
the new branches hardens in the sun. See Electrum. 

2 Adfuit huic moji^iro, was present at this transformation. Monstmm 
was applied by the Latin writers to any thing singular or strange in its 
form, behaviour, or consequences, and therefore to any thing at variance 
with the ordinary laws of nature. 

3 Silvamque auctam sororibus, and the wood increased by the sist^'s, i. e. 
by the sisters of Phaethon, who were changed into trees. 

4 Quum vox tenuata est viro, when the voice of the man was rendered 
shrill ; dissimulant, conceal. 

5 Plumce signifies the small and soft feathers which cover the bodies of 
birds, the plumage ,- and pcnna is applied to the long and thick feathers of 
the tail and wings — it frequently also signifies a wing. 

6 Ignis injuste missi ab illo, of fire unjustly tJirown by him, i. e. by Jupiter, 
against his friend Phaethon. 

7 Quae colat, which he may inhabit, for his habitation. 



FAB. III.] CYCNUS. 49 

Ipse sui decoris, qualis, quum deficit orbem/ 

Esse solet, lucemque odit seque ipse diemque, 

Datque animum in luctus, et luctibus adjicit iram, 

Officiumque negat muiido. Satis, inquit, ab aevi 

Sors mea principiis fuit irreqiiieta ; pigetque 20 

Actorum sine fine mihi, sine honore, laborum.'^ 

Quilibet alter agat^ portantes luniina curnis. 

Si nemo est, omnesque Dei non posse fatentur ; 

Ipse agat ; ut saltern, dum nostras tentat habenas, 

Orbatura'* patres aliquando fulmina ponat. 25 

Turn sciet, ignipedum vires expertus equorum, 

Non meruisse necem, qui non bene rexerit'^ illos. 

Talia dicentein circumstant omnia Solem 

Numina, neve^ velit tenebras inducere rebus, 

Supplice voce rogant : missos quoque Jupiter ignes 80 

Excusat, precibusque minas regaliter addit. 

Colligit amentes et adhuc terrore paventes 

Phoebus equos, stimuloque domans et verbere ssevit : 

Saevit enim, natumque objectat^ et imputat illis. 



BOOK III. 
Fab. I. — Cadmus, 

Jamque Deus,^ posita fallacis imagine tauri, 
Se confessus erat, Dictseaque rura tenebat ; 
Quum pater^ ignarus Cadmo perquirere raptam 

1 Deficit orbem, deserts his orb, is eclipsed. 

2 Piget (me) laborum actorum milii sine fine, I am wearied of the toils 
undergone by me vntlwiit end. 

3 Quilibet alter agat, let any one else who chooses drive. A. R. A. 230. 

4 Orbatura patres, destined to deprive fathers of their children. 

5 {Phaethonta) qui non rexerit illos bene, that Phacthon, because hi 
did not manage them well. 

6 Neve, /or et ne — et rogant 7ie velit, and ask him not to resolve. 

7 Objectat natuni, reproaches them with the death of his son. 

8 Deus, 1. e. Jupiter ; fallacis tauri, of the deceitfid hull. See Europa. 

9 Pater, i. e. ^(/enor— ignarus, ignorant of the fate of his daughter,- not 
kno^ving that she had been carried olf by Jupiter to Crete j. raptam 
ijiliam)t his daughter who had been carried off. 



60 CADMUS. LBOOK III. 

Imperat, et poenam, si non invenerit, addit 

Exsilium, facto plus et sceleratus eodem. 5 

Orbe pererrato, quis enim deprendere possit 

Furta Jo vis ? profugus patriamque iramque parentis 

Vitat Agenorides, Phoebique oracula supplex 

Consiilit, et, quae sit tellus habitanda, requirit. 

Bos tibi, Phoebus ait, solis occurret in arvis, 10 

Nullum passa jugum curvique immunis aratri. 

Hac duce carpe^ vias, et, qua requieverit herba, 

Moenia fac condas, Boeotiaque ilia vocato. ^v 

Vix bene Castalio Cadmus descenderat antro ; 
Incustoditam lente videt ire juvencam, 16 

Nullum servitii signum cervice gerentem. 
Subsequitur pressoque legit vestigia gressu,^ • 
Auctoremque vise Phoebum taciturnus adorat. 
Jam vada Cephisi Panopesque evaserat arva ; 
Bos stetit, et toUens spatiosam cornibus altis 20 

Ad coelum frontem, mugitibus impulit auras ; 
Atque ita, respiciens comites sua terga sequentes, 
Procubuit teneraque latus submisit in herba. 
Cadmus agit grates, peregrinseque oscula terrae 
Figit,^ et ignotos montes agrosque salutat. 25 

Sacra Jovi facturus erat i^ jubet ire ministros, 
Et petere e vivis libandas fontibus undas.^ ^ 

•Silva vetus stabat, nulla violata^ securi, 

1 Carpe vias liac duce, proceed on your way with her as your gmdej fac 
(ut) condas, see that you build. A. R. A. 495. 

2 Legit vestigia presso gradu, follows her track at a slotv pacCy or so 
closely as to plant his feet in ike marks left by the heifer; auctorem, ad- 
riser. A. R. A. 260. 

3 Figit oscula, kisses. This practice is attributed by the poets to men 
on their arrival in a foreign land, or on returning to their native country 
after a long absence. 

4 Facturus erat sacra Jovi; he was about to offer sacnfice to Jupiter— to 
sacrifice the heifer which had conducted hini on his way- The ancients 
employed great care in selecting the' animals for sacrifice. It was necessary 
that they should be free from blemish, and, if oxen or heifers, that they 
Bhould not have been desecrated by the yoke. A. R. A. 260. 

5 Petere undas libandas e vivis fontibus, to fetch water for a libation from 
the running fountains. Running water was always preferred for libations. 
A. R. A. 260. 

6 Violata, profaned. The wood was sacred to Mars, and it was consi- 



FAB. I.] CADMUS. 51 

Et specus in medio, virgis ac vimine densus, 
Efficiens humilem lapidum compagibus arciim, 30 

Uberibus fecundiis^ aquis : ubi conditus antro 
iMartius anguis erat, cristis prsesignis et auro ;'^ 
Igne micant oculi ; corpus tumet^ omne veneno ; 
Tresque vibrant linguae ; triplici stant ordine dentes. ->' 
Quern postquam Tyria lucum de gente profecti 85 

Infausto tetigere gradu, demissaque in undas 
Urna dedit sonitum ; longum caput extulit antro 
Cseruleus serpens horrendaque sibila misit. 
Effluxere urnae manibus, sanguisque reliquit 
Corpus, et attonitos subitus tremor occupat artus. 40 
Ille volubilibus squamosos nexibus orbes 
Torquet,"^ et immensos saltu sinuatur in arcus ; 
Ac media plus parte leves erectus in auras 
Despicit omne nemus, tantoque est corpore/ quanto, 
Si totum spectes, geminas qui separat Arctos. 45 

Nee mora ; Phoenicas, sive illi tela parabant 
Sive fugam, sive ipse timor proliibebat utrumque, 
Occupat ; hos^ morsu, longis amplexibus illos, 
Hos necat afflati funest^ tabe venenij 

Fecerat exiguas jam Sol altissimus umbras : 50 

Quae mora sit sociis miratur Agenore natus, 
Vestigatque viros. Tegimen^ derepta leoni 

dered sacrilege to cut down trees in a wood or grove which was consecrated 
to any deity. 

1 Fecundus uberibus aquis, abounding with plenty of water. 

2 Praesignis cristis et auro, for aurea crista, adorned icith a golden co- 
loured crest. Crista signifies the tuft or comb on the head of a bird or 
serpent ; it signifies also the crest of a helmet. A. R. A. 306. 

3 Turaet veneno, swells with poison. The poison of serpents is not dif- 
fused over the whole body, but is contained in a small bladder at the bot- 
tom of the upper jaw. 

4 Ille torquet squamosos orbes volubilibus nexibus, he wreathes his scaly 
rings in rolling plaits ; sinuatur in immensos arcus, is bent into an immense 
how. 

5 The order w— Est tanto corpore, quanto, si spectes totum {if you view 
him as a whole), ille serpens est qui, &c. See Serpens. 

6 Hos— illos, some— others. These words are put in apposition >vith 
Phoenicas. 

7 Funesta tabe veneni afflati, by the destructive liquid of his poison which 
he breathed upon them. 

8 Tegimen, his covering. The ancient heroes are often represented as 
clothed with the skins of wild beasts. 



52 CADMUS. [book hi. 

Pellis erat ; telum splendent! lancea ferro 
Et jaculum, teloque animus praestantior omni.^ 
Ut nemus intravit, letataque corpora vidit, 55 

Victoremque supra spatiosi corporis hostem 
Tristia sanguine a lambentem vulnera lingua ; 
Aut ultor vestrse, fidissima corpora, mortis, 
Aut comes, inquit, ero. Dixit, dextraque molarem^ 
Sustulit, et magnum magno conamine misit. 60 

Illius impulsu cum turribus ardua celsis 
Moenia mota forent ; serpens sine vulnerc mansit, 
Loricaeque modo squamis defensus et atrse 
Duritia pellis, validos cute repulit ictus.^ 
At non duritia jaculum quoque vincit eadem ; Co 

Quod medio lentae fixum curvamine spinae 
Constitit, et toto descendit in ilia ferro.^ 
lUe, dolore ferox, caput in sua terga retorsit 
Vulneraque adspexit, fixumque hastile momordit ; 
Idque, ubi vi multa partem labefecit* in omncm, 70 
Vix tergo eripuit ; ferrum tamen ossibus haesit. ^ 
Tum vero, postquam solitas accessit ad iras ^"^ 

Plaga recens, plenis tumuerunt guttura venis, 
Spumaque pestiferos circumfluit albida rictus ; 
Terraque rasa sonat squamis ; quique halitus exit 75 
Ore niger Stygio, vitiatas inficit herbas. 
Ipse modo immensum spiris facientibus orbem 
Cingitur f interdum longa trabe rectior exstat ; 
Impete nunc vasto, ceu concitus inibribus amnis, 
•Fertur, et obstantes proturbat pectore silvas. 80 

Cedit Agenorides paulum, spolioque leonis^ 
Sustinet incursus, instantiaque ora retardat 

1 Molarem, a large stone,- magnum, large as it was. 

2 Repulit validos ictus cute, resisted the mighty blow with his skin. Cutis 
properly signifies the human skin while on the body, and pellis, a skin or 
hide stripped off. They are here both applied to the skin of the serpent. 

3 Toto ferro, ivith the whole iron head. A. R. A. 3 6 — 7- 

4 Ubi labcfecit in omnem partem, after he hadloosened it by moving it in 
every direction. 

5 Cingitur spiris facientibus immensum orbem, is rolled up in coils form- 
ing an immense circle ; exstat, is stretched out, uncoils itself, 

6. Spolio leonis, with the lion's skin. 



FAB. I.J CADMUS. $8 

Cuspide prsetenta. Furit ille, et inania duro 
Vulnera dat ferro, frangitque in acumine dentcsJ^ 
*" Jam que venenifero sanguis manare palato 85 

Coeperat, et virides aspergine tinxerat herbas ; 
Sod leve vulnus erat ; quia se retrahebat ab ictu, 
Lsesaque colla dabat^ retro, plagamque sedere 
Cedendo arcebat, nee longius ire sinebat ; 
Donee Agenorides conjectum in gutture ferrum 90 

Usque sequens'^ pressit, dum retro quercus eunti 
Obstitit, et fixa est pariter cum robore cervix. 
Pondere serpentis curvata est arbor, et imce 
Parte flagellari gemuit sua robora^ caudse. 
Dum spatium victor victi considerat hostis ; 95 

Vox subito audita est, neque erat cognoscere promptum 
Unde, sed audita est : Quid, Agenore nate, peremptum 
Serpentem spectas I et tu spectabere^ serpens. 
Ille diu pavidus, pariter cum mente colorem 
Perdiderat, gelidoque comae terrore rigebant. . 100 

Ecce, viri fautrix, superas delapsa per auras, 
Pallas adest, motaeque jubet supponere^ terrae 
Vipereos dentes, populi incrementa futuri. 
Paret, et, ut presso sulcum patefecit aratro,^ 
Spargit humi jussos, mortalia semina,^ dentes. 105 

Inde, fide majus, glebae ccepere moveri, 
Primaque de sulcis acies^ apparuit hastae ; 

1 Dabat retro, pulled back ; arcebat plagara sedere cedendo, prevented 
the blow from sinking deep by giving way. 

2 Usque sequens pressit in gutture, continuing to follow, pressed home in 
his throat. 

3 Sua robora,^>* se, that its trunk; spatium, Vie vast size. 

4 Bt tu spectabere serpens, you too shall he seen as a serpent, shall be 
changed into a serpent. There is here a play upon the words spectabere and 
spectas. The prediction is represented as proceeding from .Mars, who was 
enraged at Cadmus for the death of the serpent, but was prevented by 
Jupiter from killing him. 

5 Supponere terras motae, to bury in the ground turned up by the plough, 
to sow : incrementa, the seeds. The heroes of ancient mythology are re- 
presented as being under the special protection of certain deities, whose 
duty it was to assist and relieve them in cases of difficulty. 

6 Presso aratro, with the plough forced into the ground, A. R. A. 463» 

7 Mortalia semina, seeds to produce men. 
ii Acies hastae, the point of a spear. 



54 CADMUS. [book III. I 

Teg-mina mox capitum picto nutantia cono ;^ 
Mox humeri pectusque onerataque Lrachia telis 
Exsistunt, crescitqiie seges clypeata viroruin/^^^ 110 
Sic, ubi tolluntur^ festis aulaea theatris, 
Surgerc signa solent, primumque ostendere vultus, 
Cetera paulatim, placidoque educta teiiore 
Tota patent, imoque pedes in margine ponunt. 
Territus lioste novo Cadmus capere arma parabat : 11 o 
Ne cape, de populo, qucm terra creaverat, unus 
^ Exclamat, nee te civilibus in sere bellis. 
Atque ita terrigenis rigid o de fratribus unum 
Cominus ense ferit ; jaculo cadit eminus ipse. 
Hie quoque, qui leto dederat,\^non longius illo 120 

Vivit, et exspirat, modo quas acceperat, auras ; 
Exemploque pari furit oninis turba, suoque 
Marte cadunt subiti per mutua vulnera fratres. 
Jamque brevis vitae spatium sortita^ juventus .^ 

Sanguineam trepido plangebant pectore matrem, 125 ' 
Quinque superstitibus, quorum fuit unus Ecliion. 
Is sua jecit humi, monitu Tritonidis, arma, 
Fraternaeque fidem^ pacis petiitque deditque. 
Hos operis comites habuit Sidonius liospes, 
Quum posuit jussam Phoebeis sortibus urbem. 1*^^ J 

Fab. II. — Actceon, \ 

Jam stabant^ Thebse ; poteras jam, Cadme, videri 

1 Picto cono, with 'painted crest. Conus properly siprnifies the knob on 
the top of the helmet in which the crest waslixed ; it signities also \\\c crest 
itself, which consisted of feathers, or of horses' liair of various colours. 
A. R. A. 306. 

2 Clypeata seges virorum,/or seges clypeatorum virorum, a crop of men 
armed with shields. 

3 Aulaia tolluntur, the curtains are raised. There is here an allusion to 
the Roman theatre, in which the curtain was dropped (pranehatur) at the 
commencement of the play, and raised (tolhbatur) at the conclusion of it. 
As the curtain was gradually raised, the figures painted on it would ne. 
Barily present themselves as here descrihed. A. R. A. 2f)8. 

4 Sortita spatium brevis vitaj, tiho had obtained a short span qfli/e. 

5 Fidem fraterna; pacis, a pledge of peace with his brothers. 

6 atiihant, was built ; soceri, Jather and mother-in-law, for socer ct 
cms. Conjuge, see Harmonia. 



^B. H^ ACTION. 55 

Exsilio felix ; soceri tibi Marsque Venusque 

Contigcrant ; hue addc genus de conjuge tanta, 

Tot^ nat^ natasque et, pignora cara, nepotes ; 

Hos quoque jam juveiies. Sed seilieet'^ ultima semper 5 

Exspeetanda dies homini, dicique beatus 

Ante obitum nemo supremaque funera debet. 

Prima nepos^ inter tot res tibi, Cadme, secundas 
Causa fuit luctus, alienaque cornua fronti 
Addita, vosque canes satiatte sanguine herili. 10 

At bene si quaeras ; Fortunae crimen in illo, 
Non scelus invenies : quod enim scelus error habebat l 
Mons^ erat infectus variarum caede ftrrarum ; 
Jamque dies rei-um medius contraxerat umbras, 
Et Sol ex spquo meta distabat utraque ; 15 

Quum juvenis placido per devia lustra vagantes 
Participes operum compellat Hyantius ore : 
Lina madent, comites, ferrumque cruore ferarum, 
Fortunamque dies habuit satis : altera lucem 
Quum croceis invecta rotis Aurora reducet, 20 

Propositum repetemus opus : nunc Phoebus utraque 
Distat idem terra, finditque vaporibus arva. 
Sistite opus prsesens, nodosaque tollite lina. 
Jussa viri faciunt intermittuntque laborem. >+- 

Vallis erat piceis et acuta densa cupressu, 25 

Nomine Gargaphie, succinct se sacra Diana?, 
Cujus in extremo est antrum nemorale recessu, 
Arte laboratum nulla : simulaverat artem 
Ingenio natura suo ; nam pumice vivo 

1 Tot must be taken as referring to nafos and natas collectively, and not 
separately. Mythologists have assigned to Cadmus only one son, Polydo- 
rus, who succeeded him in the government of Thebes. 

2 Scilicet, it is evident, certainlt/. This is the famous sajing of Solon to 
Croesus, king of Lydia, -vvhile at the height of his prosperity. It has been 
frequently repeated, and variously applied by the dat^sical writers, particu- 
larly by the Greek tragedians. 

3 Nepos, i. e. Actieon — aliena, not natural to him, 1. e. those of a staij. 

4 Mons, i. e. Cithc^ron — ex sequo distabat nXvAquemGik, was eqv all ii dis- 
tant from either goal, i. e. from the two extremities of the heavens, the ea.-t 
and west. See 22. The metaphor is borrowed from the race-course. A. 
R. A. 175. 



56 ACT-^ON. [_BOOK III. 

Et levibus tophis nativum duxerat^ arcum. SO 

Fons sonat a dextra, teniii perlucidus unda, 

Margine gramineo patulos incinctus"^ hiatus. 

Hie dea silvarum, venatu fessa, solehat 

Virgineos artus liquido perfundere rore. 

Quo postquam subiit, Nympharum tradidit uni S5 

Armigerae jaculum phare tram que arcusque retentos ; 

Altera depositae subjecit^ brachia pallae ; 

Vincla duae pedibus demunt : nam doctior illis 

Ismenis Crocale sparsos per colla capillos 

Colligit in nodum, quamvis erat ipsa solutis.* 40 

Excipiunt laticem Nepheleque Hyaleque Rhanisque 

Et Psecas et Phiale, funduntque capacibus urnis. 

Dumque ibi perluitur solita Titania lympha, 
Ecce, nepos Cadmi, dilata parte laborum, 
Per nemus'^ ignotum non certis passibus^ errans, 45 
Pervenit in lucum ; sic ilium fata ferebant. 
Qui simul intravit rorantia fontibus antra ; 
Sicut erant, viso nudse sua pectora Nymphae 
Percussere viro, subitisque ululatibus omne 
Implevere nemus, circumfusaeque^ Dianam 50 

Corporibus texere suis ; tamen altior illis 
Ipsa Dea est, colloque tenus supereminet omnes. 
Qui color infectis adversi Solis ab ictu 
Nubibus esse solet aut purpureae Aurorae, 
Is fuit in vultu visae sine veste Dianae. 55 

Quae, quanquam comitum turba stipata suarum, 

1 Duxerat nativum arcum vivo pumice, had foiined a natural arch of 
native pumicestone. 

2 Incinctus (secundum) patulos hiatus, having its wide bason edged round. 

3 Subjecit brachia Tpa\\si,put her arms under her cloak, held her cloak; 
A. R. A. 357. Vincla, sandals. Those worn by hunters were called co 
thurniy and reached up to the middle of the leg. A. R. A. 358. 

4 {CapiUis) solutis, with her hair loose. The ancients wore their hair 
collected in a knot on the back of the head. A. R. A. 360. 

5 Nemus — lucum. See 1 , 9, 27- 

6 Non certis passibus, with undefined steps, without any definite object in 
view. 

7 Circumfusae, surrounding; supereminet omnes collo tenus, overtops 
them aXl by the neck. 



FAB. II.] ACT-^ON. 57 

In latus obliquum tamen adstitit/ oraque retro 

Flexit, et ut vellet'^ promptas habuisse sagittas, 

Quas habuit, sic hausit aquas, vul turn que virilem 

Perfudit, spargensque comas ultricibus undis, 60 

Addidit hsec cladis praenuntia^ verba futurae ; 

Nunc tibi me posito visam velamine narres,'* 

Si poteris narrare, licet. Nee plura minata, 

Dat sparso capiti vivacis^ cornua cervi ; . 

Dat spatium collo, summasque cacuminat aures ; 65 

Cum pedibusque manus, cum longis brachia mutat 

Cruribus, et velat maculoso vellere corpus. 

Additus et pavor est : fugit Autonoeius heros, 

Et se tarn celerem cursu miratur in ipso. 

Ut vero vultus et comua vidit in unda, 70 

Me miserum ! dicturus erat : vox nulla secuta est. 

Ingemuit ; vox ilia fuit ; lacrimseque per ora 

Non sua^ fluxerunt ; mens tantum pristina mansit. 

Quid faciat ? repetatne domum et regalia tecta ? 

An lateat silvis I timor hoc, pudor impedit illud. 75 

Dum dubitat, videre canes ; primusque Melampus^ 

Ichnobatesque sagax latratu signa dedere, 

Gnossius Ichnobates, Spartan a gente Melampus. 

Inde ruunt alii rapida velocius aura, 

Pamphagus et Dorceus et Oribasus, Arcades omnes, 80 

Nebrophonosque valens et trux cum Laelape Theron, 

Et pedibus Pterelas et naribus utilis Agre, 

Hylaeusque ferox nuper percussus ab apro, 

Deque lupo concepta Nape, pecudesque secuta 

Poemenis, et natis comitata Harpyia duobus, 85 

1 Adstitit in obliquum latus, she stood bending to the one side, askaunt. 

2 Ut vellot habuisse, thourjh she could have wished to have; sic hausit 
aquas quas habuit, yet she took up the tcater which she had. 

3 Praenuntia futurse cladis, declarative of his approaching calamity. 

4 Licet tibi (ut) narres, you are at liberty to tell. 

5 Vivacis, long-lived, a frequent epithet of the stag, which, by the an- 
cients, was believed to live a hundred years. 

6 Non sua, not his own, not natural to him. See 9. 

7 For an explanation of the names of the dogs. See Index. Crete, Arcadia, 
and Laconia, were the countries most celebrated for their breed of dogs. 



58 ACTION. [book III. 

Et substricta gerens Sicyonius ilia Ladon, 
Et Dromas et Canace Sticteque et Tigris et Alee, 
Et niveis Leucon et viilis Asbolus atris, 
Praevaiidusque Lacon, et cursu fortis Aello, 
Et Thous et Cyprio velox cum fratre Lycisce, 90 

Et nigram medio frontem distinctus ab albo 
Harpalos et Melanens, hirsutaque corpore Lacbne, 
Et patre Dictaeo, sed matre Laconide nati, 
Labros, et Agriodos, et acutae vocis Hylactor, 
Quasque referre mora est.^ Ea turba cupidine praedae 95 
Per rupes'^ scopulosque adituque carentia saxa. 
Qua via difficilis quaque est via nulla, feruntur. 
Ille fugit, per quae fuerat loca^ saspe secutus, 
Heu famulos fugit ipse sues ! clamare libebat, 
Actaeon ego sum : dominum cognoscite vestrum. 100 
Verba animo desunt ; resonat latratibus aether. 
Prima Melancliaetes in tergo vulnera fecit, 
Proxima Theridamas ; Oi'esitrophos haesit in armo. 
Tardius exierant ;^ sed per compendia montis 
Anticipata^ via est. Dominum retinentibus illis 105 
Cetera turba coit, confertque in corpore dentes. 
Jam loca vulneribus desunt. Gemit ille, sonumque,^ 
Etsi non hominis, quem non tamen edere possit 
Cervus, habet ; moestisque replet juga nota querelis, 
Et genibus supplex positis, similisque roganti 110 

Circumfert tacitos, tanquam sua bracliia, vultus. 
At comites rapidum solitis hortatibus agmen 
Ignari instigant, oculisque Actaeona quaerunt, 

1 Quasque est mora referre, and others which itwei^e tedious to enumerate, 

2 Rupes signifies a steep rock, a precipice ; scopulus, the point of a rock, 
a cliff ; and saxumj any large mass of stone, a rock ; over precipices , cUjff^y 
and rocks. 

3 Per loca {per quce) saepe secutus fuerat, over places over which he had 
often followed the dogs. 

4 Exierant tardiils, had started later, a form of expression borrowed from 
the horses leaving the carceres in the Circus 3Ia.rinius. A. R. A. 274. 

5 Via anticipata est per compendia montis, tJicir way had been short* 
ened hy a near cut over the mountain. 

6 The order is, Habetque sonum, etsi non (sonum) hominis, tamen («►• 
num) quem cervus non possit edere. 



FAB. II. J ACTiEON. 59 

Et velut abscntem certatim Actaeona clamant. 

Ad iiomen^ caput ille refert ; et abesse qiieruntur, 115 

Nee capere oblatae segnem spectacula prsedse. 

Vellet abesse quidem ; sed adest ; velletque videre, 

Non etiam sentire^ canum fera facta suorum. 

Undique circumstant, mersisqiie in corpore rostris, 

Dilacerant falsi dominum sub imagine^ cervi. 120 

Fab. Y,—Ec7io. 

Ille"* per Aonias, fama celeberrimus, urbes 

Jrreprehensa dabat populo responsa petenti. 

Prima fide vocisque ratae tentamina sumpsit'^ 

Cserula Liriope ; quam quondam flumine curvo 

Implicuit, clausirque suis Cephisos in undis 5 

Vim tulit.^ Enixa est utero pulcherrima pleno 

Infantem, Nymphis jam nunc^ qui posset amari, 

Narcissumque vocat. De quo consultus, an esset 

Tempora maturae visurus longa senectae, 

Fatidicus vates, Si se non viderit, inquit. 10 

Vana diu visa est vox auguris : exitus illam 

Resque probat^ letique genus novitasque furoris. 

Jamque ter ad quinos unum Cephisius annum 

Addiderat, poteratque puer juvenisque videri. 

Multi ilium juvenes, multas cupiere^ puellae ; 15 

Scd fuit in tenera tarn dira superbia forma ; 

Nulli ilium juvenes, nullae tetigere puellae. 

Adspicit hunc trepidos agitantem in retia cervos, 

1 Ad nomen, at (the sound of) his name, on hearing his name; et que- 
runtiir (eum) abesse, et segnem non capere, and they nevertheless complain 
that he is absent, a7id, through indolence, does not icitness. 

2 Videre, non etiam sentire, to see, but not at the same time to/eel. 

3 Sub imagine falsi cervi, under the form of an unreal stag. 

4 Ille, i. e. Tiresias; ^ee Index. Irreprehensa, unblamcd. 

5 Sumpsit prima tentamina fide rataqiie vocis, 7nadc the frst trial of , 
first "proved his truth and infallible predictions. Fide is the old form of tlie 
genitive for Jidei. 

G Tulit vim (ei) clausas, offered violence to her when confined. 

7 Jam nunc, even noiv, even from his birth. 

8 Probat illam, confirms the truth of it; novitas furoris, thenovdtpofhii 
passion. 

9 Cupiere, courted, —tetighref touched, affected his feelings. 



60 ECHO. [book III. 

Vocalis Nyniphe, quae nee reticere loquenti 

Nee prior ipsa loqui didieit, resonabilis Eeho. 20 

Corpus adhue Echo, non vox erat ; et tamen usum 

Garrula non alium, quam nunc habet, oris habebat, 

Reddere^ de multis ut verba novissima posset. 

Fecerat hoe Juno, quia, quum deprendere posset 

Cum Jove saepe suo Nymphas in monte jacentes, 25 

Ilia Deam longo prudens'^ semione tenebat, 

Dum fugerent Nymphae. Postquam Satumia sensii ; 

Hujus, ait, linguae, qua sum delusa, potestas 

Parva tibi dabitur vocisque brevissimus usus. 

Reque minas firmat : tamen haec in fine loquendi 80 

Ingeminat^ voces, auditaque verba reportat. 

Ergo ubi Narcissum per devia lustra vagantem 
Vidit, et incaluit, sequitur vestigia furtun ; 
Quoque magis sequitur, flamma propiore ealeseit, 
Non aliter, quam quum summis circumlita taedis 35 
Admotam rapiunt vivacia* sulfura flammam. 
quoties voluit blandis accedere dietis, 
Et molles adhibere preces ! natura repugnat. 
Nee sinit^ ineipiat ; sed, quod sinit, ilia parata est 
Exspectare sonos, ad quos sua verba remittat. 40 

Forte puer, eomitum seductus ab agmine fido, 
Dixerat, Ecquis adest l^ et, Adest, responderat Eeho. 
Hie stupet, utque aciem partes dimisit in omnes. 
Voce, Veni, clamat magna : vocat ilia vocantem.'' 
Respieit ; et nullo rursus veniente, Quid, inquit, 45 
Me fugis I et totidem, quot dixit, verba recepit. 

1 Reddere novissima verba de multis, to repeat the last words out of many. 

2 Prudens tenebat, designedly detained. 

3 Ingeminat, reiterates ; reportat, repeats. 

4 Vivacia sulfura circumlita summis taedis rapiunt flammam admotam, 
the injlammable sulphur daubed round the tops of torches speedily catches 
the fire applied to it. 

5 Sinit (ut) ineipiat, permits her to begirt; quod (ruitura) sinit, what 
nature does alloiv. 

6 Ecquis adest, is any one here? dimisit aciem in omnes partes, turned 
his eyes in every direction. 

7 ilia vocat (ilium) vocantem, she calls him who called her. 



FAB. v.] ECHO. 61 

Perstat, et altemse deceptus^ imagine vocis, 

Hue coeamus, ait ; nullique libentius unquam 

Responsura soiio, Coeamus, retulit Echo, 

Et verbis favet''^ ipsa suis ; egressaque silvis 50 

Ihat, ut injiceret sperato brachia collo. 

Ille fugit, fugiensque, Manus complexibus aufer :' 

Ante, ait, emoriar, quam sit tibi copia nostri.* 

Retulit ilia nihil nisi. Sit tibi copia nostri. 

Spreta latet silvis, pudibundaque frondibus ora 55 

Protegit, et solis ex illo^ vivit in antris. 

Sed tamen haeret amor, crescitque dolore repulsse. 

Attenuant vigiles corpus miserabile curse, 

Adducitque^ cutem macies, et in aera succus 

Corporis omnis abit; vox tantum atque ossa supersunt : 60 

Vox manet ; ossa feiimt lapidis traxisse figuram. 

Inde latet silvis, nulloque in monte videtur ; 

Omnibus auditur : sonus est, qui vivit in ilia. 

Fab. VL — Naixissus, 

Sic hanc, sic alias, undis aut montibus ortas, 

Luserat hie' Nymphas, sic coetus ante viriles. 

Inde manus aliquis despectus^ ad asthera tollens, 

Sic amet iste licet,^ sic non potiatur amato, • 

Dixerat : assensit precibus Rhamnusia justis. 5 

Fons erat illimis, nitidis argenteus undis, 
Quem neque pastores neque pastse monte capclloe 
Contigerant aliudve pecus ; quem nulla volucris. 



1 Deceptus imagine alternae vocis, being deceived by Oie appearance of 
another's voice. 

2 Ip^a fa vet suis verbis, she is delighted uifh her oimi icords. 

3 A lifer manus complexibus, take away your hands from embracing me, 
■presuirue not to embrace me. 

4 Ante quam copia nostri sit tibi, be/ore you have an opportunity qf en- 
vying mcy or be/ore I come i)do your power. 

5 Ex illo {tern pore), from that time. 

6 Adducit, shrivels, — abit in aera, passes off, or evaporates into air. 

7 Hie, i. e. JS'arcissus. 

8 Aliquis despectus, one who had been despised by him. 

9 Licet (ut) iste sic amet, so m,ay he lovej amato, the oH^cct loved. 



62 NARCISSUS. [book III. 

Nee fera turbarat nee lapsus ab arbore ramus. 
Gramen erat eirea, quod proximus humor alebat, 10 
Silvaque sole lacum passura^ tepescere nullo. 
Hie puer, et studio venandi lassus et aestu, 
Procubuit, faciemque loei fontemque secutus f 
Dumque sitim sedare cupit, sitis altera^ crevit ; 
Dumque bibit, visae correptus imagine'* formse, 1 5 

Spem sine corpore amat : coi'pus putat esse, quod umbra 

est. 
Adstupet ipse sibi, vultuque immotus eodem 
Haeret, ut e Pario formatum marmore signum. 
Spectat humi positus geminum, sua lumina, sidus/ 
Et dignos Baccho, dignos et Apolline crines, 20 

Impubesque genas et eburnea colla, decusque 
Oris et in niveo mixtum candore^ ruborem ; 
Cunctaque miratur, quibus est mirabilis ; ipse 
Se cupit imprudens, et, qui probat/ ipse probatur ; 
Dumque petit, petitur, pariterque incendit et ardet. 25 
Irrita fallaci quoties dedit oscula fonti ! 
In medias quoties, visum captantia collum, 
Bracliia mersit aquas, nee se deprendit in illis ! 
Quid videat, nescit ; sed, quod videt, uritur illo ; 
Atque oculos idem, qui decipit, incitat error. 30 

Credule, quid fi-ustra simulacra fugacia captas \ 
Quod petis, est nusquam ; quod amas, avertere,^ perdes. 
Ista repercussae,^ quam cernis, imaginis umbra est : 

1 Passura lacum tepescere, which would allow the fountain to be warmed. 

2 S^utus faciem loci, allured hy Uie appearance of the place. 

3 Altera sitis, another thirst, a different kind of thirst, i. e. love. 

4 Imagine formae, toiUi the refection of his ownform^ i. e. chaiitned with 
his shadow. 

5 Spectat geminum sidus, sua lumina, he sees two stars, which are his 
own eyes. 

6 In niveo candore, with snowy whiteness. Miscco, which is commonly 
followed by the dative, the ablative, or the preposition cum, is here followed 
by in. See 95. 

7 Qui probat, ipse probatur, he who admires is himself the person ad- 
mired. 

8 Avertere perdes, quod amas, turn yourself away and you will destroy 
the object of your love. 

9 Umbra repercussae imaginis, the shadow of your own r0ectedform. 



FAB. VI.j NARCISSUS. 63 

Nil habet ista sui ;^ tecumque venitque manetque, 
Tecum discedet, si tu discedere possis. 35 

Non ilium Cereris, non ilium cura quietis 
Abstrahere inde potest ; sed opaca fusus in herb a 
Spec tat inexpleto mendacem lumine formam, 
Perque oculos perit ipse suos ; paulumque levatus. 
Ad circumstantes tendens sua brachia silvas 40 

Ecquis, io silvae, crudelius, inquit, amavit I 
Scitis enim, et multis latebra opportuna fuistis. 
Ecquem, quum vestrae tot agantur saecula vitae, 
Qui sic tabuerit, longo meministis in jevo ? 
Et placet, et video ; sed quod videoque placetque, 45 
Non tamen invenio : tantus tenet error amantem. 
Quoque magis doleam, nee nos mare separat ingens, 
Nee via^ nee montes nee clausis moenia portis ; 
Exigua prohibemur aqua. Cupit ipse^ teneri : 
Nam quoties liquidis porreximus oscula lymphis, 50 
Hie toties ad me resupino nititur ore. 
Posse putes tangi : minimum* est, quod amantibus obstat. 
Quisquis es, hue exi : quid me, puer unice,^ fallis \ 
Quove petitus abis I Certe nee forma, nee aetas 
Est mea, quam fugias f et amarunt me quoque 
Nymph ae. 55 

Spem mihi nescio quam vultu promittis amico ; 
Quumque ego porrexi tibi brachia, porrigis ultro ; 
Quum risi, arrides ; lacrimas quoque saepe notavi. 
Me lacrimante, tuas. Nutu quoque signa remittis ;" 
Et, quantum motu formosi suspicor oris, 60 

Verba refers aures non pervenientia nostras. 

1 Ista habet nil sui, that image has nothing qf itself, has no ea:istence of 
itself 

2 Via, a broad street, or a long way 

3 Ipse, he himself, i. e. the reflected image ; resupino ore, with his foot 
turned upwards. 

4 ]Minimum est, it is a very slight obstacle. 

5 Unice puer, matchless boy. 

6 Quam fugias, such as you ought to shun. 

7 Remittis quoque signa nutu, you eve7i return signs to my nod. Kutu 
is here the dative for nutuL 



G4 NARCISSUS. [book iil 

Iste ego Slim, sensi, nee me mea fallit imago. 

Uror amore mei ; flammas moveoque feroque. 

Quid faciam I roger, anne rogem I quid deinde rogabo I 

Quod cupio mecum est ; inopem me copia fecit. (j5 

utinam nostro secedere corpore possem ! 

Votum in amante novum ;^ velJem, quod amamus, abesset. 

Jamque dolor vires adimit, nee tempera vitae 

Longa meae superant, primoque exstinguor in sevo. 

Nee mihi mors gravis est posituro*^ morte dolores ; 70 

Hie, qui diligitur, vellem diuturnior esset : 

Nunc duo Concordes^ anima moriemur in una. 

Dixit, et ad faciem rediit male sanus^ eandem, 

Et lacrirais turbavit aquas ; obscuraque moto 

Heddita forma lacu est. Quam quum vidisset abire, 75 

Quo fugis ? o remane, nee me, crudelis, amantem 

Desere, clamavit : liceat, quod tangere non est, 

Adspicere,^ et misero prsebere alimenta furori. 

Dumque dolet, summa vestem deduxit ab ora,^ 

Nudaque marmoreis percussit pectora palmis. 80 

Pectora traxerunt tenuem percussa ruborem 

Non alitor, quam poma solent, quoe Candida parte,' 

Parte rubent ; aut ut variis solet uva racemis 

Ducere purpureum, nondum matura, colorem. 

Quae'^ simul adspexit liquefacta rursus in unda ; 85 

Non tulit ulterius ; scd, ut intabescere flavae 

Igne levi cerae, matutinaeque pruinae 

1 Novum votum in amante, a novel ivisli in a lover. Novum votum are 
put in apposition with the preceding hne. 

2 Posituro dolores morte, since J am about to lay aside my sorrotvs in death. 

3 Duo Concordes moriemur in una anima, tve two, united in affection, 
shall perish by the extinction of one life. 

4 Male sanus,/ran<ic, deluded. The adverb male negatives the mean- 
ing of the adjective, though less strongly than non. 

5 Liceat adspicere, quod non est tangere. tet me be alloived to look upon 
what I am not permitted to touch. 

6 Deduxit vestem ab summa ora, he tore doum his garment from the up- 
per border, lie tore down the upper part of his garment. A. R. A. 414. 

7 (Sunt) Candida parte, are partly white ; variis racemis, in the party- 
coloured clusters. 

8 Quae, it, i.e. his breast reddened by the blow; non tulit ulteriCls, could 
not bmr it any longer 



FAB. Vl.J NARCISSUS. e.5 

Sole tepente sclent, sic attenuatus^ aniore 

Liquitur, et cteco paulatim carpitur igni ; 

Et neque jam color est mixto candore rubori,'' 90 

Nee vigor et vires et quae modo visa placebant, 

Nee corpus remanet, quondam quod amaverat Echo. 

Quoe^'^ tamen ut vidit, quamvis irata memorque, 

Indoluit ; quotiesque puer miserabilis, Eheu, 

Dixerat, haec resonis iterabat^ vocibus, Eheu. 95 

Quumque suos manibus percusserat ille lacertos, 

Haec quoque reddebat sonitum plangoris eundem. 

Ultima vox solitam fuit haec spectantis in undam : 

Heu frustra dilecte puer I totidemque remisit 

Verba locus, dictoque Vale, Vale inquit et Echo. 100 

Ille caput viridi fessum submisit in herba : 

Lumina nox claudit, domini mirantia formam. 

Turn quoque se, postquam est inferna sede receptus, 

In Stygia spectabat aqua. Planxere sorores 

Nai'des, et sectos fratri posuere capillos.^ 105 

Planxere et Dryades ; plangentibus assonat Echo. 

Jamque rogum quassasque faces feretrumque parabant f 

Nusquam corpus erat ; croceum pro corpora ilorem 

Inveniunt, foliis medium cingentibus albis. 

Fab. VII. — Bacchus and Pentheus. 
CoGNiTA res' meritam vati per Achaidas urbes 

1 Attenuatus — liquitur, being wasted away — decays. 

2 Et jam neque est color rubori mixto candore, and now neither does ffie 
red wixed tiith white retain its colour. See 22. 

3 Q,uas>(for ut ea) vidit, indoluit, when she saw (the distress of Narcis- 
sus) she was tuvertheless grieveil. 

4 Iterabat resonis vocibus, repeated in respoj/sive words. 

5 Posuere sectos capiilos fratri, consecrated locks of their hair to their 
brother. It was usual for surviving friends to dedicate locks of their hair 
to the dead. A. R. A. 412 and 417- 

6 Parabant is here used in a general sense with homines as its nomina- 
tive,— pre/jaraf/o^^^ were made. The funeral pile (rogus) was square, in 
the form of an altar, and was built of wood, which might easily catch tire, 
A. R. A. 417. Quassas expresses the movement of the torches in the fune- 
ral procession, funerals among the ancient Romans being celebrated at 
night. A. R. A. 412. 

7 Res, the ftdtilment of the prediction Tes^t'^cting Narcissus; vati, to the 
prophet, i. e. Tiresias. 

D 2 



^6 BACCHUS AND PENTHEUS. [bOOK III. 

Attulerat famam, nomenque crat auguris ingens ; 
Spernit Echionides tamen hunc, ex omnibus^ unus 
Contemptor Superum, Pentheus ; praesagaque ridet 
Verba senis, tenebrasque et cladem lucis ademptae 5 
Objicit.^ Ille movens albentia tempora canis 
Quam felix esses, si tu quoque luminis hujus 
Orbus, ait, fieres, nee Bacchia sacra videres ! 
Nam que dies aderit, jamque baud procul auguror esse, 
Qua novus hue veniet, proles Semeleia, Liber. 10 

Quern nisi templorum fueris dignatus^ honore ; 
Mille lacer spargere locis, et sanguine silvas 
Foedabis matremque tuam matrisque sorores. 
Evenient '^ neque enim dignabere numen honore ; 
Meque sub his tenebris nimium vidisse quereris. 15 

Talia dicentem proturbat Echione natus. 
Dicta fides^ sequitur, responsaque vatis aguntur. 
Liber adest, ^ festisque fremunt ululatibus agri ; 
Turba ruunt, mixtaeque viris matresque nurusque 
Vulgusque proceresque ignota'' ad sacra feruntur. 20 
Quis furor, anguigenae,^ proles Mavortia, vestras 
Attonuit mentes ] Pentheus ait. ^rane tantum 
^re repulsa valent, et ad unco tibia cornu,^ 
Et magicae fraudes l^^ ut quos non belliger ensis, 
Non tuba terruerint, non strictis agmina telis, 25 



1 Ex omnibus, of all the descendants of Cadmii^ ; the others were de- 
voted to the worship of Bacchus. 

2 Objicitque tenebras et cladem lucis ademptae, and upbraids him with 
his blindness and the calamity of being deprived of his sight. 

3 Nisi dignatus fueris honore templorum, unless you shall think him 
worthy of the honour of a temple. 

4 Evenient, these things will happen. 

5 Fides, a confirmation, ovfidfilment ,• aguntur, are accomplished. 

6 Adest, arrives, comes from Lydia. 

7 Ad ignota sacra, to the sacred rites hitherto unknoum to them. 

8 Anguigenae, ye descendants of the serpent, i. e. ye Thebans. See 3, 1 , 103, 
&e. 

9 Tibia adunco cornu, the pipe made of crooked horn, i. e. the Phrygian 
pipe. Cymbals (cera) and the Phrygian pipe were used in the worship of 
Bacchus as well as in that of Cybele. A. R. A. 253. 

10 Magicae fraudes, magical deceptions. The orgies of Bacchus wero 
celebrated during the night every third year, chiefly on Cithaeron and 
Ismenus in Bo&otia, and on Ismarus and Rhodope in Thrace. 



FAB. VII. J BACCHUS AND PENTHEUS. C7 

Femineae voces et mota^ insania vino, 

Obscoenique greges et inania tympana vincant I 

Vosne, senes, mirer, qui longa per aequora vecti 

Hac Tyron,''^ hac profiigos posuistis sede Penates, 

Nunc sinitis sine Marte capi 1 vosne, acrior aetas, »'^0 

juvenes, propriorque meae, quos arma tenere, 

Non thyrsos,^ galeaque tegi, non fronde, dccebat ! 

Este, precor, niemores, qua sitis stirpe creati ; 

Illiusque animos, qui multos perdidit* unus, 

Sumite serpentis : pro fontibus ille lacuque 35 

Interiit ; at vos pro fania vincite vestra. 

Ille dedit leto fortes ; vos pellite molles, 

Et patrium revocate^ decus. Si fata vetabant 

Stare diu Thebas ; utinam tomienta^ virique 

Moenia diruerent, ferrumque ignisque sonarent ! 40 

Essemus miseri sine crimine f sorsque querenda, 

Non celanda foret ; lacrimaeque pudore carerent. 

At nunc a puero Tliebae capientur inemii, 

Quern neque bella juvant nee tela nee usus equonnn, 

Sed madidus niyrrha crinis inollesque coronae, 45 

Purpuraque et pictis intextum vestibus aurum. 

Quern quidem ego actutum, modo vos absistite,^ cogam 

Assumptumque^ patrem commentaque sacra fateri. 

An satis Acrisio est animi, contemnere vanum 

1 Mota vino, caused, or produced by urine; obscoeni greges, crowds of 
disgustinp creatures. 

2 Posuistis Tyron, have built Ti/re, i. e. a city. The name of the parent 
city was frequently transferred to the principal city of the colony. Cad- 
mus was a native of Phoenicia, of which Tyre was one of the chief cities. 
Posuistis must be acniin taken with penates in the sense of settled or esta- 
Uished. A. R. A. 230. 

3 The thyrsus was a staff bound round with ivy and boughs of the vine, 
with which the bacchanals struck the ground when celebrating the orgies 
of Bacchus. See 157. 

4 Qui unus perdidit multos, who, thouph one, destroyed many. 

5 Revocate patrium decus, recall to mind the honour of your country. 

t) Tormenta, en(/ines of war, as the catapulta and balista, used for throw- 
ing stones and other missiles. A. R. A. 332. 

7 Sine crimine, without blame, without the imjndation of cowardice. 

8 Vos mod5 absistite, do you only stand aloof from the sacred rites. 

9 Patrem assumptum (esse), sacraque commenta, that his father (Ju{»- 
ler) is falsely assumed, and his sacred rites fictitious. 



68 BACCHUS AND PENTHEUS. [boOK III. 

Numeii et Argolicas venienti claudere portas ; 50 

Penthea terrebit cum totis ad vena Thebis I 

Ite citi, famiilis hoc imperat, ite ducemque 

Attrahite hue vine turn : jussis mora segnis abesto. 

Hunc avus,^ hunc Athamas, hunc cetera turba suonim 

Corripiunt dictis, frustraque inhibere laborant. 65 

Acrior'^ adraonitu est, irritaturque retenta 

Et crescit rabies, remoraminaque ipsa nocebant. 

Sic ego torrentem, qua nil obstabat eunti, 

Lenius et modico strepitu decurrere vidi ; 

At, quacumque trabes obstructaque saxa tenebant,^ 60 

Spumeus et fervens et ab objice saevior* ibat. 

Ecce cruentati redeunt, et, Bacchus ubi esset, 

Quaerenti domino Bacchum vidisse negarunt.^ 

Hunc, dixere, tamen comitem famulumque sacrorum 

Cepimus ; et tradunt manibus post terga ligatis 65 

Sacra dei quondam Tyrrhena gente secutum.^ 

Adspicit hunc^ oculis Pentheus, quos ira tremendos 
Fecerat ; et, quanquam poenoe vix tempora difFert, 
periture, tuaque aliis documenta datura 
Morte, ait, ede tuum nomen nomenque parentum 70 
Et patriam, morisque novi cur sacra frequentes.^ 
Ille metu vacuus, Nomen mihi, dixit, Acoetes ; 
Patria Maeonia est, humili de plebe parentes. 
Non mihi, quae duri colerent, pater, arva juvenci, 
Lanigerosve greges, non ulla armenta reliquit. 75 

Pauper et ipse fuit, linoque solebat et hamo 
Decipere et cakimo^ salientes ducere pisces. 

1 Avns, i. e. Cadmus, who was still alive, though he had transferred the 
government to Pentheus ; corripiunt hunc dictis, censure him scvcrdij. 

2 Est acrior admouitu, he is rendered more resolute by their admonitions. 

3 Obstructaque saxa tenebant, and interposinrj roeks obstructed its course. 

4 Saeviorab objice, more violent from tiie obstructions. 

5 Negarunt domino (se) vidisse Bacchum, said to their master that they 
had not seen Bacchus. 

6 Secutum sacra Dei, ivho had attended on the sacred rites of the god. 

7 Hunc, i.e. Bacchus, under the form oi Aca'tes. 

8 Cur frequentes sacra novi moris, ivhyyou solemnize those neiv-fashional 
relipious rites. See 20. 

Q Lino et hamo et calamo, loith a line, a hook, andarod. There is here 



FAB. VII.J BACCHUS AND PENTHEUS. 69 

Ars illi sua census^ erat. Quum traderet artem ; 
Accipe, quas liabeo, studii successor et heres, 
Dixit, opes ; moriensque mihi nihil ille reliquit 80 

Procter aquas : unum hoc possum appellare patemuni. 
Mox ego, ne scopulis hsererem semper in isdem, 
Addidici'"^ regimen dextra moderante carinae 
Flectere, et Olenia? sidus pluviale^ capelhe 
Ta3^getenque Hyadasque oculis Arctonque nolavi, 85 
Ventorumque domos^ et portus puppibus aptos. 
Forte petens Delon, Chiae telluris ad oras 
Applicor, et dextris adducor^ litora remis, 
Doque leves saltus, udasque innitor areme. 
Nox ubi consumpta est, Aurora rubescere primum 90 
Cceperat : exsurgo, l^ticesque inferre recentes 
Admoneo, monstroque viam, quae ducat ad undas. 
Ipse, quid aura mihi tumulo promittat^' ab alto, 
Prospicio, comitesque voco repetoque carinam. 
Adsumus en, inquit, sociorum prmius Opheltes ; 95 

Utque putat, praedam deserto nactus in agro, 
Virginea puerum ducit per littora forma. 
Ille, mero somnoque gravis, titubare" videtur, 
Vixque sequi. Specto cultum faciemque gradumque : 
Nn ibi, quod credi posset Inortale, videbam. 100 

Et sensi, et dixi sociis : Quod numen in isto 
Corpore sit, dubito ; sed corpore numen in isto est. 
Quisquis es, o faveas nostrisque laboribus adsis ; 

an allusion to those early times in which lands and cattle formed the onlv 
constituents of wealth. The condition of a fisherman was then regarded as 
one of abject poverty. 

1 Sua ars erat census illi, his trcuie was his wealth. A. R. A. 107- See 
Census. 

2 Addidici fiectere regimen carina?, / learned besides to turn the helm of 
my boat ; to steer my boat. A. K. A. 342. 

3 Pluviale sidus, the watery constel'ation. The constellations here enu- 
merated are those which principally guided the course of ihe ancient ma- 
riners. A. R. A. 346. 

4 Domos ventorum, the abodes of the winds. See 1, 2, 32, «fec. 

5 Adducor littora dextris Ten\\f>,Ii'each the shore by plying theriphtoars. 

6 Quid aura promittat mihi, what the breeze promises to me ; what sort 
of weather I may expect. A. R. A. 346. 

7 Titubare vixque sequi, to reel, and to follow with difficulty. 



70 BACCHUS AND PENTHEUS. [bOOK III. 

His quoque des veniam. Pro nobis mitte^ precari, 
Dictys ait, quo non alius conscendere summas 105 

Ocior antennas, prensoque rudente relabi/^ 
Hoc Libys, hoc flavus, prorae tutela,^ Melanthus, 
Hoc probat Alcimedon et, qui requiemque modumque 
Voce dabat^ remis, animorum hortator Epopeus ; 
Hoc omnes alii iprsedae tarn caeca cupido est. 110 

Non tamen banc sacro violari pondere pinum 
Perpetiar, dixi : .pars hie mihi maxima juris.^ 
Inque aditu obsisto. Furit audacissimus omni 
De numero Lycabas, qui Thusca pulsus^ ab urbe 
Exsilium dira poenam pro caede luebat. 115 

Is mihi, dum resto, juvenili guttura pugno 
Rupit ;^ et excussum misisset in aequora, si non 
Haesissem, quamvis amens, in fune retentus. 

Impia turba probant factum. Tum denique Bacchus, 
Bacchus enim fuerat, veluti clamore solutus 120 

Sit sopor, aque mero^ redeant in pectora sensus. 
Quid facitis I quis clamor ] ait ; qua, dicite, nautae, 
Hue ope perveni ? quo me deferre paratis l 
Pone metum, Proreus,^ et quos contingere portus 
Ede velis, dixit ; terra sistere^^ petita. 125 

Naxon, ait Liber, cursus advertite vestros ; 
Ilia mihi domus est ; vobis erit hospita tellus. 
Per mare fallaces perque omnia numina jurant 
Sic fore, meque jubent pictae dare vela carinae.^^ 

1 Mitte precari pro nobis, give over praying for us. 

2 Relabique prenso rudente, and in slipping down again by taking hold 
of a rope. A. R. A. 343. 

3 Tutela prorae, the watch on the prow ,' the pilot's mate, whose duty it 
was to sit on the prow and direct the working of the ship. A. R_. A. 347. 

4 Dabat voce requiemque modumque remis, regulated with his voice the 
pause and measured stroke of the oar. A. R. A. 347. 

5 Hie maxima pars juris est mihi, here I have the greatest share of right. 
Acostes was commander of the ship. 

6 Pulsus, being banished. A. R. A. 56 and 220. 

7 Is rupit guttura mihi, he attempted to tear open my throat. 

8 A mero, after his wine. A. R. A. 387. 

9 Proreus, the watch on the prow, who, in 107, is called prora: tutela. 

10 Sistere terra petita, you shall be landed on the shore you wish. 

11 Pict« carinae, to my painted ship. Carina is here, and in 83, put for 



rAB. VII.] BACCHUS AND PENTHEU8. 71 

)extera Naxos erat : dextra milii lintea danti^ 180 

|Quid facis, o demens l quis te furor, inquit, Acoete, 

^ro se quisque,^ tenet l laevam pete : maxima nutu 
JPars mihi significat ; pars, quid velit, aure susurrat. 
(Obstupui, Capiatque aliquis moderamina, dixi, 
IMeque ministerio scelerisque artisque removi.^ ISo 

(increpor a cunctis, totumque immurmurat agmen ; 
IE quibus ^thalion, Te scilicet^ omnis in uno 
I Nostra salus posita est ] ait, et subit"^ ipse, meumque 
Explet opus, Naxoque petit diversa relict a. 

Turn deus illudens, tanquam modo denique^ fraudem 
Senserit, e puppi pontum prospectat adunca, 141 

Et flenti similis, Non haec mihi litora, nautae, 
Promisistis, ait ; non haec mihi terra rogata est.^ 
Quo merui pcenam facto 1 quae gloria vestra est, 
Si puerum juvenes, si multi fallitis unum l^ 145 

Jamdudum flebam : lacrimas manus impia nostras 
Ridet, et impellit properantibus sequora remis. 
Per tibi nunc ipsum, nee enim praesentior illo 
Est Deus, adjuro, tarn me tibi vera referre, 
Quam veri majora iide f stetit aequore puppis 150 

Haud aliter, quam si siccum navale teneret. 
Illi admirantes remorum in verbere perstant,^^ 

the whole ship. Each ship had a name peculiar to itself painted on its 
prow, as its tutelary god was on the stern. Sometimes also the whole ship 
was painted. See 1, 4, 20. A. R. A. 342. 

1 Danti hntea IventLs) dextra, setting sail to the i-ight A. R. A. 337 and 
467. 

2 Quisque pro se, each /or himself, i.e. each without exception. 

3 Removique me ministerio scelerisque artisque, and withdrew myself 
from aiding in their wicked and deceitful conduct. 

4 Scilicet, to be sure, I dare say ! said in derision. 

5 Subit, succeeds me ; petit diversa (J.oca) steers in a different direction. 

6 Modd denique, only then, then for the first time. 

7 The idea seems to be this, — There is here no shore — this is not the shore 
to which yo\i promised to conduct me ; Viere is here no land — this is not the 
land to which I asked you to convey me. 

8 Si (vos) juvenes {fallitis me) puerum, si (vos) multi fallitis {me} unum, 
if you, who are men, deceive me, who am but a boy, and if you who are 
many, deceive me who am but one. 

9 Tam vera, quam majora fide veri, things a^ true cis they are incredible ; 
beyond belief of the truth. 

10 Perstant in verbere rgmorum, they persist in striking with their oars. 



72 BACCHUS AND PENTHEUS. [bOOK HI. 

Velaque deducunt, geminaque ope^ currere ten taut. 
Impcdiunt hederae remos, nexuque recur vo 
Serpunt et gravidis distinguunt'^ vela corymbis. 1 oo 

Ipse, racemiferis frontem circumdatus iivis, 
Pampineis agitat velatam frondibus hastam ; 
Quern circa tigres^ smiulacraque immania lyncum, 
Pictarumque jacent fera corpora pantherarum. 
Exsiluere viri ; sive hoc insania fecit, 160 

Sive timor ; primusque Medon nigrescere pinnis 
Corpore depresso,^ et spinae curvamina flecti 
Incipit. Huic Lycabas, In quae miracula,^ dixit, 
Verteris I et lati rictus et panda loquenti 
Naris erat, squaniamque cutis durata trahebat. 165 

At Libys, obstantes dum vult obvertere remos, 
In spatium resilire^ manus breve vidit, et illas 
Jam non esse manus, jam pinnas posse vocari. 
Alter, ad intortos cupiens dare brachia fanes, 
Brachia non habuit, truncoque repandus'' in undas 170 
Corpore desiluit : falcata novissima cauda est,^ 
Qualia dividuae sinuantur cornua Lun«. 
Undique dant saltus, multaque aspergine rorant, 
Emerguntque iterum redeuntque sub aequora rursus, 
Inque chori ludunt speciem, lascivaque jactant 175 

Corpora, et acceptum patulis mare naribus efflant.^ 

1 Gemina ope, ivUh the doiible aid, i. e. of oar.j and sails. 

2 Distinguunt vela gravidis corymbis, garnish the sails wii^ rich clus- 
ters of ivy berries. 

3 The tiger and panther were yoked to the chariot of Bacchus in con-i- 
raemoration of his conquest of India, and, along with the IgnXy were sacred 
to him. 

4 Corpore depresso, et flecti (secundum) curvamina spinas, his body being 
.fattened, and to be turned up in the bend of his back-bone, i. e. is changed 

into a dolphin. 

5 In qu£e miracula, into what monstrous creature ; loquenti, while he teas 
speaking. 

6 Resilire in breve spatium, to shrink into a small space, small dimensions. 

7 Repandusque desiluit in undas corpore trimco, and, bent backwards, 
leaps into the water with his body thus maimed. 

8 Novissima cauda est fiilcata, the extreme part, or tip of his tail, is hooked, 
is in the f 07111 of a hook. 

9 Elflant patulis naribus mare acceptum, spout out of tfieir open nostrils 
tfie sea-water which they had inhaled. 



LB. Vir.] BACCHUS AND PENTHEUS. 73 

De modo viglnti, tot enim ratis ilia ferebat, 
Restabam solus. Pavidum gelidumque tremcnti 
Corpore, vixque meum^ firmat Deus, Excute, dicens, 
Corde metum, Diamque tene. Delatus in illam 1 80 
Accensis aris Bacche'ia sacra frequento. 

Praebuimus longis, Pentheus, ambagibus''^ aures, 
Inquit, ut ira mora vires absumere posset. 
Praecipitem famuli rapite bunc, cruciataque diris 
Corpora toniientis Stygise demittite nocti. 185 

Protinus abstractus solidis Tyrrhenus Acoetes 
Clauditur in tectis ; et dum crudelia jussse 
Instrumenta necis ferrumque ignisque parantur, 
Sponte sua patuisse fores, lapsasque lacertis 
Sponte sua fama est, nullo solvente, catenas. 190 

Pcrstat^ Ecbionides ; nee jam jubet ire, sed ipse 
Vadit, ubi electus facienda ad sacra Citbaeron 
Cantibus et clara Baccbantum voce sonabat. 
Ut fremit acer equus, quum bellicus aere canoro 
Signa dedit tubicen, pugnaeque assumit amorem : 195 
Pcnthea sic ictus longis ululatibus aetber* 
Movit, et audito clamore recanduit ira. 

Monte fere medio est, cingentibus ultima silvis,^ 
Purus ab arboribus, spectabilis undique campus. 
Hie oculis ilium cernentem sacra profanis 200 

Prima videt, prima est insano concita motu. 
Prima suum misso violavit Penthea tbyrso 
Mater : R), geminae, clamavit, adeste sorores. 
Hie aper, in nostris errat qui maximus agris,^ 
Hie mihi feriendus aper. Ruit omnis in unum 205 

1 Gelidum corpore trementi vixque meum, cold, with my body shaking y 
and scarcely myself, i. e. almost distracted. 

2 Longis ambagibus, to a long iinnding story. 

3 Perstat, persists ; nee jam jubet ire, and now does not order his ser- 
vants to go. 

4 ^tller ictus longis ululatibus, struck by the long-continued ycUs; recan- 
duit. kindled afresh. 

5 Silvis cingentibus ultima, woods enclosing the 07(f skirts of it. 

6 Qui maximus (aper) errat in nostris agris, which vei^y large boar^ thai 
immense boar which wanders in our f elds. 

E 



74 BACCHUS AND PENTHEUS. [boOK IV. 

Turba furens ; cunctae coeunt, cunctaeqiie sequuntur 
Jam trepidum, jam verba minus violenta loquentem, 
Jam se damnantem, jam se peccasse fateiitem. 
Saucius ille tamen, Fer opem, matertera, dixit, 
Autonoe : moveant animos Actaeonis umbrie.^ 210 

Ilia, quid Actaeon, nescit, dextramque precanti 
Abstulit f Inoo lacerata est altera raptu. 
TN^on liabet infelix quae matri brachia tendat ; 
Trunca sed ostendens disjectis corpora mem])ris/ 
Adspice, mater, ait. Visis ululavit Agave, 215 

Collaque jactavit movitque per aera crinem ; 
Avulsumque caput digitis complexa cruentis 
Clamat, lo comites, opus haec victoria nostrum est.'^ 
Non citius frondes autumno frigore tactas, 
Jamque male liaerentes^ alta rapit arbore ventus, 220 
Quam sunt membra viri mardbus direpta nefandis. 
Talibus exemplis monitaj nova sacra frequentant, 
Thuraque dant, sanctasque colunt Ismenides aras. 



BOOK lY. 

Fab. I. — Alcithoe and her Sisters. 

At non Alcithoe Minyeias orgia censet 
Accipienda Dei f sed adhuc^ temeraria Baccbum 
Progeniem negat esse Jovis, sociasque sorores 

1 Umbrae Actseonis moveant animos, let the shade of Actceoji infltierici 
yourmind. >See 3, 2, 1, &c. 

2 Abstulitque dextram (illi) precanti, tore off his right hand as he was 
imploj'ing her pity. 

3 Trunca membris disjectis, bereft of its limbs which lay scattered about. 
A Haec victoria est nostrum opus, this victory is my achicvancnt, has been 

achieved by me. 

5 Male haerentes, scarcely adhering to the branches. See 3, 6, 73. 

6 Orgia Dei accipienda (esse), that the orgies of the god (Bacchus) ovghl 
to be received, or celebrated. 

7 Sed adhuc, — but still notwithstanding the severe punishment inflicted 
upon Pentheus, &c. 



Ipab. T.J ALCITHOE AiND UER SISTERS. 75 

Impietatis habet. Festum celebrare sacerdos 
Immunes operum dominas famulasque suorum, 5 

Pectora pelle tegi/ crinales solvere vittas, 
Serta coma, manibus frondentes sumere thyrsos, 
Jusserat ; et saevam laesi fore numinis''^ iram 
Vaticinatus erat. Parent matresque nurusque, 
Telasque^ calathosque infectaque pensa reponiint, 1 
Tliuraque dant, Bacchumque vocant Bromiumque Ly- 

aeumque, 

Ignigenamque satumque iterum solumqueBimatrem. 
Additur his Nyseus indetonsiisque Thyoneus, 
Et cum Lena?o genialis consitor uvae, 
Nycteliusque Eleleusqiie parens et laccliiis et Evan, 15 
Et quae praiterea per Graias plurima^ gentes [tas ; 

Nomina, Liber, habes. Tibi enim inconsumpta juven- 
Tu puer a^ternus, tu formosissimus alto 
Conspiceris coelo ; tibi, quum sine cornibus adstas, 
Virgineum caput est ; Oriens tibi victus, adusque 20 
Decolor extremo qua tingitur India Gange.^ 
Pentliea tu, venerande, bipenniferumque Lycurgum 
Sacrilegos mactas ; Tyrrhenaque^ mittis in sequor 
Corpora. Tu bijugum pictis insignia frenis 
Colla premis lyncum *J Bacchae Satyrique sequmitur, 25 

1 The order 2.?— Sacerdos (i.e. Tiresias), jusserat dominas famulasque 
immunes operum, celebrare festum, tegi {secundum) pectora pelle. The 
bacchanals, while celebrating the orgies, were clothed with the skins of 
fawns or deers. Vittas, A. R. A. 362. Tliyrsos, See 3, 7, 32. 

2 La?si numinis, of the offended deity, i. e. Bacchus. 

3 Telas, webs. The ancients used every method to encourage domestic 
industry in women. Spinning and weaving formed their chief employment, 
and to these there are frequent allusions iii the poets, see 34, cfcc. The dif- 
ferent parts of the loom, and the process of weaving, are described, A. R. A. 
452. Calathos, laork-baskets. The calathus was an osier basket, narrow 
at the bottom, and gradually increasing in ^vidth, used by the ladies for 
holding wool, flowers, &c. See 5, 7, 53. 

4 Et plurima nomina qune, and the numerous names ivhich. 

5 Adusque qua decolor India tinguitur extremo Gange, as far as where 
swarthy India is watered by the remote Ganges. In decolor, which is strictly 
applied to something which has lost its natural colour, there is probably an 
allusion to the change of colour said to have been produced on tlie eastern 
nations by the disaster of PhaethoH. See 2, 1, 236. 

6 Tyrrhena corpora, the bodies of the Tuscan sailors. See 3, 7, 162, &c. 

7 Tu premis colla bijugum lyncum insignia pictis frenis, thou controllesi 



76 ALCITHOE AND HER SISTERS. LbOOK IV. 

Quique senex ferula titubantes ebrius^ artus 

Sustinet, aut pando non fortiter liaeret^ asello. 

Qiiacumque ingrederis, clamor juvenilis et una 

Femineae voces, impulsaque tympana^ palmis, 

Concavaque a?ra sonant longoque foramine buxus/ 80 

Placatus mitisque, rogant Ismenides, adsis ; 

Jussaque sacra colunt. Solae Minyeides intus, 

Intempestiva turbantes festa Minerva, 

Aut ducunt lanas aut stamina pollice versant, 

Aut hserent telae, famulasque laboribus urgent. 85 

E quibus una levi deducens pollice filum, 

Dum cessant alise commentaque sacra frequentant, 

Nos quoque, quas Pallas, melior Dea, detinet, inquit 

Utile opus manuum vario sermone levemus ; 

Perque vices aliquid, quod tempora longa^ videri 40 

Non sinat, in medium vacuas referamus ad aures. 

Dicta probant, primamque^ jubent narrare sorores. 

Ilia, quid e multis referat, nam plurima norat, 

Cogitat, et dubia est, de te, Babylonia, narret,^ 

Derceti, quam versa squamis velantibus artus 45 

Stagna Palaestini credunt celebrasse iigura ; 

An magis, ut sumptis illius filia^ pennis, 

Extremos altis in turribus egerit annos ; 

Na'is an ut cantu nimiumque potentibus herbis 

Verterit in tacitos juvenilia corpora pisces, 50 

the necks of the lynxes which draw thy chariot, adoi'ned (as they are) viHh 
'painted reins. 

1 Ebrius senex, the drunk old ma7i, i. e. Silcniis, the preceptor and com- 
panion of Bacchus ; ferula, with a staff. By fcrida is here meant a hollow 
stick used by the Bacchantes, in which a torch was concealed. 

2 Hasret non fortiter, sits but insecurely. 

3 Tympana, drums. The tympanum was a kind of drum, beaten with 
the hands, round at the top, where it was covered with skin, and fiat un- 
derneath. 

4 Buxus longo foramine, ajiute luith a long series of holes. Bums, the 
■wood of which the flute was made, is here put for the flute itself, 

5 Non sinat tempora videri longa, may prevent the time from appearing 
tedious ; in medium, publicly, aloud. 

6 Primam, her first, i. e. her who made the proposal. 

7 Dubia est {utrum) narret de te, she is in doubt whcUier she shculd teU 
a story of you ; an magis, or rather. 

« Filia Ulius, her daughter y i. e. Semiramis, q. r. 



FAB. I.J ALCITHOE AND HER SISTERS. 77 

Donee idem passa est :^ an, quae poma alba ferebat/^ 
Ut nunc nigra ferat contactu sanguinis arbor. 
Haec placet ; banc, quoniam vulgaris fabula non est, 
Talibus orsa modis, lana sua iila sequente. 

Fab. II. — Pyramus and Thisbe. 

Pyra3ius et Thisbe, juvenum pulcherrimus alter, 

Altera, quas Oriens babuit, praelata puellis, 

Contiguas tenuere^ domos, ubi dicitur altam 

Coctilibus muris cinxisse Semiramis urbem. 

Xotitiam primosque gradus"^ vicinia fecit ; 5 

Tempore crevit amor : taedae quoque jure coissent,^ 

Sed vetuere patres : quod non potuere vetare, 

Ex sequo captis^ ardebant mentibus ambo. 

Conscius omnis abest ; nutu signisque loquuntur ; 

Quoque magis tegitur, tectus magis aestuat ignis. 30 

Fissus erat tenui rima, quam duxerat olini," 

Quum fieret, paries domui communis utrique. 

Id vitium nulli per saecula longa notatum, 

Quid non sentit amor l primi sensistis amantes,'' 

Et voci fecistis iter ; tutaeque per illud 1 5 

Murmure blanditiae minimo transire solebant.^ 

Saepe, ut constiterant, hinc Thisbe, Pyramus illinc, 

Inque vicem fuerat captatus anlielitus^° oris, 

1 Donee pas?a est idem, until she herself siiffered the same transfoi-ma- 
tion , i. e. was changpd into a fish. 

2 The order is, An, ut arbor quae ferebat alba poma, nunc ferat nigra 
(poma) contactu sanguinis. 

3 Tenuere contiguas domos, inhabited contiguous houses; urbem, Le. 
Babylon. <?,v ]5;il»yl(.n. 

4 Primos gradus (amoris), the first advances of love. 

5 Coissent jure ta?da?, thei/ would have been united by the rite of marriage. 
A. R. A. 404. No young man or woman among the Romans was allowed 
to marry without the consent of parents or guardians. A. R. A. 402. 

6 Ex aequo captis, equally captivated. 

7 Quam olim duxerat, tchich it had formei'ly gotten. 

8 Id vitium — amantes primi sensistis, this defecV—you lovers were the 
first to discover. 

9 Blanditiae solebant transire tutae, your expressions of endearment vsed 
to pa^s in safety. 

10 Anhelitusque oris captatus fuerat in vicem, and the breath of the 
other's mouUi had been inhaled by each in turn. 



78 PYRAMUS AND TniSBE. [^OOK IV. 

In vide, dicebant, paries, quid amantibus obstas 1 
Quantum erat, ut sineres toto nos corpore jungi ; 20 
Aut hoc si nimium, vel ad oscula danda pateres ! 
Nee sumus ingrati : tibi nos dcbere fatcmur, 
Quod datus est verbis ad arnicas transitus aures. 
Talia diversa nequicquam scde^ locuti, 
Sub noctem dixere Vale ; partique^ dedere 25 

Oscula quisque suae, non pervenientia contra. 
Postera nocturnos Aurora removerat ignes, 
Solque pruinosas radiis siccaverat herbas : 
Ad solitum coiere locum. Tum murmure parvo 
Multa prius questi, statuunt, ut nocte silenti 80 

Fallere custodes foribusque excedere tentent f 
Quumque domo exierint, urbis quoque claustra relin- 
Neve sit errandum'' lato spatiantibus arvo, [quant ; 

Conveniant ad busta'' Nini, lateantque sub umbra 
Arboris. Arbor ibi, niveis uberrima pomis, 85 

Ardua morus erat, gelido contermina fonti. 
Pacta placent, et lux, tarde decedere visa, 
Praecipitatur aquis, et aquis nox surgit^ ab isdem. 
Callida per tenebras, versato cardine, Tliisbe 
Egreditur fallitque sues ; adopertaque vultum 40 

Pervenit ad tumulum, dictaque sub arbore sedit. 
Audacem faciebat amor. Venit ecce recenti 
Ccede lesena boum spumantes oblita rictus, 
Depositura^ sitim viciri fontis in unda. 
Quam procul ad luna? radios Babylonia Thisbe 45 

1 Diversa sede, on the opposite sides of the wall. 

2 Suae parti, to his own side; non pervenientia contra, which did not 
reach the opposite side. 

3 Ut tentent fallere custodes excedereque foribus, to try to elvde tht^ 
door-keepers and to pet out of the house. The verbs relinquant, conveniant^ 
and latcant, are also under the government of ut^ and depend upon 
statvunt. Claustra, gates. 

4 Neve erranduni sit (ipsis) spatiantibus, and that Viey rtxay not miss 
each other ivhile ivandeHnq. 

5 Ad busta Nini, at the tomb of N inns. A. R. A. 417. See Bustum. 

C The ancients assigned to the night as well as to the day a chariot with 
a presiding divinity, which rose from the sea in the east, as the chariot of 
the sun was plunged into it in the west. 

7 Depositura sitim, /or the purpose of quenching her thirst. 



FAB. II.]] PYRAMUS AND THISBE. 79 

Vidit, et obscurum trepido pede fugit in antrum; 

Dumque fugit, tergo velamina lapsa reliquit. 

Ut lea saeva sitim multa compescuit unda, 

Dum redit in silvas, inventos forte sine ipsa^ 

Ore cruentato tenues laniavit amictus. 50 

Serius egressus vestigia vidit in alto 

Pulvere certa ferae, totoque expalluit ore 

P}a*amus. Ut vero vestem quo que sanguine tinctam 

Reperit ; Una duos nox, inquit, perdet amantes : 

E quibus ilia fuit longa dignissima vita ; 55 

Nostra nocens anima est ; ego te, miseranda, peremi, 

In loca plena met us qui jussi"^ nocte venires, 

Nee prior hue veni. Nostrum divellite corpus, 

Et scelerata fero consumite viscera morsu, 

quicumque sub hac habitatis rupe, leones. 60 

Sed timidi est op tare necem. Velamina Thisbes 

Tollit, et ad pactae secum fert arboris umbram ; 

Utque dedit notse lacrimas, dedit oscula, vesti, 

Accipe nunc, inquit, nostri quoque sanguinis haustus,^ 

Quoque erat accinctus, demittit in ilia ferrum. 65 

Nee mora, ferventi moriens e vulnere traxit. 

Ut jacuit resupinus humi ; cruor emicat alte, 

Non aliter, quam quum vitiato fistula plumbo 

Scinditur,'^ et tenues stridente foramine longe 

Ejaculatur aquas, at que ictibus aera nimpit. 70 

Arborei fetus aspergine^ caedis in atram 

Vertuntur faciem ; madefactaque sanguine radix 

Puniceo tingit pendentia mora colore. 

Ecce metu nondum posito, ne fallat amantem,^ 

1 Sine ipsa, without Thisbe herself. A. R. A. 351. 

2 Jussi (ut) venires, instead of the more common expremon jussi te 
venire, urged you to come. 

3 Haustus nostri qu5que san^inis, the stream of my Mood too; demittit 
in ilia ferrum, plunges into his bowels the sword. A. R. A. 307. 

4 Fistula Ecinditur plumbo vitiato, a pipe hursts from the lead being 
decayed. 

5 Aspergine caedis, /rom being spiHnkled loith the blood. 

6 Ne fallat amantem , that she may not disappoint her lover Ne depends 
on redit, and not on metu. 



80 PYRAMUS AND THISBE. [book IV. 

Ilia redit, juvenemque oculis animoque requirit, 75 

Quantaque vitarit narrare pericula gestit ;^ 

Utqiie locum et versam cognovit in arbore formam f 

Sic facit incertam pomi color ; haeret,"^ an haec sit. 

Dum dubitat, tremebunda videt pulsare cruentum 

Membra solum, retro que pedem tulit, oraque buxo 80 

Pallidiora gerens, exhorruit sequoris instar. 

Quod tremit, exigua quum summum stringitur^ aura. 

Sed postquam remorata suos cognovit amores f 

Percutit indignos claro plangore lacertos, 

Et, laniata comas amplexaque corpus amatum, 85 

Vulnera supplevit lacrimis,^ fietumque cruori 

Miscuit, et gelidis in vultibus oscula iigens, 

Pyrame, clamavit, quis te mihi casus ademit I 

Pyrame, responde : tua te, carissime, Thisbe 

Nominat ; exaudi, vultusque attolle jacentes.^ 90 

Ad nomen Thisbes oculos jam morte gravatos 

Py ramus erexit, visaque recondidit ilia. 

Quae postquam vestemque suam cognovit, et ense 

Vidit ebur^ vacuum ; Tua te manus, inquit, amorque 

Perdidit, infelix : est et mihi fortis in unum^ 95 

Hoc manus ; est et amor, dabit hie in vulnera vires. 

Prosequar exstinctum, letique miserrima dicar 

Causa comesque tui ; quique a me morte revelli^^ 

Heu sola poteras, poteris nee morte revelli. 

1 Gestit narrare, longs to tell him. 

2 Formam in arbore versam, the appearance (of the fruit) upon the tret 
altered. It was not the appearance of the tree itself, but of the fruit, which 
had been changed ; and therefore the expression in arbore is employed, and 
not the genitive arboris. 

. 3 Haeret, an hasc sit, she doubts if this is the same tree. 

4 Quum summum stringitur, when its surface is graced. 

5 Suos amores, her lover, i. e. Pyramus. 

6 Supplevit vulnera lacrimis, she filled his wound with her tears. 

7 Jacentes vultus, thy sinking countenance. 

8 Ebur, the ivory— the scabbard ornamented irith ivory. Scabbards 
ornamented with ivory were anciently held in high esteem. 

9 Est et mihi manus fortis in hoc unum, / too have a hand stout enough 
for tkis single act. 

10 Tuque qui poteras revelli a me morte sola, poteris revelli (a me) nee 
morte, and you ivho could be torn from me by death only, shall be able to be 
torn from me not even by death. 



FAB. II.] PYRAMUS AND THISBE. 81 

Hoc tamen amborum verbis estote rogati, 100 

multum niiseri, meus illiusque, parentes/ 

Ut, quos certus amor, quos hora novissima junxit, 

Componi tumiilo non invideatis^ eodem. 

At tu, quae ramis arbor miserabile corpus 

Nunc tcgis unius, mox es tectura duorum, 105 

Signa tene coedis, pullosque et luctibus aptos 

Semper habe fetus, gemini monumental cruoris. 

Dixit, et aptato pectus mucrone sub imum 

Incubuit ferro, quod adbuc a csede tepebat. 

Vota tamen tctigere Deos, tetigere parentes : 110 

Nam color in pomo est, ubi permaturuit, ater ; 

Quodque rogis superest,* una requiescit in urna. 

Fab. X. — The Minye'ides, 

Finis erat dictis f et adhuc Minye'ia proles 
Urget opus, spernitque Deum festumque profanat ; 
Tympana quum subito non apparentia^ raucis 
Obstrepuere sonis, et adunco tibia cornu, 
Tinnulaque aera sonant. Redolent myrrhaeque crocique ; 
Resque fide major," coepere virescere telse, 6 

Inque heder«e faciem pendens frondescere vestis.^ 
Pars abit in vitas ; et quae modo fila fuerunt, 
Palmite mutantur ; de stamine pampinus exit ; 
Purpura fulgorem pictis accommodat^ uvis. 10 

Jamque dies cxactus erat, tempusque subibat, 
Quod tu nee tenebras nee possis dicere lucem, 

1 O multOm miseri parentes, meus illiusque, estote rogate hoc, most 
miserable parents, mine and his, be ye entreated for this. 

2 Ut non invideatis, not to envy, i. e. to permit. A. R. A. 410. 

3 Monumenta gemini cruoris, memorials qfthe blood of us two. 

4 Quodqiie superest rogis, what remains after Vie funeral pile, i.e. the 
ashes. A. R. A. 417 and 418. 

5 Finis erat dictis, thei'C ivas now an end to the words of Alcithoe — 
Alcithoe discontinued her narrative. 

6 Tympana non apparentia, drums— unseen ; tibia. See 3, 7, 23. 

7 Major fide, beyond belief. See 3, 7, 15'). 

8 Vestisque pendens (ca'p<0 frondescere in faciem hedera;, and the cloth 
hanginq in the loom began to put forth leaves with the appearance of ivy. 
A. R. A. 452. 

9 Purpura ancommodat fulgorem, the purple (in the web) lends its colour. 

e2 



82 THE MTNYEIDES. [bOOK IV. 

Sed cum luce tamen dubiae confinia noctis.* 
Tecta repente quati, pinguesque ardere videntur 
Lampades,'^ et rutilis collucere ignibus aedes, 15 

Falsaque sae varum simulacra ululare ferarum. 
Fumida jamdudum latitant per tecta sorores, 
Diversaeque locis^ igues ac lumina vitant ; 
Dumque petunt latebras ; parvos membrana per artus 
Porrigitur, tenuique inducit brachia penna.'* 20 

Nee, qua perdiderint veterem ratione figuram, 
Scire sinunt tenebrae. Non illas pluma levavit ; 
Sustinuere^ tamen se perlucentibus alis. 
Conataeque loqui, minimam pro corpore^ vocem 
Emittunt, peraguntque levi stridore querelas. 25 

Tectaque, non silvas, celebrant, lucemque perosae 
Nocte volant, seroque trahunt a vespere'^ nomen. 

Fab. XI. — Ino and Melicerta, 

TuM vero totis Bacchi memorabile Thebis 

Numen erat ; magnasque novi matertera^ vires 

Narrat ubique Dei ; de totque sororibus^ expers 

Una doloris erat, nisi quem fecere sorores.^^ 

Adspicit hancjuatis thalamoque Athamantis^Miabentem 5 

Sublimes animos, et alumno numine, Juno, 

Nee tulit, et secum : Potuit de pellice natus^^ 

1 Confinia dubiae noctis cum luce, the confines of doubtful night and dapy 
i. e. the intermediate space between night and day, the twilight. 

2 Pingues lampades, well-trimmed lamps ; aedes, the apartment. Mdes, 
in the singular number, strictly signifies aw apartment^ frequently a <e?«i)^6, 
and in the plural, generally a house. 

3 See 1, 2, 9. 

4 Inducitque brachia tenui penna, covers their ai-mswith a thin film,. 

5 Sustinuere se, supported themselves. 

6 Pro corpore, in proportion to their body. 

7 A sero vespere, from the late evening, i. e. Yespertiliones. 

8 Matertera, his aunt, i. e. Ino, the sister ofSemele. 

9 De tot sororibus, of so many sisters, viz. Agave, Autonoe, and Semele. 
See Cadmus. 

10 Nisi quem sorores fecere, except what her sisters (and their misfortunes) 
caused. Agave had lost her son Pentheus, and Autonoe had lost Aetaeon. 

11 Natis thalamoque Athamantis, on account of her sons (Learchus and 
Melicerta), and her marriage with Athamas; et numine alumno, and with 
a deity as her nursling, i. e." Bacchus, whomshehad brought up. Sec Ino. 

12 Natus de pellice,' i/id son of a mistress, i. e. Bacchus. See 3, 7. 150, &c. 



FAB. XI.] INO AND BIELICERTA. SS 

Vertere Masonios pelagoque immergere nautas, 
Et laceranda suae nati^ dare viscera matri, 
Et triplices operire novis Minyeides alls : 10 

Nil poterit Juno nisi inultos Here dolores ? 
Idque mihi satis est I haec una potentia nostra est I 
Ipse docet quid agam ; Fas est et ab hoste doceri : 
Quidque furor valeat,'^ Penthea csede satisque 
Ac super ostendit. Cur non stimuletur, eatque 15 

Per cognata suis exempla furoribus^ Ino I 
Est via declivis funesta nubila taxo ; ** 
Ducit ad infemas per muta silentia sedes : 
Styx nebulas exhalat iners ; umbroeque recentes 
Descendunt iliac, siniulacraque functa^ sepulchris. 20 
Pallor Hiemsque tenent late loca senta f novique, 
Qua sit iter, Manes, Stygiam quod ducit ad urbem, 
Ignorant, ubi sit nigri fera regia Ditis. 
Mille capax aditus et apertas undique portas 
Urbs habet ; utque fretum de tota flumina terra, 25 
Sic omnes animas locus accipit ille, nee ulli 
Exig-uus^ populo est, turbamve accedere sentit. 
Errant exsangues sine corpore et ossibus umbrae ; 
Parsque forum celebrant,^ pars imi tecta tj^ranni ; 
Pars alias artes, antiquae imitamina vitss, oO 

1 Nati, i. e. Pentheus ; matri, i. e. Agave. See 3, 7, 202, &c. 

2 Quid furor valeat, what madness can do, thepou-er of madness; satis 
superque, svpcierdly, and more than sufficiently. 

3 Eatque furoribus per cognata exempla, and in her madness follow the 
examples of her kindred. 

4 Funesta taxo, tvith the deadly yew. The berries of the yew tree were 
believed by the ancients to be poisonous; it is therefore placed as one of 
the trees in the infernal regions. 

5 Functa sepulchris, tf/iic/i have received the rites of burial. The ancients 
believed that the souls of those who were unburied were not admitted into 
the abodes of the dead until they had wandered a hundred years on the 
banks of the Styx. A. R. A. 408. 

6 Tenent late senta loca, prevails extensively over these dreary mansions. 

7 Nee est exiguus ulli populo, sentit ve turbam accedere, nor is it too 
small for any number of people, nor does it feel the crowd to increase. 

8 Pars celebrant forum, some frequent the forum. The forum was the 
place in Rome where the assembUes of the people were held, and where 
justice was administered. A. R. A. 490. The word is here apphed to the 
court of law in the infernal regions, of which Minos, Rhadamanthus, and 
JEacus, were the judges. The ghosts are represented as retaining the same 
inclinations, and following the same pursuits, with which they had been 



84 TNO AND MELICERTA. [ IJOOK IV, 

Exercent ; aliam paiicm sua poena coercet. 

Sustinet ire illuc, coelesti sede relicta, 

Tantum odiis iriEqiie dabat/ Satuniia Juno. 

Quo simul intravit, sacroque a corpore pressum 

Ingemuit limen ; tria Cerberus extulit ora, ^5 

Et tres latratus simul edidit. Ilia sororcs 

Nocte vocat genitas/'^ grave et iniplacabile numen, 

Carceris^ ante fores clausas adaniante sedebant, 

Deque suis atros pectebant crinibus angues. 

Quam simul agnorunt inter caliginis umbras, 40 

Surrexere Dej.e. Sedes scelerata vocatur. 

Viscera priebebat Tityos lanianda, novemque 

Jugeribus distentus erat : tibi, Tantale, nullte 

Deprenduntur aquae, quaeque imminet, efFugit arbos. 

Aut pctis aut uig-es ruiturum, Sisyplie, saxum. 45 

Volvitur Ixion, ct se scquiturque fugitque. 

Molirique suis letum patruelibus ansa?, 

Assidiiae repetunt, quas perdant, Belides undas. 

Quos omnes aeie postquam Saturnia torva 

Vidit, et ante omnes Ixiona ; rursus ab illo 60 

Sisyphon adspiciens, Cur hie e fratribus,'* inquit, 

Perpetuas patitur prenas ; Athamanta superbum 

Regia dives liabet, qui me cum conjuge semper 

Sprevit I et exponit causas odiique viceque, 

Quidque velit. Quod vellet, erat, ne regia Cadmi 55 

Staret,^ et in fticinus, traberent Atbainanta sororcs/' 

familiar wliile alive. Some of them thorcfore are Ia\\7crs. some courtiers, 
some artificers, and some are shut up in prison for their crimes. 

1 Tantum dabat odiis iraique, so much did s}iC give icay to her hatred and 
passion. 

2 Sororos genitas nocte, tJie sisters bom of nighty i.e. the Furies. See 
Erinnys. 

3 Carceris, i. e. Tartarus, the place of punishment for the wicked. Ada- 
mas signilies any thinj? so hard that it cannot be juerccd or destroyed. 
Hence the poets represent the pillars, chains, tVc. in the infernal retjions, 
and any instrument of unusual hardness or durability, as being made of 
adamant. It is probably best translated iron. 

4 Fratribus, i.e. Sisf/phus a'ld Athdmas. 

5 Ne regia Cadmi staret, that the palace of Cadmus might not stand, 
might fall. 

(} (Ut) sorores tralierent Athamanta in facinus, that the sistert (the Furies) 
might involve AUiamas in some dreadful crime. 



TAB. XI.] INO AND MELICERTA. 85 

Imperium, promissa, preces confundit in unum, 
Sollicitatque Deas. Sic haec Junone locuta, 
Tisiphone canos, iit erat turbata/ capillos 
Movit, et obstantes rejecit ab ore colubras, GO 

Atque ita, Non longis opus est ambagibus, infit ; 
Facta puta/ quoecumquc jubes ; inamabile regnum 
Desere, teque refer coeli melioris ad auras. 

Lasta redit Juno ; quam ccelum intrare parantem 
Roratis lustravit aquis Thumantias Iris. G5 

Nee mora, Tisiphone madefactam sanguine sumit 
Importuna facem ; fluidoque cruore rubentem^ 
Induitur pallain, tortoque incingitur angue, 
Egrediturque domo. Luctus comitatur euntem, 
Et Pavor et Terror, trepidoque Insania vultu. 70 

Limine^ constiterat : postes tremuisse feruntur 
^-Eolii, pallorque fores infecit acernas,^ 
Solque locum fugit. Monstris exterrita conjux, 
Territus est Athamas, tectoque exire parabant. 
Obstitit infelix aditumque obsedit Erinnys : 75 

Nexaque vipereis distendens brachia nodis, 
Ciesariem excussit ; motae sonuere colubrae. 
Parsque jacens humeris, pars^ circum tempera lapsie 
Sibila daut, saniemque vomunt linguasque coruscant. 
Inde duos mediis abrumpit crinibus angues, 80 

Pestiferaque manu raptos immisit.^ At illi 
Inoosque sinus Athamanteosque pererrant, 

1 Ut erat tiirbata, as she was in disorder, in disorder as she was. 

2 Puta facta, qua?cumque jubes, consider as done ichatsoever you order. 

3 llubentem fluido cruore, red wittijluid gorCy wiVi gore ruiiningdown — 
induitur. See\,1,yrj' 

4 Limine, on the threshold — of the palace of Athamas. 

5 Acernas fores, the maple doors. The maplCy according to Pliny, held 
the next place to the citron in the estimation of the ancients. It was 
uccordin<?ly much used in the most costly furniture of the rich. From it3 
extreme hardness and the closeness of its grain it was also in frequent use 
for tablets. Ovid represents Ts'uma's throne as made of maple. 

6 The construction in this line is peculiar. Pars in the first clause ia 
used in the singular; and in the latter part, without any apparent neces- 
sity, it is made plural. See 147- 

7 Immisit (eos) raptos, and after seizing them threw them at thenif L e. 
at Athamas and Ino. 



86 INO AND MELICERTA. [ BOOK IV. 

Inspirantque^ graves animas ; nee vulnera membris 

UUa ferunt ; mens est, qua? diros sentiat ictus. 

Attulerat secum liquid! quoque monstra^ veneni, 85 

Oris Cerberei spumas, et virus Echidnae, 

Erroresque vagos,^ caccaeque oblivia mentis, 

Et scelus et lacrimas, rabiemque et caedis amorem, 

Omnia trita'^ simul ; quae sanguine mixta recenti 

Coxerat sere cavo, viridi versata cicuta. 90 

Dumque pa vent illi ; vertit furiale venenum 

Pectus in amborum, praecordiaque intima movit. 

Tum, face j aetata per eundem saepius orbem/ 

Consequitur motos velociter ignibus ignes. 

Sic victrix jussique potens^ ad inania magni 95 

Regna redit Ditis, sumptumque recingitur anguem. 

Protinus -bolides media furibundus in aula 
Clamat, lo comites, his retia tendite silvis : 
Hie modo cum gemina visa est mihi prole lesena. 
Utque ferae, sequitur vestigia" conjugis aniens ; 100 

Deque sinu matris ridentem et parva Learchum 
Brachia tendentem rapit, et bis terque per auras 
More rotat fundae, rigidoque infantia saxo 
Discutit ossa ferox. Tum denique concita mater, 
Sen dolor hoc fecit, sen sparsi causa veneni,^ 105 

1 Inspirant graves animas, infuse into them their pestiferous breath. 

2 (Tisiphone) attulerat secum monstra qu6que liquid! veneni, Tisiphone 
had likewise brought along with her a monstrous composition of liquid poison. 
The different ingredients follow, 

3 Vagos errores, obliviaque caecae mentis, the wanderings of ddiriuniy 
and the forgetfidness of an insane mind. 

4 Omnia trita simul, all pounded together ,- versata viridi cicuta, stirred 
about with a stalk of green hemlock. The juice of hemlock was given as 
poison to criminals at Athens. The poison consisted of an extreme cold 
which stopped the circulation of the blood. Some critics, however, suppose 
that this poison was not the juice of hemlock, but consisted of a mixture 
of vrhich hemlock formed an ingredient. 

5 Face jactata saepius per eundem orbem, consequitur ignes velociter 
motos ignibus, by moving the torch often in the same circle, she follows up 
the Jires which were swiftly excited, with other freSy i. e. she makes a con- 
tinuous ring of tire. 

6 Potens jussi, having executed her commission; recingitur, ungirds, 
lays aside. 

7 Vestigia conjugis ut ferae, the footsteps of his wife as of a wild beast. 

8 Causa veneni sparsi, the power qfthe poison diffused over her. 



FAB. XI.3 INO AND MELICERTA. 87 

Exululat, passisque fugit male sana capillis : 
Teque ferens parvum nudis, Melicerta, lacertis, 
Evoe, Bacche, sonat. Bacchi sub nomine^ Juno 
Risit, et, Hos usus prsestet tibi, dixit, alumnus. 

Imminet aequoribus scopulus :^ pars ima cavatur 110 
Fluctibus, et tectas defendit ab imbribus undas : 
Summa riget, frontemque in apertum porrigit sequor. 
Occupat hunc, vires insania fecerat, Ino, 
Seque super pontum, nullo tardata timore, 
Mittit onusque suum.^ Percussa recanduit unda. 115 
At Venus, immeritae neptis* miserata labores, 
Sic patruo blandita suo est : numen aquarum, 
Proxima cui coelo^ cessit, Neptune, potestas. 
Magna quidem posco ; sed tu miserere meorum, 
Jactari quos cernis in lonio immense, 1 20 

Et Dis adde tuis. Aliqua et mihi gratia^ ponto est ; 
Si tamen in dio quondam concreta profundo 
Spuma fui, Graiumque manet mihi nomen ab ilia. 
Annuit^ oranti Neptunus, et abstulit illis. 
Quod mortale fuit, majestatemque verendam 125 

Imposuit, nomenque simul faciemque novavit, 
Leucotheeque Deum cum matre Palaemona dixit. 

Sidoniae comites, quantum valuere,^ secutse 
Signa pedum, primo videre novissima saxo ; 
Nee dubium de niorte ratse, Cadme'ida palmis ISO 

Deplanxere domum, scissae cum veste capillos ; 
Utque parum justae nimiumque in pellice saevae 

1 Sub nomine Bacchi, at the name of Bacchus. See 3, 2, 115. Praestet 
tibi hos usus, make you this recompense. 

2 Scopulus, a rock — one of the Scironides on the coast of Megaris; riget, 
rises erect. 

3 Suum onus, her burden, i. e. Melicerta. 

4 Immerita neptis, of her innocent grand-daughter ^ i. e. Ino; suo 
patruo, her uncle, i. e. Neptune. 

5 Coelo is here used for potestati call, to the empire of heaven. See 1 , 14, 2. 

6 Aliqua gratia (in) ponto est et mihi, 1 also have some interest in the 
sea; Graium nomen, mi/ Grecian name, i.e. Aphrodite, q. v. 

7 Annuit (ei) oranti, ^grants to her entreating, agrees to her request. 

8 Quantum valuere, as far as they could; prime saxo, on the edge qfthc 
•'Ode. 



88 INO AND MELICERTA. [boOK IV. 

Invidiam fecere^ DesR. Convicia Juno 

Non tulit, et, Faciam vos ipsas maxima, dixit, 

Saevitiae monumenta mese. Res dicta secuta est. ISo 

Nam quae praecipue fuerat pia, Persequar, inquit. 

In freta reginam ; saltumque datura, moveri 

Haud usquam potuit, scopuloque affixa cohaesit. 

Altera, dum solito tentat plangore ferire 

Pectora, tentatos sentit riguisse lacertos.^ 140 

Ilia, manus ut forte tetenderat in maris undas, 

Saxea facta manus in easdem porrigit undas ; 

Hujus, ut arreptum laniabat vertice crinem, 

Duratos subito digitos in crine videres. 

Quo quaeque in gestu deprensa est, liaesit^ in illo. 145 

Pars volucres factae ; quae nunc quoque gurgite in illo 

^quora destringunt summis Ismenides'^ alis. 

Fab. XII. — Cadmus and Rarmonia. 

Nescit Agenorides, natam'^ parvumque nepotem 
-(Equorrs esse Deos. Luctu serieque malorum 
Victus et ostentis,^ quae plurima viderat, exit 
Conditor urbe sua, tanquam fortuna locorum, 
Non sua se premeret ; longisque erratibus actus 5 

Contigit Illyricos profuga cum conjuge fines. 
Jamque malis annisque graves, dum prima retractant^ 
Fata domus releguntque suos sermone labores ; 
Num sacer ille mea trajectus cuspide serpens 
Cadmus ait, fuerit^ tum, quum Sidone profectus 10 

1 Fecere invidiam Deae, excited odium against the goddess; (comes) quae 

the attendant who. 

2 Tentatos lacertos, the arms with which she had made the attempt. 

3 Quaeque hsesit in illo gestu, in quo deprehensa est, every one remained 
in that posture in which she was caught. 

4 Quae Ismenides, which, under the name oflsmenides. 

5 Natam, i. e. Ino — nepotem, i. e. Mclicerta. 

6 Ostentis, quae viderat plurima, by the prodigies which he had seen in 
great numbers. 

7 Retraetant prima fata, refect upon the first misfortunes. 

8 Num ille serpens fuerit sacer, can that serpent have been a sacred one. 
The serpent killed by Cadmus was sacred to INIars (Martius anguis), and 
the g^od of war is here represented as punishing Cadmus for putting him 



FAB. XII.] CADMUS AND HARMONIA. 89 

Vipereos sparsi per humum, nova semina, denies ! 
Quem si cura Deum tarn certa vindicat ira, 
Ipse precor sei^ens in longam porrigar alvum. 
Dixit ; et, ut serpens, in longam tenditur alvum ; 
Durataeque cuti squamas increscere sent it 1 5 

Nigraque caemleis variari corpora gnttis ; 
In pectiisque cadit pronus ; commissaque in uniim 
Paulatim tereti sinuantur acumine crura. ^ 
Brachia jam restant : quae restant, brachia tendit ; 
Et lacrimis per adhuc humana fluentibus ora, 20 

Accede, conjux, accede, miserrima, dixit, 
Dumque aliquid superest de me, me tange, manumque 
Accipe, dum manus est, dum non totum occupat anguis. 
Ille quidem vult plura loqui ; sed lingua repente 
In partes est fissa duas ; nee verba volenti 25 

Sufficiunt,"^ quotiesque aliquos parat edere questus, 
Sibilat : banc illi vocem Natura relinquit. 
Nuda manu feriens exclamat pectora conjux : 
Cadme, mane, teque his, infelix, exue monstris.^ 
Cadme, quid hoc i ubi pes l ubi sunt humerique manus- 
que I 30 

Et color et facies et, dum loquor, omnia 1 cur non 
Me quoque, c celestes, in eandem vertitis anguem l^ 
Dixerat : ille suae lambebat conjugis ora, 
Inque sinus caros, veluti cognosceret, ibat ; 
Et dabat amplexus assuetaque colla petebat. 85 

Quisquis adest, aderant comites, terretur ; at ilia 
Lubrica permulcet cristati colla draconis ; 



to death. The doubt of which Cadmus wishes to persuade himself, but 
which he does not feel, is well expressed by the subjunctive fuerit — the 
indicative would have implied complete ignorance. 

1 Cruraque commissa in unum paulatim sinuantur tereti acumine, and 
his legs, being joined in one, are gradually curved ivith a round point, i. e. 
assume the form of a curve and terminate in a point. 

■2 Nee verba sufficiunt (illi) volenti (loqui), nor has he words at command, 
though he wishes to speak. 

3 Exue te his monstris,/ree yourself/rom this monstrous shape. 

4 In eandem anguem, into a serpent qf the .same sorty or likewise into a 
terpent. 



90 CADMUS AND HARMONIA. [book IV. 

Et subito duo sunt, junctoque volumine' serpunt, 
Donee in appositi nemoris subiere latebras. 
Nunc quoque nee fugiunt hominem, nee vnlnere 
Itedunt ; 40 

Quidque prius fucrint, placidi meminere dracones. 

Fab. XUl,^ Atlas. 

Sed tamen ambobus versse solatia form© 

Magna ncpos'"^ fucrat, quern debellata colcbat 

India, quern positis celcbrabat Achaia tempi is. 

Solus Abantiades ab origine^ cretus cadem 

Acrisius superest, qui moenibus arceat urbis 5 

Argolicse, contraque Deiim'* ferat arma, genusque 

Non putet esse Jovis : neque enim Jovis esse putabat 

Persea, quern pluvio Danae conceperat auro. 

Mox tamen Acrisium, tanta est pnesentia veri, 

Tarn violasse Deuin,^ quam non agnosse nepotem, 10 

Poenitet : impositus jam coelo est alter f at alter, 

Viperei referens spolium memorabile monstri,' 

Aera carpebat tenerum stridentibus alis. 

Quumque super Libycas victor penderet arenas, 

Gorgonei capitis gutta^ cecidere cruentse ; 15 

Quas humus exccptas varies animavit in angues ; 

Undo frequens ilia est infestaque^ terra colubris. 

Inde per immensum ventis discordibus actus 
Nunc hue, nunc illuc, excmplo nub is aquosre 
Fertur, et ex alto seductas a^there longe 20 



1 Juncto volumine, tviih a joint rolling, i. e. moving side hy side. 

2 The order is, yed tamen nepos (i.e. liacchns) quern debellata India 
colebat, qiiem Achaia, &e. fuerat ambobus magna solatia versrc forma?. 

3 Ab eadera origine, from the same stock. Agenor the father of Cad- 
mus, and Belus the progenitor of Acrisius, were brothers. 

4 Deurn, i.e. Jkicchus—cssa (Jilium) Jovis, vas the son ofJvpitcr, 

5 Tarn violasse Dcuni, quam, both o/havinfj abused the god and. 

6 Alter, the one, i. e. Bacchus— altar, the other, i. e. Pcrseiis. 

7 Referens memorabile spolium viperei monstri, bearing of the memor- 
able spoils of the vipcroiis monster, i. e. the liead of the Gorgon JVIedusa, 
whose hair had been changed into serpents. 

» Est frequens iufestaque colubris, abounds with and is it\fested by 
aerpents. 



FAB. XIII.] ATLAS. 91 

Despectat terras, totumque supervolat orbem. 

Ter gelidas Arctos, ter Cancri brachia vidit ; 

Saepe sub occasus, ssepe est ablatus in ortus ; 

Jamque cadente die veritus se credere nocti, 

Constitit Hesperio, regnis Atlantis, in orbe ; 25 

Exiguamque petit requiem, dum Lucifer ignes 

Evocet Aurorge, currus Aurora diurnos.^ 

Hie, hominum cunctos"'^ ingenti corpore prgestans, 

lapetionides Atlas fuit. Ultima tellus^ 

Rege sub hoc et pontus erat, qui Solis anhelis 80 

JEquora subdit^ equis, et fessos excipit axes. 

Mille greges illi totidemque armenta per herbas 

Errabant, et humum vicinia nulla premebant.^ 

Arboreae frondes auro radiante virentes''' 

Ex auro ramos, ex auro poma tegebant. So 

Hospes, ait Perseus illi, seu gloria tangit 

Te generis magni, generis mihi Jupiter auctor ; 

Sive es mirator rerum, mirabere nostras. 

Hospitium, requiem que peto. Memor ille vetustae 

Sortis erat : Themis banc dederat Parnassia sortem : 40 

Tempus, Atla, veniet, tua quo spoliabitur auro 

Arbor ; et hunc praedae titulum Jove natus habebit.'^ 

Id metuens, solidis pomaria clauserat Atlas 

Moenibus et vasto dederat servanda draconi, 

Arcebatque suis externos finibus omnes. 45 

Huic quoque, Vade procul, ne longe gloria rerum, 

1 Diurnos currus, the diurnal chariot of the sun. See 2, 1, 112. 

2 Cunctos hominum, for cunctos homines, is a Greek construction, which 
was imitated by the Latin poets and by the later prose \M'itcrs. 

3 Ultima tellus, the most remote part of the world, i. e. Mauritania, and 
the north-western coast of Africa. 

4 Qui subdit aequora anhelis equis Solis, which holds its waters under the 
pantino horses of the suHy i. e. which receives in its waters the panting horses 
of the sun. See 2, 1, 68. 

5 Nulla vicinia premebant humum, no neiahhouring states limited his 
tei'ritorie^— because the kingdom of Atlas was placed at the western extre- 
'anity of the world. 

6 Virentes radiante auro, shining with radiant gold. See Hesperides. 

7 Natus Jove habebit hunc titulum glorise, a son of Jupiter shall obtain 
the glory of this prize. This prophecy referred to Hercules, by whom these 
golden apples were afterwards carried away. See I , u, U. 



92 ATLAS. [book IV. 

Quas mentiris,^ ait, loiige tibi Jupiter absit. 
Vimque inini§ adclit, foribusque expcllcrc tentat 
Cunctantem et placidis miscentem''^ fortia dictis. 
Viribus inferior, quis enim par esset Atlanti 60 

Viribus I At quoniam parvi^ tibi gratia nostra est, 
Accipe miiniis, ait ; laevaque a parte Medusae 
Ipse retroversus'* squallcntia prodidit ora. 
Quantus crat, mons factus Atlas : jam barba comaeque 
In silvas abeunt ; juga sunt humerique nmnusque ; 55 
Quod caput ante fuit, summo est in monte cacumcn ; 
Ossa lapis fiunt : turn partes auctus in omnes 
Crevit in immensum, sic Di statuistis, et omne 
Cum tot sideribus ccelum requievit in illo. 

Fab. XIV. — Perseus and Andromeda, 

Clauserat Hippotades aeterno carcere'^ ventos, 

Admonitorque operum<^ coelo clarissimus alto 

Lucifer ortus erat : pennis ligat ille resumptis 

Parte ab utraque pedes, teloque accingitur unco, 

Et liquidum motis talaribus aera findit. 5 

Gentibus innumeris circumque infraque relictis, 

^Etliiopum populos, Cepheia conspicit arva. 

lUic immeritam maternae pendere linguae^ 

Andromedan pcrnas immitis jusserat Ammon. 

Quam simul ad duras religatam brachia cautes 10 

Vidit Abantiades ; nisi quod levis aura capillos 



1 Gloria rerum, quas mentiris, the glory of the exploits of ivhich you 
falsely boast. 

2 Miscentem fortia (verba) placidis dictis, mingling threats with his mild 
expressions. 

3 Quoniam nostra gratia est parvi tibi, since my favour is lightly esteem- 
ed by you. 

4 Retro versus, turning his face backwards —that he might not also be 
changed into stone. 

5 ^Eterno carcere, their eternal prison. The winds are represented as 
being confined in caves in the iEulian islands, under the command of 
Jilolus. See Vcntus. 

6 Admonitor operum, put^ men in mind of their work. 

7 Matornae linguae, for her mother's tongue, her mother's boasting. Se* 
Cassiope. 



FAB. XIV.J PERSECJS AND ANDROMEDA. 93 

Moverat, et trepido manabant lumina fletu,^ 
Marmoreum-^ ratiis esset opus ; trahit inscius^ ignes, 
Et stupe t ; eximise correptus imagine formse, 
Paene suas quatere est oblitus in aere pennas. 15 

Ut stetit,"* 0, dixit, non istis digna catenis, 
Sed quibus inter se cupidi junguntur amantes, 
Pande requirenti nomen terra^que tuumque, 
Et cur vincla geras. Primo silet ilia, nee audet 
Appellare virum virgo ; manibusque modestos 20 

Celasset vultus, si non religata fuisset. 
Lumina, quod potuit, lacrimis implevit obortis. 
Saepius instanti,'^ sua ne delicta fateri 
Nolle videretur, nomen terraeque suumque, 
Quantaque matema? fuerit iiducia*^ formae, 25 

Indicat ; et, nondum memoratis omnibus, unda 
Insonuit, veniensque immenso bellua ponto 
Eminet, et latum sub pectore possidet^ sequor. 
Conclamat virgo : genitor lugubris et amens 
Mater adest, ambo miseri, sed justius ilia ; 30 

Nee secum auxilium, sed dignos tempore fletus 
Plangoremque ferunt, vinctoque in corpore adhaerent.^ 
Quum sic hospes ait : Lacrimarum longa manere 
Tcmpora vos poterunt ; ad openi brevis hora ferendam est. 
Hanc ego si peterem^ Perseus Jove natus et ilia, 35 

Quam clausam implevit fecundo Jupiter auro, 
Gorgonis anguicomse Perseus superator, et alis 
-^tberias ausus jactatis ire per auras ; 
Prseferrer cunctis certe gener : addere tantis 

1 Lumina manabant trepido fletii , Tier eyes were flowing with trickling tears. 

2 Marmoreum opus, a statute of marble. 

3 Inseius trahit i;?nes, though ignorant who she was, he caught the Jlame , 
he fell in love with her. 

4 Ut stetit, when he alighted — {iis) quibus, those (chains) hy which. 

5 Indicat (ei) saepius instant), she tdls him as he repeatedly ui-ged her. 

6 Quantaque fiducia maternae forraac fuerit, and the great confidence her 
mother placed in her beauty. 

7 Possidet sub pectore, covers with his breast. 

f' Adhaerent in vincto corpore, remain near the chained body— of 
Andromeda. 
9 Peterem hanc, should seek her in marriage— Qt ilia, and her, i. e. Danae. 



94 PERSEUS AND ANDROMEDA. [book IV, 

Dotibus et meritum,* favcant modo numina, tcnto. 40 

Ut mea sit, scrvata mca virtutc, paciscor. 

Accipiunt Icgcm,''^ quis cnim dubitarct I et orant 

Promittuntquc super regnum dotale parentes. 

Ecce veliit iiavis pracfixo concita rostro 

Siileat arpias, juvenuin sudantihiis acta laccrtis ; 45 

Sic fcra, diinotis impiilsu pectoris undis, 

'J'aiitum ahorat scopulis, quantum Balearica torto 

Funda potest plum])o medii tnuismittere cceli f 

Quum subito juvenis, pedibus telhire repulsa,* 

Arduus in nubos abiit. Ut in sequore sunimo 50 

Umbra viri visa est ; visam fera sievit in umbrani. 

Utquc Jo vis pracpcs/ vacuo quum vidit in arvo 

Pruebentem Pboebo liventia terga draconcm, 

Occupat aversum f neu soeva retorqueat ora, 

Squamigeris avidos figit ccrvicibus ungues : 55 

Sic celcri missus pr.Tceps per inane volatu^ 

Tcrga ferie pressit, dcxtroque frementis in armo 

Inachides ferrum curvo tenus abdidit hamo. 

Vulnere laisa gravi modo se sublimis in auras 

Attollit, modo subdit** aquis modo more ferocis 00 

Versat apri, quern turba canum circumsona tcrret. 

lUe avidos morsus velocibus efFugit alis ; 

Quaque patent/^ nunc terga cavis super obsita concbis, 

Nunc Jaterum costas, nunc qua tenuissima cauda 

Desinit in piscem, falcate verbcrat ense. G5 

1 Afldcro ct meritum tantis dotibus, to add meril also to so great 
ifHait/ications. 

'i Aijcipiunt legem, agi'ce to the conditions; do talc regnum, their kinfj- 
dom as a dowry. 

3 Tantiim abcrat scopulis, quantum medii ca?li B.iloarica funda potest 
transniittorc pIuinl»o torto, irna as far distant from the rocks as a huulcn 
Indict can pass trhoidisr/ianinf from a Ihdraric slh);/ .• lit. as much of the viid. 
air as a lialearic slinii can shoot Ih roinih irilh a tut/let irhcn discharged from iL 

4 Tellure ropulsfi podibiis, s^ntrninfj the <iroand tcith his feet, 

5 Pra'pcs Jovis, tlie swift t)ir<l of Jupiter, i. e. the cajle. 
G Occupat {eum) aversum, seizes him l/chind. 

7 Missus pr.'ccei)H celori volatu, dartinn down with rapidjlight, 

8 Hubdit (sc) acjuis, ]>limpes himself under the water. 

D Quaque patent, and wherever Uiey are exposed ^ viz. his back, sides, aud 
tail. 



FAB. XIV. J PERSEUS AND ANDROMEDA. 95 

Belliia punicco mixtos cum sanguine fliictus 

Ore vomit : maduere graves aspergine pcnnce ; 

Kec bibulis^ ultra Perseus talaribus ausus 

Credere, conspcxit scopulum, qui vertice summo 

Stantibus exit aquis, operitur ab aequore moto. 70 

Nixus eo, rupisque tenens juga prima'^ sinistra, 

Ter quater exegit repetita per ilia ferrum. 

Litora cum plausu clamor^ superasque Deorum 

Implevere domes. Gaudent generumque salutant, 

Auxilium([ue domus servatoremque fatentur 75 

Cassiope Cepheusque pater. Rcsoluta catenis 

Incedit virgo, pretiumque et causa laboris. 

Ipse manus liausta victrices abluit unda ; 

Anguiferumque caput dura ne Isedat arena, 

Mollit liumum foliis, natasque sub aequore virgas 80 

Sternit, et imponit Phorcynidos ora Medusae. 

Virga recens bibulaque etiamnum'^ viva medulla, 

Vim rapuit monstri, tactuque induruit liujus, 

Percepitque novum ramis et fronde rigorem. 

At pelagi Nymphoe factum^ mirabile tentant 85 

Pluribus in virgis, et idem contingere gaudent ; 

Seminaque ex illis iterant j aetata^ per undas. 

Nunc quoque curaliis' eadem natura remansit, 

Duritiem tacto capiant ut ab aere ; quodque 

Vimen in sequore erat, fiat super sequora saxum. iJO 

Fab. XV. — Medusa. 
Dis tribus^ ille focos totidem de cespite ponit, 

1 Bibulis talaribus, to his dripping wings ^ to his icings now soaked. 

2 Prima juga, tfie outmost ridge ; repetita, struck repeatedly. 

3 Clamor cum plausu, /or clamor et plausus. See 1, 10, 75. 

4 Etiamnum viva bilniia medulla, still retaining life inits spongy pith. 

5 Tentant mirabile factum, put the wonderful fact to the test with more 
twigs, i. e. by applying them to the head of Medusa. 

G Iterant jactata, /or iterum iterumque jactant, repeatedly throw 

7 Curalium, ^6'<; Index. 

8 Tribus Dis ille ponit totidem focos de cespite, to three gods he (Per- 
seus) erects as many altars of turf. A. R. A. 2G.'3. Media, m the middle. 
The centre was regarded as the place of honour. Perseus erected altars to 
Minerva and Mercury, because he was under their special protection, and 



06 MEDU&A. [book IV, 

Lsevum Mercuric, dextrum tibi, bellica virgo ; 
Ara Jo vis media est. Mactatur vacca Miner vae, 
Alipedi^ vitulus ; taurus tibi, summe Deorum. 
Protinus Andromedan et tanti praemia facti 5 

Indotata rapit :^ taedas Hymenaeus Amorque 
Praecutiunt f largis satiantur odoribus ignes ; 
Sertaque dependent tectis ; citharaeque lyraeque 
Tibiaque et cantus, animi felicia laeti 
Argumenta, sonant ; reseratis aurea valvis 10 

Atria tota patent, pulchroque instructa paratu 
Cephenum proceres ineunt convivia Regis. 
Postquam epulis functi* generosi munere Bacchi 
DifFudere animos : cultusque habitusque locorum^ 
Quaerit Abantiades ; quaerenti protinus unus 1 5 

Narrat Lyncides moresque habitusque virorum. 
Quae simul edocuit, Nunc, fortissime, dixit, 
Fare, precor, Perseu, quanta virtute quibusque 
Artibus abstuleris^ crinita draconibus ora. 
Narrat Agenorides, gelido sub Atlante jacentem 20 

Esse locum, solidae tutum munimine molis ; 
Cujus in introitu geminas habit asse sorores 
Phorcydas, unius partitas^ luminis usum ; 
Id se solerti furtim, dum traditur,^ astu 
Supposita cepisse manu ; perque abdita longe 25 

was assisted by them in his expedition against Medusa. Minerva is placed 
on the right of Jupiter, because she was his particular favourite, and had 
obtained from him this high honour. 

1 Alipedi, to the wing-footed god, i. e. Mercury. See 1, 12, 47. 

2 Rapit, carries off—et indotata, even without the dowry, i. e. the king- 
dom which her parents had promised him. See 4, 14, 43. 

3 Praecutiunt tsedas, shake before, carry the torches before them. A. R. A. 
404. 

. 4 Functi epulis, having finished the feast. A. R. A. 303. DiflFudere ani- 
mos, cheered their minds. A. R. A. 387. 

5 Cultns habitusque locorum, the mode of living, and the condition of the 
people of th e country. 

fi Abstuleris ora crinita draconibus, ?/om cut off thehead of Medusa., haired 
with snakes, i. e. which had snakes instead of hair. " 

7 Partitas usum unius luminis, who shared betivcen them the use of one 
eye. 

8 Dum traditur, while it (the eye) is parsed from the one to the other ; mann 
supposita, by slipping in his hand between them, or by dexterously putting 
his haiui under it and thereby abstracting it. 



FAB. XV.1 MEDUSA. • 07 

Deviaque et silvis horrentia saxa fragosis 

Gorgoneas tetigisse domos ; passimque per agros 

Perque vias vidisse homimim simulacra ferarumque, 

In silicem ex ipsis^ visa con versa Medusa : 

Se tamen horrendse clypei, quod leeva gerebat, SO 

^re repercusso"'^ formam adspexisse Medusae, 

Dumque gravis somnus colubrasque ipsamque tenebat, 

Eripuisse caput collo ; pennisque fugacenr' 

Pegason et fratrem, matris de sanguine natos, 

A^ddidit, et longi non falsa pericula cursus, Sd 

Quae freta, quas terras sub se vidisset ab alto, 

Et quae jactatis tetigisset sidera pennis. 

Ante exspectatum* tacuit tamen. Excipit unus 

E numero procerum, quaerens, cur sola sororum 

Gesserit alternis immixtos crinibus angues. 40 

Hospes ait : Quoniam scitaris digna relatu, 
Accipe quaesiti causam. Clarissima forma, 
Multorumque fuit spes invidiosa procorum 
Ilia ; nee in tot a conspectior^ nil a capillis 
Pars fuit. Inveni, qui se vidisse referret.^ 45 

Hane pelagi rector templo vitiasse JVIinervae 
Dicitur. Aversa est et castos aegide \^ltus 
Nata Jovis texit ; neve hoc impune fuisset/ 
Gorgoneum turpes crinem mutavit in hydros. 
Nunc quoque, ut attonitos formidine terreat hostes, 5Q 
Pectore in adverso,^ quos fecit, sustinet angues. 

1 Ex ipsis (i. e. hominihus ferlsque) Medusa visa, from their natural 
forms by the sight of Medusa. 

2 Mre clypei repercusso, bj; the reflection of the brass of his shield— ofhis 
brazen shield. The shields of the ancients were so finely polished that they 
were frequently used as mirrors. A. R. A. 306. 

3 Pegason fugacena pennis, with feet wings, the winged Pegasus; fratreni, 
i. e. Chrysaor. 

4 Ante exspectatum, sooner than was eocpected. 

5 In tota conspectior, in her whole jJerson more beautiful. 

6 Inveni {hominem), qui referret se vidisse, I have met with a man wh^) 
told me that he had seen it— the hair. 

7 Neve hoc fuisset impune, and that this crime might not pass unpunished. 
See], 5, 1. 

8 In adverse pectore, on her breast in front, i. e. on her breastplate, or, 
according to Homer, on her shield. A. R. A. 222. 

F 



98 PHINEUS AND UIS COMPANIONS. [bOOK V. 

BOOK V. 

Fab. I. — Phineus and his Companions, 

DuMQUE ea Cephenum medio Danaems heros 

Agmine commemorat, fremitu regalia turbae 

Atria complentur ; nee, conjugialia festa 

Qui canat,^ est clamor, sed qui fera nuntiet arma ; 

Inque repentinos convivia versa tumultus 5 

Assimilare freto possis, quod saeva quietum^ 

Ventorum rabies motis exasperat undis. 

Primus in his Phineus, belli temerarius auctor, 

Fraxineam quatiens seratse cuspidis'^ hastam, 

En, ait, en adsum prsereptae conjugis ultor; 10 

Nee mihi te pennse, nee falsum versus* in aurum 

Jupiter eripiet. Conanti mittere Cepheus 

Quid facis \ exclamat ; quae te, germane, furentem 

Mens agit in facinus \^ meritisne hsec gratia tantis 

Redditur \ hac vitam servatae dote rependis ?^ 15 

Quam tibi non Perseus, verum si quaeris, ademit, 

Sed grave Nere'idum numen, sed corniger Amnion, 

Sed quae visceribus veniebat bellua ponti 

Exsaturanda^ meis. Illo tibi tempore rapta est, 

1 Qui canat conjugialia festa, such as proclaims nuptial festivities. 
A. R. A. 405. 

2 Q,uietum, though previously calm. The qualifying adjective must often 
be taken with a special reference to what goes before or follows, 

3 JEratae cuspidis, with a brazen point. Copper, which the ancients ap- 
pear to have understood how to harden by the admixture of tin, seems to 
have been extensively used by them at a very early period, and is generally 
to be understood when brass is specifically distinguished from gold, silver, 
and iron. Of this metal they made their armour, both offensive and defen- 
sive, as well as various other implements, at a time when iron was nearly 
unknown to them, or too valuable to be much used. 

4 Versus in falsum aurum, turned into unreal gold. See 4, 14, 36. 

5 Agit te furei-.tem in facinus, prompts you in passion to commit this crime. 
« Hac dote rependis vitam (Andromc'dce) servatse, is it by tfiis reward 

that you make a recompense for the life of Andromeda who has been saved f 
7 Exsaturanda meis visceribus, to be glutted with my bowels, i. e. with my 
dauKhter Andromeda. 



FAB. I.] PHINEUS AND HIS COMPANIONS. 99 

Quo peritura fuit. Nisi si, crudelis, id ipsum 20 

Exigis, ut pereat, luctuque levabere nostro. 

Scilicet hand satis est, quod te spectante^ revincta est, 

Et nullam quod opem patruus sponsusve tulisti : 

Insuper, a quoquam quod sit servata, dolebis, 

Pi'iEmiaque eripies I quae si tibi magna videntur ; 25 

Ex illis scopulis, ubi erant affixa, petisses.^ 

Nunc sine,^ qui petiit, per quern haec non orba senectus, 

Ferre, quod et meritis et voce est pactus ; eumque 

Non tibi sed ccrtis prgelatum intellige morti. 

Ille* nihil contra : sed et hunc et Persea vultu 30 

Alterno spectans, petat hunc ignorat an ilium ; 

Cunctatusque brevi, contortam viribus hastam, 

Quantas ira dabat, nequicquam in Persea misit. 

Ut stetit ilia toro ;^ stratis turn denique Perseus 

Exsiluit, teloque ferox inimica remisso 85 

Pectora rupisset, nisi post altaria Phineus 

Isset : et, indignum ! scelerato profuit ara. 

Fronte tamen Rhoeti non irrita cuspis adhaesit ; 

Qui postquam cecidit ferrumque ex osse reviilsum est, 

Palpitat et positas adspergit sanguine mensas. 40 

Tum vero indomitas ardescit^ vulgus in iras, 

Telaque conjiciunt ; et sunt, qui Cephea dicant 

Cum genero debere mori. Sed limine tecti 

Exierat Cepheus, testatus jusque fidemque 



1 Te spectante, while you looked on with indifference. 

2 Petisses ex illis scopulis, ubi affixa erant, port should have brought it 
(the reward, i. e. Andromeda) /rom the rocks where it was fixed, 

3 The order is. Sine (eiim), qui petiit, per quem haec senectus non (est) 
orba (childless), ferre (id), quod pactus est et meritis et voce, which he //as 
gained by his services, and which he stipidated for by words. Pactus est 
strictly refers only to voce, but is to be taken here as applicable also to 
meritis. 

4 Ille, i.e. Phiyieiis (dixit), — hunc, i.e. Cepheus ; ignorat, is in donbt. 

5 Toro, in the pillow ; exsiluit stratis, sprung from the couch. Ovid here 
applies to the Ethiopians the practice of reclining on sofas at table, whicli 
existed among the Romans, and which they probably borrowed from the 
nations of the east. A. R. A. 371. Stratum properly signifies that which 
was laid on a couch, a bolster, mattress, <kc. 

6 Vulgus ardescit in indomitas iras, the company burst forth into ungo' 
vernaJble rage. 



100 PHINEUS AND HIS COMPANIONS. [book V. 

Hospitiique Deos, ea se prohibente moveri.^ 45 

Bellica Pallas adest, et protegit a?gide fratrem,^ 

Datque animos. Erat Indus Athis, quern, flumine Gan^e 

Edita, Limnate vitreis peperisse sub antris 

Creditur, egregius forma, quam divite cultu 

Augebat, bis adhuc octonis integer annis f 50 

Indutus chlamydem Tyriani, quam limbus obibat'* 

Aureus ; ornabant aurata monilia coUum, 

Et madidos myrrlia curvum crinale'' capillos. 

Ille quidem jaculo quamvis distantia misso 

Eigere^ doctus erat, sed tendere doctior arcus. 66 

Tum quoque lenta manu flectentem" cornua Perseus 

Stipite, qui media positus fumabat in ara, 

Perculit, et fractis confudit^ in ossibus ora. 

Hunc ubi laudatos jactantem in sanguine vultus 

Assyrius vidit Ly cabas, junctissimus illi 60 

Et comes et veri non dissimulator amoris ; 

Postquam exlialantem sub acerbo vulnere vitam 

Deploravit Atliin ; quos ille tetenderat, arcus 

Arripit, et, Mecum tibi sint certamina, dixit ; 

Nee longum pueri fato Isetabere, quo plus G5 

Invidiae quam laudis habes. Haec omnia nondum 

Dixerat : emicuit nervo penetrabile telum,^ 

Vitatumque tamen sinuosa veste^^ pependit. 

Vertit in hunc harpen spectatam caede Medusae 



1 Ea moveri se prohibente, that this disturbance was excited notwith- 
standing his attempts to prevent it. 

2 Fratrem, i. e. Perseus, who, as son of Jupiter, was the brother of Pallas. 

3 Adhuc integer bis octonis annis, still in the bloom of youth, bcisig six- 
teen pears old. 

4 Aureus limbus obibat, a golden fringe surrounded. A. R. A. 310. 

5 Curvum crinale, a crooked hair-pin. A. R. A. 362. 

6 Figere quamvis distantia misso jaculo, to strike objects though distant 
by throwing the javelin. 

7 Flectentem lenta cornua, wfiile betiding thefexible ends of his how. 

8 Confudit ora in fractis ossibus, obliterated his features by Irreoking the 
bones of his head. The preposition in should probably be considered as re- 
dundant. 

9 Penetrabile telum emicuit nervo, the piercing arrow sprung from the 
string. 

10 Sinuos^ veste, in the folds of his garments. 



FAB. I J PHINEUS AND HTS COMPANIONS. ]01 

Acrisioniades, adigitque in pectus : at ille, 70 

Jam moriens, ocuiis sub nocte natantibus atra, 
Circumspexit Athin, seque acclinavit in iilum, 
Et tulit ad Jlanes junctae solatia mortis. 
Nee Phineus ausus concurrere cominus hosti, 
Intorquet jaculum, quod detulit error in Idan, 75 

Expertem frustra belli et neutra arma secutum.^ 
Ille tuens ocuiis immitem Pliinea torvis, 
Quandoquidem in partes, ait, attrahor : accipe, Phineu, 
Quem fecisti hostem, pensaque hoc vulnere vulnus ! 
Jamque remissurus tractum de corpore telum 80 

Sanguine defectos cecidit collapsus'^ in artus. 

Hie quoque Cephenum post Regem primus Odites 
Ense jacet Clymeni ; Prothoenora percutit Hypseus ; 
Hypsea Lyncides. Fuit et grandaevus in illis 
Emathion, sequi cultor timidusque Deorum ; 85 

Quem quoniam prohibent anni bellare, loquendo 
Pugnat, et incessit^ scelerataque devovet arma. 
Huic Chromis amplexo tremulis altaria palmis 
Demetit ense caput,* quod protinus incidit arae, 
Atque ibi semanimi verba exsecrantia lingua DO 

Edidit, et medios animam exspiravit in ignes. 

Plustamen exhausto superest;^ nam que omnibus unum 
Opprimere est animus : conjurata undique pugnant 
Agmina pro causa meritum impugnante fidemque.^ 
Hac pro parte^ socer frustra pius et nova conjux 95 
Cum genitrice favent, ululatuque atria complent. 

1 Secutum neutra arma, who had followed the arms of neither ^ had joined 
neither party in arms. 

2 Collap-us cecidit in artus defectos sanguine, sinking, he fell upon his 
limbs now drained of blood. 

3 Incessit devovetque, inveighs against and execrates. 

4 Demetit ense caput huic amplexo altaria, cuts off his head with his sword 
while he embraced the altar. 

5 Plus exhausto superest, more than had been accomplished still remains. 

6 Impugnante meritum tidemque, which opposed merit and the fulfilment 
of a promise, i. e. the services of Perseus in rescuing Andromeda, and the 
promise made to him by Cepheus. 

7 Favent pro hac parte, for huic parti, favour this party, i. e. that of 
Perseus. 

f2 



102 PHINEUS AND HIS COMPANIONS. [boOK V. 

Sed sonus armorum superat gemitusque cadentum, 
Pollutosque semel multo Bellona penates 
Sanguine perfundit, renovataque proelia miscet. 
Circueunt unum Phineus et mille secuti^ 100 

Pliinea : tela volant hiberna grandine plura^ 
Praeter utrumque latus, praeterque et lumen et aures. 
Applicat hie humeros ad magnae saxa columnae, 
Tutaque terga gerens adversaque in agmina versus, 
Sustinet instantes. Instabant parte finistra 105 

Chaonius Molpeus, dextra Nabatseus Ethemon. 
Tigris ut, auditis diversa valle duorum 
Exstimulata fame mugitibus armentorum, 
Nescit, utro^ potius ruat, et ruere ardet utroque : 
Sic dubius Perseus, dextra laevane feratur,'^ 110 

Molpea trajecti submovit vulnere cruris, 
Contentusque faga est : neque enimdat tempus Ethemon, 
Sed furit et, cupiens alto dare vulnera collo, 
Non circumspectis exactum^ viribus ensem 
Fregit ; et extrema percussae parte columnae 115 

Lamina dissiluit,'^ dominique in gutture fixa est. 
Non tamen ad letum causas satis ilia valentes 
Plaga dedit : trepidum Perseus, et inermia frustra 
Brachia tendentem Cyllenide confodit harpe. 
Verum ubi virtutem turbae succumbere^ vidit; 120 

Auxilium, Perseus, quoniam sic cogitis ipsi. 
Dixit, ab hoste petam. Vultus avertite vestros, 
Si quis amicus adest ! et Gorgonis extulit ora. 
Quaere alium, tua quem moveant miracula, dixit 
Thescelus ; utque manu jaculum fatale parabat 125 



1 Secuti Phinea, tchofollmoed Phineus, ' the attendants of Phineus. 

2 Plura hiberna grandine, thicker than the hail in winter. 

3 Utro, which way i utr5que, both ways. 

4 (Utrum) feratur dextra laevane, whether he should charge on the right 
hand or on the left 

5 Exactum non circumspectis viribus, hurled with inconsiderate strength. 

6 Dissiluit extrema parte, was shivered against Uie surface. 

7 Viitutem succumbere turbas, Viat his courage was giving way under the 
multitude of enemies. 



FAB. J.J PniNEUS AND HIS COMPANIONS. 103 

Mittere, in hoc haesit signum de marmore gestu.* 

Proximus huic Ampyx animi plenissima magni 

Pectora Lyncidae gladio petit ; inque petendo 

Dextera diriguit nee citra mota nee ultra. 

At Nileus, qui se genitum septemplice Nilo ] SO 

Ementitus erat, clypeo quoque flumina septem 

Argento partim partim cselaverat auro, 

Adspice, ait, Perseu, nostrse priinordia gentis : 

Magna feres tacitas solatia mortis ad umbras, 

A tanto cecidisse viro. Pars ultima vocis 1S5 

In medio suppressa sono''^ est ; adapertaque velle 

Ora loqui credas, nee sunt ea pervia verbis. 

Increpat hos, Vitioque animi, non viribus, in quit 

Gorgoneis torpetis, Eryx ; incurrite mecum, 

Et prosternite humijuvenemmagicaarmamoventem! 140 

Incursurus erat ; tenuit vestigia tellus, 

Immotusque silex armataque mansit imago. 

Hi tamen ex merito pcenam subiere j sed unus 
Miles erat Persei, pro quo dum pugnat, Aconteus, 
Gorgone conspecta saxo concrevit oborto. 145 

Quern ratus Astyages etiamnum vivere, longo 
Ense fcrit : sonuit tinnitibus ensis acutis.^ 
Dum stupet Astyages, naturam traxit eandem, 
Marmoreoque manet vultus mirantis"^ in ore. 
Nomina longa mora est media de plebe^ virorum 150 
Dicere : bis centum restabant corpora pugnse ; 
Gorgone bis centum riguerunt corpora visa. 
Poenitet injusti nunc denique Phinea belli. 
Sed quid agat I Simulacra videt diversa figuris, 
Agnoscitque suos, et nomine quemque vocatos^ 155 

1 Haesit signum de marmore in hoc gestu, he remained a statue of marhU 
in this position. 

2 In medio sono, in the middle of the sound, i. e. while the words were la 
the act of being pronounced. 

3 Sonuit acutis tinnitibus, n/w<7 M^77i a shrill tinkling. 

4 Vultus mirantis, the look of one wondering, a look of surprise* 

5 De media plebe,/rowi among the common people. 

6 Vocatos quemque nomine, called each by his name. 



104 pniNEUS AND HIS COMPANIONS. [boOK V. 

Poscit opem ; credcnsque parum, sibi proxima tangit 
Corpora : marmor erant. Avertitur, atque ita supplex 
Confessasque manus obliquaque brachia^ tendens 
Vincis, ait, Perseu : remove fera moiistra, tuaeque 
Saxificos vultus, quaecumque^ ea, tolle Medusae. 160 
Tolle, precor : non nos odium regnive cupido 
Compulit ad bellum : pro conjuge movimus arma. 
Causa fuit meritis^ melior tua, tempore nostra. 
Non cessisse piget.'* Nihil, fortissime, praeter 
Hanc animam concede mihi : tua cetera sunto. 165 

Talia dicenti neque eum, quem voce rogabat, 
Respicere audenti, Quod, ait, timidissime Phineu, 
Et possum tribuisse'^ et magnum munus inerti est,'' 
Pone metum, tribuam : nullo violabere ferro. 
Q,uin etiam mansura dabo monumenta per aevum, 170 
Inque domo soceri semper spectabere nostri, 
Ut mea se sponsi soletur imagine conjux. 

Dixit, et in partem^ Phorcynida transtulit illam, 
Ad quam se trepido Phineus obverterat ore. 
Tum quoque conanti sua flectere lumina cervix 175 
Diriguit, saxoque oculorum induruit humor. 
Sed tamen os timidum vultusque in marmore supplex 
Submissaeque manus faciesque obnoxia mansit. 

Fab. IV. — Pyreneus and the Muses, 
Hactenus aurigenifi'^ comitem Tritonia fratri 

1 Manus confessas brachiaque obliqua, his hands in acknowledgment (if 
his defeat, and his arms sixleways — because he was standing with his face 
turned away from Perseus. 

2 Qusecumque ea {sit), whosoever she may he. 

3 Meriiis, in point of merit ; tempore, in point of time. 

4 Piget (me) non cessisse, it grieves me that I did not give way, i.e. did 
not quietly allow Andromeda to be given to you in marriage. 

5 Tribuisse, to grant; tribuisse is here used in the sense of an aorist, and 
ifi to be translated as a present. 

6 Et {quod) estmagtuun nmnus inerti, and what is a great boon to a 
coward, i. e. life. 

7 In illam partem, to that side. 

8 Aurigenae fratri, to her gold-begotten brother, i. e. to Perseu*. See 5, 
1,46. 



FAB. IV.] PYRENEUS AND THE MUSES. 105 

Se dedit. Inde cava circumdata nube Seriplion 

Deserit, a dextra Cythno Gjaroque relictis ; 

Quaqiie super pontum via visa brevissima, Thebas 

Virgineumque Helicona petit ; quo monte potita^ 6 

Constitit, et doctas sic est afFata sorores : 

Fama novi fontis nostras pervenit ad aures, 

Dura Medusaei quern praepetis ungula rupit. 

Is mihi causa viae : volui mirabile monstrum 

Cernere ; vidi ipsum materno sanguine nasci.*'^ 1 

Excipit Uranie : Quaecumque est causa videndi 

Has tibi, Diva, domos, animo gratissima nostro est. 

Vera tamen fama est, et Pegasus hujus origo 

Fontis ; et ad latices deducit Pallada sacros. 

Quae, mirata diu factas pedis ictibus undas, lo 

Sil varum lucos circumspicit antiquarum, 

Antraque et innumeris distinctas iloribus herbas ; 

Felicesque^ vocat pariter studiique locique 

]\Inemonidas. Quam sic afFata est una sororum : 

0, nisi te virtus opera ad majora tulisset, 20 

In partem ventura chori"^ Tritonia nostri, 

Vera refers, merit 6 que probas artesque locum que ; 

Et gratam sortem, tutae modo simus, habemus. 

Sed, vetitum est^ adeo sceleri nihil, omnia terrent 

Virgineas mentes, dirusque ante ora Pyreneus 25 

Vertitur, et nondum me tota mente recepi. 

Daulia Thre'icio Phoceaque milite rura 

Ceperat ille ferox, injustaque regna tenebat.^ 

Templa petebamus Parnassia : vidit euntes, 



1 Potitu quo monte, having reached this mountain,- doctas sorores, the 
learned sisters, i. e. the Muses, who are called doctce, to distinguish them 
from the Fates and Furies, who are merely termed sorores. A. R. A. 227 
and 229. -See 4, 11,56. 

2 Nasci materno sanguine, spring from his mother's blood. See Pegasus. 

3 Pariter felices studiique locique, happy alike in their pursuits arid their 
f)l4ice of abode. 

4 In partem nostri chori, to form a part of our company. 

5 Adeo nihil est vetitum sceleri, so entirely is wickedness uncontrolled in 
any thing ,- vertitur ante ora, is still before our faces. 

6 Tenebat injusta regna, held the government of it unjustly ^ i. e. of Phocis. 



106 PYRENEUS AND THE MUSES. [boOK V, 

Nostraque fallaci veneratiis numina cultu, 30 

Mnemonides, cognorat enim, consistite, dixit, 

Nee dubitate, precor, tecto grave sidus^ et imbrem, 

Imber erat, vitare meo : subiere minores 

Saepe casas Superi. Dictis et tempore motaB 

Annuimusque viro, primasque intravimus aedes,'^ 35 

Desierant imbres, victoque Aquilonibus Austro"^ 

Fusca repurgato fugiebant nubila coelo. 

Impetus ire fuit f claudit sua tecta Pyreneus, 

Vimque parat, quam nos sumptis efFugimus alis. 

Ipse secuturo similis stetit arduus arce : 40 

Quaque via est vobis, erit et mihi, dixit, eadem. 

Seque jacit vecors e summse culmine turris,^ 

Et cadit in vultus, discussique ossibus oris 

Tundit humum morions scelerato sanguine tinctam. 

Fab. V. — The Pierides and the Muses. 

MusA loquebatur f pennae sonuere per auras, 
Voxque salutantum ramis veniebat ab altis. 
Suspicit, et linguae quaerit tam certa loquentes^ 
Undo sonent, hominemque putat Jove nata** locutum. 
Ales erat, numeroque novem, sua fata querentes, 5 

Institerant ramis imitantes omnia picae.^ 

1 Grave sidus, the bad weather^ the storm. The ancients believed that 
storms were occasioned by the rising and setting of certain constellations. 

2 Primas aedes, the first apartment of his housej i. e. the atrium or outer 
court. A. R. A. 451. 

3 Austro vieto Aquilonibus, after the south tmnd had been defeated hp the 
north winds. This expression is founded upon the idea that in a storm 
the winds fought with each other. The north wind is here represented 
as the conqueror. A. R. A. 473. 

4 Impetus fuit ire, it teas our earnest desire to go ; sumptis alis, by tak- 
wg wings, i. e. by flying away. 

5 E culmine summse turris,/rom the roof of the highest turret. 

6 The change of time in loquebatur^ sonuere, and veniebat, is worth ob- 
aerving. The first expresses the continuation of the discourse, the second 
the sudden appearance of the unexpected visitants, and the third the im- 
mediate emission of the sound. 

7 Loquentes tam certa, which spoke so distinctly. 

8 Nata Jove, the daughter of Jupiter, i. e. Minerva. 

9 Pieae imitantes omnia, magpies which imitate every sort of sound ,- in- 
stiterant, had perched themselves. 



FAB. V. J THE PIERIDES AND THE MUSES. 107 

Miranti sic orsa Deae^ Dea : Nuper et istse 

Auxerunt volucrem victae certamine turbam. 

Pieros has genuit Pellteis dives in arvis ; 

Paeonis Euippe mater fait : ilia potentem 10 

Lucinam no vies, no vies paritura, vocavit. 

Intumuit''^ numero stolidarum turba sororum, 

Perque tot Haemonias et per tot Acliaidas urbes 

Hue venit, et tali committunt proelia voce i 

Desinite indoctum vana dulcedine vulgus 15 

Fallere ; nobiscum, si qua est fiducia^ vobis, 

Thespiades certate Dese : nee voce nee arte 

Vincemur, totidenique sumus. Vel cedite victae 

Fonte Medusaeo et Hyantea Aganippe ; 

Vel nos Emathiis ad Paeonas usque nivosos 20 

Cedamus campis : dirimant"^ certamine Nymphae. 

Turpe quidem contendere erat ; sed cedere visum 

Turpius : electae jurant per flumina Nymphae, 

Factaque de vivo^ pressere sedilia saxo. 

Tunc, sine sorte prior quae se certare professa est,^ 25 

Bella canit Superum ; falsoque in honore Gigantas 

Ponit, et extenuat magnorum facta Deorum, 

Emissumque ima de sede Ty]3hoea terrae 

Coelitibus fecisse metum ; cunctosque dedisse 

Terga fugae, donee fessos ^gyptia tellus 80 

Ceperit et septem discretus in ostia Nilus. 

Hue quoque terrigenam venisse Typhoea narrat, 

Et se mentitis Superos celasse figuris f 

1 Deae, i. e. Minerva ; Dea, i. e. the muse Uratiias certamine, in a con- 
test with us, i. e. with the Muses. A. R. A. 227. 

2 Intumuit numero, became proud of their number; tot, a great many 
(used absolutely) ; committunt proelia, challenpe us to a contest. 

3 Si qua fiducia est vobis, ifpaa have any conjidence in your skill in music. 

4 Dirimant, decide the contest j turpe, disgractful (for the muses) ; cedere, 
to decline the contest. 

5 De vivo saxo, of natural stone, of stone in its natural state. 

6 Quae prior sine sorte professa est se certare, she who frst, without the 
casting of lots, offered to contend with us ; gave Iter name that she would strive 
with us, certare being used for certaturam esse. It was usual to decide by 
lot {sorte) which party should begin the contest ; here one of ^the Pierides 
presents herself without this ceremony. A. R. A. 243. 

7 Celasse se mentitis figuris, concealed themselves under false shapes. 



108 THE PIERIDES AND THE MUSES. [^OOK V. 

Duxque grcgis/ dixit, fit Jupiter ; unde recurvis 
Nunc quoqueformatusLibys estcumcornibus Ammon. 35 
Delius in corvo, proles Semeleia capro, 
Fele soror Phoebi, nivea Saturnia vacca, 
Plsce Venus latr-'t, Cyllenius ibidis alis. 

Hactenus ad citharam vocalia moverat ora : 
Poscimur Aonides : sed forsitan otia non sunt, 40 

Nee nostris praebere vacat tibi cantibus aures.'^ 
Ne dubita, vestrumque mihi refer ordine carmen, 
Pallas ait, nemorisque levi consedit in umbra. 
Musa refert : dedimus summam certaminis uni."^ 
Surgit, et immissos hedera collecta'^ capillos 45 

Calliope querulas praetentat pollice chordas, 
Atque liiEC percussis subjungit carmina nervis. 

Fab. VI. — The Rape of Proserpine, 

Prima Ceres unco glebam dimovit^ aratro ; 

Prima dedit fruges alimentaque mitia terris ; 

Prima dedit leges ; Cereris sumus^ omnia munus. 

Ilia canenda mihi est. Utinam modo dicere possem 

Carmina digna^ Deae ! certe Dea carmine digna est. 5 
I Vasta giganteis injecta est insula membris 
I Trinacris, et magnis subjectum molibus urget 
I ^therias ausum^ sperare Typhoea sedcs. 

Nititur ille quidem pugnatque resurgere saepe ; 
1 Dextra sed Ausonio manus est subjecta Peloro ; 10 

1 Dux gregis, the leader ofajlock^ i. e. a he-goat. 

2 Nee vacat tibi praebere aures nostris cantibus, nor have you time to 
lend an ear to our songs. 

3 Dedimus summam certaminis uni, tve assigned the whole of the contest, 
the whole contest to one of our number, i. e. to Calliope. See 5, .5, 25. 

4 Collecta {secundum) immissos capillos hedera, having her long hair tied 
up with a sprig of ivy. A. R. A. 362. 

5 Dimovit glebam, turned up the clods, the soil. A. R. A. 4C3. 

6 Nos omnia sumus munus Cereris, we and all that we possess are the 
gift of Ceres. A. R. A. 223. 

7 Digna is here joined with the genitive instead of the more common 
construction with the ablative. 

8 Ausura sperare sidereas sedes, who dared to hope to get possession i^tht 
starry mansions. 



FAB. VI.] THE RAPE OF PROSERPINE. 109 

Laeva, Pachyne, tibi ; Lilybaeo crura premuntur ; 
Degravat ^tna caput ; sub qua resupinus arenas 

Ejectat, flammamque fero vomit ore Typhoeus. ^ J 

Saepe remoliri^ luctatur pondera terrae, 

Oppidaque et magnos evolvere corpore moutes. 15 

Inde tremit tellus, et rex^ pavet ipse Silentum, 

No pateat latoque solum retegatur^ liiatu, 

Immissusque dies trepidantes terreat umbras. 

Hanc metuens cladem tenebrosa sede tyrannus 

Exierat ; curruque atrorum vectus equorum 20 

Ambibat Siculae cautus fundamina terrse. 

Postquam exploratum satis est, loca nulla labare,^ 

Depositique metus ; videt hunc Erycina vagantem 

Monte suo residens, natumque amplexa volucrem, 

Arma manusque meae, mea, nate, potentia, dixit, 25 

Ilia, quibus superas omnes, cape tela, Cupido, 

Inque Dei pectus celeres molire^ sagittas, 

Cui triplicis cessit fortuna novissima regni.^ 

Tu Superos ipsumque Jovem, tu numiua ponti 

Victa domas ipsumque, regit qui numina ponti. 30 

Tartara quid cessant V cur non matrisque tuumque 

Imperium profers ] Agitur^ pars tertia mundi. 

Et tamen in coelo, quae jam patientia^ nostra est, 

Spemimur, ac mecum vires tenuantur Amoris. 

Pallada nonne vides jaculatricemque Dianam 35 

1 Remoliri pondera terrae, to remove from him the load of earth. 

2 Rex Silentum, the king of the silent shades, i. e. Pluto. A. R. A. 229. 

3 Solumque retegatur lato hiatu, and the ground he parted by a wide 
chasm or opening, 

4 Nulla loca labare, that no places ivere giving icay. -^ 

5 Molire celeres sagittas in pectus Dei, discharge your swift arrows 
against the breast of the god, i. e. Pluto. 

6 Cui novissima fortuna triplicis regni cessit, to whom the last portion of 
the triple kingdom fell, i. e. of the kingdom -vvhen divided into three parts — in 
allusion to the division of Saturn's kingdom, which took place after the ex- 
pulsion of that god from heaven. Sec Saturnus. 

7 (Propter) quid Tartara cessant, w7?y is Tartarus neglected? i.e. why 
is Tartarus not also subdued and added to my kingdom ? Sec Tartarus. 

8 Agitur, is at stake, is in danger of being'lost. 

9 Quas jam est nostra patientia, how great is noio my remissness, or 
patie7ice. 

G 



110 THE RAPE OF PROSERPINE. [bOOK V. 

Abscessisse^ mihi I Cereris quoque filia virgo, 

Si patiemur, erit : nam spes afFectat easdem. 

At tu, pro socio si qua est mea gratia'^ regno, 

Junge^ Deam patruo. Dixit Venus ; ille pharetram 

Solvit, et arbitrio matris de miile sagittis 40 

Unam seposuit, sed qua nee acutior ulla, 

Nee minus inccrta est, nee quae magis audiat^ arcum ; 

Oppositoque genu^ curvavit flexile cornu, 

Inque cor hamata percussit arundine Ditem. 

Hand procul Hennaeis lacus est a moenibus altae, 45 
Nomine Fergus, aquae : non illo plura Caystros 
Carmina cygnorum labentibus audit in undis. 
Silva coronat aquas, cingens latus omne, suisque 
Frondibus, ut velo,^ Phoebeos submovet ignes. 
Frigora dant rami, varies humus liumida flores ; 50 
Perpetuum ver est. Quo dum Proserpina luco 
Ludit, et aut violas aut Candida lilia carpit, 
Dumque puellari studio calathosque^ sinumque 
Implet, et aequales certat superare legendo ; 
Paene simul visa est dilectaque raptaque Diti : 55 

Usque adeo properatur amor.^ Dea territa moesto 
Et matrem et comites, sed matrem saepius, ore 
Clamat ; et, ut summa vestem laniarat ab ora,^ 
Collecti flores tunicis cecidere remissis ; 
Tantaque simplicitas puerilibus adfuit annis, 60 

1 Abscessisse mihi, have eluded me, i. e. have been allowed to make vows 
of perpetual celibacy. See 1 , 10, 36. 

2 Si mea gratia est qua, if my vijluence with you is any thing — ^a form o\ 
expression frequently employed in entreaties. <See 4, 11, 121. 

3 Junge Deam patruo, unite (he goddess to her uncle, i. e. Proserpine to 
Pluto. A. R. A. 229. 

4 Nee quae magis audiat arcum, 7ior which would be more ohedient to the 
bow, i. e. would be more easily put in motion, or fly more rapidly. 

5 Genuque opposito, and setting out his knee — assuming the posture of 
an archer when bending his bow. 

6 Ut velo, as with ati awning, — a form of expression borrowed from the 
amphitheatres, where an awning was spread to protect the spectators from 
rain and from the rays of the sun. A. R. A. 285. 

7 Calathos. See 4, 1, 10. Superare ajquales legendo, to excel her coevals 
in gathering flowers. 

8 Ade5 usque amor properatur, to such a degree is his love accelerated. 
See 8. 6, 79. 



FAB. VI.] THE RAPE OF PROSERPINE. Ill 

Haec quoque virgineum movit jactura dolorera. 
Raptor agit cumis, et nomine quemque vocatos^ 
Exhortatur equos, quorum per colla jubasque 
Excutit obscura tinctas ferrugine'^ liabenas ; 
Perque lacus altos et olentia sulfure fertur Go 

Stagna Palicorum, rupta ferventia terra ; 
Et qua Bacchiadae, bimari gens orta Corintho, 
Inter inaequales^ posuerunt moenia portus. 
Est medium Cyanes et Pisaese Arethusse, 
Quod co'it angustis inclusum cornibus, aequor. 70 

Hie fuit, a cujus stagnum quoque nomine dictum est, 
Inter Sicelidas Cyane celeberrima Nymphas ; 
Gurgite quae medio summa tenus exstitit alvo,'* 
Agnovitque Deam : Nee longius ibitis, inquit ; 
Non potes invitae Cereris gener esse : roganda, 75 

Non rapienda fuit.^ Quod si componere magnis 
Parva milii fas est, et me dilexit Anapis ; 
Exorata tamen, nee, ut haec, exterrita nupsi.^ 
Dixit, et in partes diversas brachia tendens 
Obstitit. Haud ultra tenuit Satumius iram ; 80 

Terribilesque hortatus equos, in gurgitis ima^ 
Contortum valido sceptrum regale lacerto 
Condidit : icta viam tellus in Tartara fecit, 
Et pronos currus medio cratere^ recepit. 
At Cyane, raptamque Deam contemptaque fontis 85 

1 See 5, 1, 155. The names of Pluto's horses, according to Claudian, 
were, Orphncpus, ^thon, Ni/cteus, and Alastor. 

2 Tinctas obscura ferrugine, di/cd trith a dark rusty colour. 

3 Inter insequales portus, between two harbours ofuneciual size, i. e. Sy- 
racuse. See Syracusae. 

4 Summa tenus alvo, as far as the upper part of the belly. 

5 Fuit roganda non rapienda, she ought to have been asked (from her 
mother), not seized hy violence, 

6 Nupsi tamen (ei) exorata nee (for et non) exterrita ut hjec, I married 
him, however, in consequence of being courted, and not from being fright- 
ened into it, as she is. 

7 In ima (parte) gurgitis, in the bottom of the pool. 

8 Medio cratere,"m the centre of the opening. Crater most commonlv 
signifies a iftoit-?, in which the ancients mixed their >vine with water, and 
from which they poured it into smaller vessels, as we do into glasses. 
A, R. A. 394. 



112 THE RAPE OF PROSERPINE. [liOUK V. 

Jura' 8\ii mcrrcns, inconsoLil)ilc vulnus 

Mciite gcrit tiicita, Iacriinis(|uc absiimitur omnis ; 

Et, quaniin fiicrat inafj^niiin modo nuinen, in illas 

Extcuiiiatur aqiias.^ MuUiri mcinl)ra vidcres, 

Ossa pati floxus, ungues j)osuissc rigoreni ; 00 

Priniacjue do tota tcnuissinia quicqiic"^ liqucscnnt, 

CitniK'i crinos digiti(juc ot crura ])odcs(jue : 

Nam brevis in gclidas nicmbris cxilibus' undas 

Transitus est. Post bicc tcrguinquo humcriquc latusquo 

Pectora({uc in tcnuos abennt cvanida rivos ; 05 

Dcnifjuc ])ro vivo vitiatas sanguine vcnas 

Lyniplia subit ; rcstatquo nibil, quod prcndere possis. 

Fab. Yll.— ^/c//e*. 

Intkuka pavidjL* ncquiccjuani filia'* inatri 

Omnibus est tcrris, omni (jujrsita profundo. 

Ilbun non rutilis vcnicns Aurora capillis 

Ccssantom vidit, non Hesperus ; ilia duabus 

Flammifera pinus nianibus suecendit ab iEtna,* 6 

Pcrque pruinosas tulit irreqirieta'' tenebras. 

Rursus, lit alma dies hcbetfirat sidera, natam 

Soils ad occasiim sol is quivrebat ab ortu. 

Fessa labore sitim col lege rat, oracjuc nulli 

Colluerant fontes ;" quum tectam stramino vidit 10 

Forte casam, ])arvasque fores pulsavit : at inde 

Prodit anus, Divaincjuc videt, lympbani([ue roganti 

Dulce dedit, tosta quod coxerat ante polenta."*^ 

1 Jura, rifjhts, QvprwUcgcs ; bocauso Pluto, without hor consent, forced 
liis way through her waters to the inrcrii.-il rt'giotis. 

2 I'ixtoiuiatiu' in illas aquas, is vwlUd ainti/ into those waters. 

3 iiuirquo teTuiissinui, all the most slender ixirts. 

4 Itrovis transitus est cxilibus nieuibris, the traiisition of these sfetx' - 
junts is short. 

r> l"'iHa, i. c. Proserpine. ,' Matro, i. o. Veres. A. R. A. l'l'.'I. 

(i Ini'ciiiitita tulit, restlesslj/ carried them. 

7 Nulli fontes colluerant oVa, no fountains had moistened her fips. 

}{ J>e(iit (lulce <iu()(l :iiit(> roxernt tosta i)()k'iitM, (jare her a sire t drifik 
v^hieh .she had prerioaslif ejctraeted from dried matt. Tho driTik Iwro 
ulludetl to is called by ('icero cinnus, and is said to have consisto<l of water 
nii.M'd with iiniciita, honey, wine, llowi-rs, ;uui chi-i'sc. 



FAB. VII.] STELLES, 1K3 

Dum bibit ilia datum, duri piier oris et audax 
Constitit ante Dcam, risitque avidamque vocavit. 15 
OfFensa est, neque adhue epota parte loquentem 
Cum liquido mixta perfudit Diva polenta. 
Combibit os maculas,^ et, qua modo brachia gessit, 
Crura gerit ; cauda est mutatis addita membris ; 
Inque brevem formam, ne sit vis magna nocendi, 20 
Contrahitur, parvaque minor mensura lacerta est. 
Mirantem flentemque et tangere monstra parantem 
Fugit anum, latebramque petit ; aptumque colori 
Nomen habet, variis stellatus corpora guttis.*-^ 

Fab. VIII. — Ascalaphus. 

QuAs Dea per terras et quas erraverit undas, 

Dicere longa mora est : quaerenti dcfuit orbis.^ 

Sicaniam repetit ; dumque omnia lustrat eundo, 

Venit et ad Cyanen. Ea, ni mutata fuisset, 

Imnia narrasset ; sed et os et lingua volenti 6 

Dicere non aderant, nee, quo loqueretur, habebat.* 

Signa tamen manifesta dedit, notamque parenti 

Illo forte loco delapsam^ in gurgite sacro, 

Persephones zonam summis ostendit in undis. 

Quam simul agnovit, tanquam turn denique raptara 10 

Scisset,^ inornatos laniavit Diva capillos, 

Et repetita suis percussit" pectora palmis. 

Nee scit adhuc ubi sit ; terras tamen increpat omnes, 

Ingratasque vocat nee frugum munere dignas, 



1 Os combibit macnlas, Ms face imbibed the drops. 

2 Stellatus (secundum) c rpora variis guttis, having his body speckled 
with various spots — hence called stelUo, a kind of lizard with shining spots 
on its back which resemble stars ; a newt or evct. 

3 Orbis defuit (illi) quasrenti, the world was exhausted hy her in her 
search, i. e. she had searched every part of the world 

4 Nee habebat, quo loqueretur, nor had she any other organ wherewith 
she could speak. 

5 Forte delapsam illo loco, which had happened to drop from her in thcU 
I lace. 

6 Tanquam tum denique scfsset (earn) raptam (esse), as if she had Vien 
only discovered that her daughter had been carried off. 

7 Repetita percussit, repeatedly struck. See 4, 14, 72. 



114 ASCALAPHUS. [BOOK V. 

Trinacriam ante alias, in qud vestigia damni' 15 

Reperit. Ergo illic sicva vertcntia glebas 
Fregit aratra manu, parilique irata colonos 
Ruricolasqiic boves leto dedit,'^ arvaque jussit 
Fallere dcpositnm,^ vitiataque semiiia fecit. 
Fertilitas terrie, latum viilgata per orbcm, 20 

Cassa jacet \^ prim is scgetes moriuntur in lierbis ;^ 
Et modo sol nimius, nimius modo corrij)it imber ; 
Sideraque vcntique nocont ; avida^que volucrcs 
Scmina jacta Icgunt ; Jolium tribiilique fatigant^ 
Triticcas messes et inexpugnabile gramen. 25 

Turn caput Eleis Alplieias extulit undis, 
Rorantesque comas a fronte rcmovit ad aures, 
Atque ait : toto qua?sitoe virginis orbe 
Et frugum genitrix, immensos siste labores, 
Neve tibi fida? violcnta irascere terrse^ 30 

Terra nihil meruit, patuitque invita rapinic.^ 
Nee sum pro patria supplex : hue hospita veni ; 
Pisa mihi patria est, et ab Elide ducimus ortum. 
Sicaniam perogrina colo ; scd gratior omni 
Hffic mihi terra solo est : hos nunc Arethusa penates,^ 35 
Hanc habeo sedem ; quam tu, mitissima, serva.^*^ 
Mota loco cur sim,^^ tantique per itquoris undas 
Adveliar Ortygiam, veniet narratibus bora 
Tempestiva meis, quum tu cu risque levata 
Et vultus mclioris eris. Mihi pervia tellus 40 

1 Vestigia damni, Vic tokens of her loss, i. e. Proserpine's pirdle. 

2 IratiKiue dedit parili leto, in her an<jcr doomed to the same death. 

3 Fallere deposituin, to disappoint the expectation qf a return of what 
was deposited in them. 

4 Jacet eassa, lies useless, is entirely destroyed. 

5 In priniis herbis, in tJieJirst blade. 

a Fatigant triticeas messes, choke the crops of wheat, i.e. render it difficult 
for the wheat to grow ; gramen, weeds. 

7 Neve violenta irascere terrac, and be not rashly amjry with a hmd. 

H I'atuitque invita rapina;, and opened against its will to the carrying 
off of your daughter. 

9 Arethusa nunc habeo hos penates, I Arethusa now have this as my 
abode. A.R.A. 2;i(). 

H> Q,nam tu, mitissima, serva, which do you most graciously preserve. 

11 Cur mota Sim loco, tchy I have been removcd/rom my native country. 



FAB. VIII. J ASCALAPHUS. ] 15 

Praebet iter, siibterque imas ablata cavemas* 

Hie caput attollo, desuetaque sidera ccrno. 

Ergo, dum Stygio sub terris gurgite labor, 

Visa tua est oculis illic Proserpina nostris. 

Ilia quidem tristis nee adhuc interrita vultu f 4o 

Sc'd rcgina tamen, sed opaci maxima mundi,^ 

Sed tamen infcrni pollens matrona tyranni. 

]\Iater ad auditas stupuit, ceu saxea, voces, 
Attonitseque diu similis fuit : utque dolore 
Pulsa gravi gravis est amentia ;'^ curribus auras 60 

Exit in aethcrias. Ibi toto nubila vultu^ 
Ante Jovem passis stetit invidiosa^ capillis : 
Proque meo supplex veni tibi, Jupiter, inquit. 
Sanguine, proque tuo. Si nulla est gratia matris, 
IS^ata patrem moveat ; neu sit tibi cura," precamur, 55 
Vilior illius, quod nostro est edita partu. 
En qusesita diu tandem milii nata reperta est ; 
Si reperire vocas amittere certius ; aut si 
Scire ubi sit, reperire vocas. Quod rapta, feremus f 
Dummodo reddat cam ; neque enim pra^done marito 60 
Filia digna tua est, si jam mea iilia digna est. 
Jupiter excepit : Commune est pignus onusque 
Nata mihi tecum f sed, si mod 6 nomina rebus 
Addere vera placet, non hoc injuria factum, 
Verum amor est ; neque erit nobis gener ille pudori : 65 
Tu modo. Diva, velis. Ut desint cetera : quantum est 

1 Ablataque subter imas cavernas, and proceeding along the low caverns. 

2 Interrita vultu, tvithout /car in her looks. 

3 Maxima opaci mundi, the gj'catest woman m the world of darkness, i. e. 
the queen of the infernal regions. 

4 Utque gravis amentia pulsa est gravi dolore, and when her violent 
phrenzi/ ftas removed by intense grief. 

5 Nubila toto vultu, tcith a gloom over her whole countenance. 

6 In vidiosa,./f //(?</ with indignation— at Jupiter for not exercising greater 
vigilance in the government of the world, and at Pluto for carrying ofif her 
daughter. 

7 Neu cura illius sit vilior tibi, nor let your regard for her he the less. 

8 Feremus quod rapta est, / will hear with itViat she was carried off by 
force. 

9 Nata est commune pignus onusque mihi tecum, your daughter is a 
common pledge, and a comnjton charge to you and to me. 



116 ASCALAPHUS. |_BOOK V. 

Esse Jo vis fratrem !^ quid, quod'^ nee cetera desunt, 

Nee cedit nisi sorte^ milii I sed tanta ciipido 

Si tibi discidii est ; repetet Proserpina coelum : 

Lege tamen certa, si nullos contigit illic 70 

Ore cibos : nam sic Parcarum foedere cautum est.* 

Dixerat : at Cereri certum est^ educere natam. 

Non ita fata sinunt ; quoniam jejunia virgo 

Solverat^ et, cultis dum simplex errat in hortis, 

Puniceum^ curva decerpserat arbore pomum, 75 

Sumptaque pallenti septem de cortice grana 

Presserat ore suo. Solusque ex omnibus illud 

Viderat Ascalaphus, quem quondam dicitur Orphne, 

Inter Avernales baud ignotissima Nymphas, 

Ex Acheronte suo furvis peperisse sub antris. 80 

Vidit ; et indicio reditum crudelis ademit.^ 

Ingemuit regina Erebi, testemque profanam 

Fecit avem,'^ sparsumque caput Plilegethontide lympha 

In rostrum et plumas et grandia lumina vertit. 

Ille sibi ablatus^^ fulvis amicitur ab alis, 85 



1 Ut cetera desint, quantum est esse fratrem Jovis, though other qualifi- 
cations be wanting, how great a matter is it to be the brother of Jupiter/ 

2 The phrase quid, quod, which can be used only when a verb follows, 
is elliptical, and is to be completed thus : — Quid de eo dicam quod. It im- 
plies that what follows is more surprising and decisive than what precedes, 
and may generally be translated nay or nai/ even. 

3 Nee cedit mihi nisi sorte, nor does he yield to me but in fortune. 
See 5, 6, 28. 

4 Sic cautum est foedere Parcarum, thus it has been provided by the de- 
cree of the Fates. A. R. A. 229. The law of the Fates was, that nobody 
should leave the infernal regions who had tasted any thing there. 

5 At certum est Cereri, b^tt Ceres is resolved, 

6 Solverat jejunia, had broken her fast. 

7 Puniceum pomum, a crimson apple, a pomegranate ; cortice, rind ; 
grana, seeds. The pomegranate is a fruit of a reddish colour, as large as an 
orange, having a hard rind filled with a soft pulp and numerous seeds. The 
gardens in the infernal regions are described by Homer as containing pears, 
apples, figs, olives, and pomegranates. 

8 Crudelis ademit reditum indicio, cruelly prevented her return bf 
divulging it. 

9 Profanam avem, an unclean or ill-boding bird, i. e. an owl. The 
epithet profanam refers to the circumstance of the owl being considered 
one of the unlucky birds, one whose presence in taking the auspices fore- 
Doded something disastrous. See 89, A. R. A. 241. 

10 Ablatus sibi, being deprived of his natural form. 



FAB. VIII.] ASCALAPHUS. 117 

In que caput crescit^ longosque reflectitur ungues, 
Vixque movet natas per inertia brachia pennas ; 
Foedaque fit volucris, venturi nuntia luctus, 
Ignavus bubo, dirum mortalibus omen. 

Fab. IX.— T^e Sirens. 

IIic' tamen indicio poenam linguaque videri 

Commeruisse potest ; vobis, Acheloides, unde 

Pluma pedesque avium, quum virginis ora geratis \ 

An quia, quum legeret vernos Proserpina fiores, 

In comitum numero mixt^e, Sirenes, eratis I 5 

Quam postquam toto frustra quaesistis in orbe ; 

Protinus ut vestram sentirent aequora curam, 

Posse super fluctus alarum insistere^ remis 

Optastis, facilesque Deos habuistis, at artus 

Vidistis vestros subitis flavescere pennis. 10 

Ne tamen ille canor,* mulcendas natus ad aures, 

Tantaque dos oris linguae deperderet usum ; 

Virginei \ailtus et vox humana remansit. 

At medius fratrisque sui moestaeque sororis^ 
Jupiter ex aequo volventem dividit annum. 15 

Nunc Dea, regnorum numen commune duorum. 
Cum matre est totidem, totidem cum conjuge menses. 
Vertitur extemplo facies et mentis et oris :^ 
Nam, modo quae poterat Diti quoque moesta videri, 
Laeta Deae frons est : ut sol, qui tectus aquosis 20 

Nubibus ante iuit, victis ubi nubibus exit." 

1 Crescitque in caput, and he grows to the head, i. e. his head becomes 
disproportionately large, and his nails are bent into long claws. 

2 Hie, i. e. Ascalaphus. 

3 Insistere remis alarum, to ply your ivings as oars. 

4 Ille canor, that musical faculty ; tanta dos oris, so fine a talent for 
singing. 

5 Medius suique fratris moestasque sororis, mediating between his brother 
and his disconsolate sister. 

6 Facies et mentis et oris, the state of her mind afid the appearance of her 
face. The ancients believed that Proserpine remained beneath the earth 

with her husband during the Avinter months, and in heaven with her mo- 
ther from seed-time during the growth and successive stages of the crops. 

7 Ubi exit nubibus victis, when he shines forth after the clouds are 
dispersed. 

g2 



118 THE PIERIDES. [boOK VII 

Fab. XIL—The Pierides, 

FiNiERAT dictos e nobis maxima' cantus. 
At Nymphiie vicisse Deas Helicona colentes 
Concordi dixere sono.'^ Convicia victae^ 
<iuum jacerent ; Quoniam, dixit, certamine vobis 
Siipplicium meruisse parum est, maledictaque culpa? .5 
Additis, et non est patientia libera nobis f 
Ibimus in poenas, et, quo vocat ira, sequemur. 
Rident Emathides spernuntque minacia verba ; 
Conatfcque loqui et magno clamore protervas 
Intcntare manus, pennas exire per ungues 10 

Adspexere sues, operiri bracliia plumis ; 
Alteraque alterius rigido concrescere rostro^ 
Ora videt, volucresque novas accedere silvis. 
Dumque volunt plangi,^ per bracbia rnota levatae 
Aere pendebant, nemorum convicia, picae. 15 

Nunc quoque in alitibus facundia prisca remansit, 
Raucaque garrulitas studiumque immane loquendi. 



BOOK VII. 

Fab. I, — Tason. 

Jamque fretum Minyse Pagasaia puppe secabant ; 
Perpetuaque trabens^ inopem sub nocte senectam 

1 Maxima e nobis, the eldest o/iis, i. e. Calliope, to whom the task of con- 
tending with the Pierides had been assigned. See 5, 5, 44. Dictos, al- 
read]/ mentioned by me. 

2 Concordi sono, with unanimous voice, unanimously, 

3 Victae, the defeated sistci's, i.e. the Pierides; jacerent convicia, tcere 
uttering calumny ; (Calliope) d\\\i. 

4 Patientia non est libera nohvA^ forbearance is not free to us, we are not 
at liberty to exercise forbearance. 

.'). Concrescere rigido rostro, tx) shoot out in a stiff beak. 

fi Plangi, to beat their breasts ; per mota brachia, by the moving cf their 
arms; fiicundia, faculty of chattering. See 2, 2, 11. 

7 Trahens inopem senectam sub perpetua nocte, dragging on a helpless 
oUi age in perpetual blindness 



FAB. I.] lASON. 119 

Phineus visus erat, juvenesque^ Aquilone creati ' 
Virgineas^ volucres miseri senis ore fugarant ; 
Multaque perpessi claro sub lasone tandem 6 

Contigerant rapidas limosi Phasidos undas. 
Dumque adeuiit regem^ Phryxeaque vellera poscunt, 
Lexque datur numeris magnorum horrenda laborum :* 
Concipit interea validos ^etias ignes ; 
Et luctata diu, postquam ratione furorem 10 

Vincere non poterat, Frustra, Medea, repugnas ; 
Nescio quis Deus obstat/ ait ; mirumque, nisi hoc est,^ 
Aut aliquid certe simile huic, quod amare vocatur. 
Nam cur jussa patris nimium mihi dura videntur I 
Sunt quo que dura nimis. Cur, quern modo denique 
vidi, 15 

Ne pereat, timeo ? qu^e tanti causa timoris I 
Excute virgineo conceptas pectore fiammas. 
Si potes, infelix : si possem, sanior essem. 
Sed traliit invitam nova vis ; aliudquc^ cupido, 
Mens aliud suadet. Video meliora proboque ; 20 

Deteriora sequor. Quid in hospite, regia virgo, 
Ureris et thalamos alieni concipis^ orbis I 
Haec quoque terra potest, quod ames,^ dare. Vivat, an ille 
Occidat, in Dls cst.^^ Vivat tamen ; idque precari, 
Vel sine amore licet : quid enim commisit Jason I 25 
Quam, nisi crudclem, non tangat lasonis a?tas, 
Et genus, et virtus I quam non, ut cetera desint, 
Forma movere potest 1 certe mea pectora movit. 

1 Juvenes. See Calais and Zethes. 

2 Virgineas volucres, the virgin-faced hirdSy i. e. Vie Ilai-pies. See 
llarpyiae. 

3 Rcgem, the king, i. e. ^etes, king of Colchis. 

4 Lex datur horr«nda numeris magnorum laborum, conditions are pre- 
scribed to them, dreadful fur the number of formidable lahours. 

5 Nescio quis Deusobstat, some god, I know not tvho, opposes you. 

6 Mirumque (est), nisi hoc est, and it is strange if it be not this. 

7 Aliud, on" thing y i. e. to love ; mens, reason ; aliud, another thing, 
I. e. not to love. 

8 Concipis thalamos alieni orbis, desire a husband belonging to a diffe- 
rent part of the world — a foreigner as your husband. A. K. A. 403, 

9 Quod ames, an object worthy of your love. 

10 Est in Dls, is in Itie power of the gods, rests with the gods. 



120 lASON. [book VII. 

At, nisi opcm tulero, tatirorum afflabitur ore ;' 

Conciirrctque^ sure scgcti, tellure creatis 30 

Hostibus ; aut avido dabitur fera praeda draconi. 

Hoc ego si patiar, turn me de tigride natam, 

Turn feiTum et scopulos gestare in corde fatebor. 

Cur non et specto pereuntem, oculosque videndo 

Conscelero l cur non tauros exhortor in ilium 35 

Terrigenasque feros insopitumque draconem l 

Di meliora vclint 1^ Quanquam non ista precanda, 

Sed facienda mihi. Prodamne ego regna parentis, 

Atque ope ncscio quis scrvabitur ad vena nostra, 

Ut, per me sospcs, sine me det lintea ventis, 40 

Virque sit alterius, pcenae Medea relinquar ?* 

Si facere hoc, aliamve potest praeponere nobis, 

Occidat ingratus ! Sed non is vultus' in illo, 

Non ea nobilitas animo est, ea gratia formae, 

Ut timeam fraudem meritique oblivia nostri. 45 

Et dabit ante iidem f cogamque in foedera testes 

Esse Deos. Quid tuta times ? accingere,^ et omnem 

Pelle moram : tibi se semper dcbcbifc^ lason, 

Te face solemni jnnget sibi f perque Pelasgas 

Servatrix iirbes matrum celebrabere turba. 50 

Ergo ego germanam^*^ fratremque patremque Deosque 

1 Afflabitur ore taurorum, he will be breathed upon b^ the months of tht 
bulls— he win he killed by the breath of the bulls. Tlie bulls are represented 
with brazen feet, and breathing lire, to indicate their great strength and 
ferocity. 

2 Concurret suae segeti, he will enpnffe ivith his own crop, i. e. with the 
men who were to spring from the dragon's teeth when sown by him. 
A. R. A. Am. 

3 Di velint meliora, may the gods ordain better things — a form of prayer 
used for the purpose of averting some anticipated evil. 

4 Sitque vir alterius (ego) Medea relinquar pcena?, he may become the huS' 
band of another, and I Medea be left for punishment, i. e. by my father for 
having assisted Jason in getting possession of the golden fleece. 

5 Is vultus— ea nobilitas — ea gratia, a countenance so faithless — nobility 
so degenerate— gracefulness so deceitful. 

Ante dabit Iidem, he shall first give me a promise of marriage. 

7 Accingere, be prepared, prepare yourself. 

d Semper debebit se tibi, he will always be indebted to you for his life. 

9 Junget te sibi solemni face, will unite you to him by the solemn nuptial 
torch, i. e. i?i marriage. A. R. A. 404. 

10 Germanam, my sister^ i. e. Chalciope — fratrem, i. e. Apsyrtut, 



FAB. l.J lASON. 12] 

Et natale solum, ventis ablata, relinquam ! 
Nempe pater saevus, nempe est mea barbara tellus, 
Frater adhuc infans ; stant mecum vota sororis ;^ 
Maximus intra me Deus'^ est. Non magna relinquam ; 55 
Magna sequar ; titulum servatae pubis Achiva?, 
Notitiamque loci melioris et oppida, quorum 
Hie quoque fama viget, cultusque artesque virorum ; 
Quemque ego cum rebus, quas totus possidet orbis, 
jEsoniden mutasse velim : quo conjuge felix GO 

Et Dis cara ferar,' et. vertice sidera tangam. 
Quid, quod* nescio qui mediis concurrere in uiidis 
Dicuntur montes,^ ratibusque inimica Charybdis 
Nunc sorbere fretum nunc reddere ; cinctaque saevis 
Scylla rapax canibus Siculo latrare profundo ? 65 

Nempe tenens quod amo, gremioque in lasonis haerens 
Per freta longa traliar. Nihil ilium amplexa verebor ; 
Aut, si quid metuam, metuam de conjuge solo. 
Conjugiumne vocas, speciosaque nomina culpae 
Imponis, Medea, tuae ] quin adspice, quantum 70 

Aggrediare nefas,^ et, dum licet, effuge crimen. 
Dixit ; et ante oculos rectum pietasque pndorque 
Constiterant, et victa dabat jam terga Cupido. 

Ibat ad antiquas Hecates Perseidos aras, 
Quas nemus umbrosum secretaque silva tegebant. 75 
Et jam fortis erat pulsusque resederat ardor f 
Quum videt ^Esoniden, exstinctaque flamma revixit, 
Et rubuere genae, totoque recanduit ore. 
Ut solet a ventis alimenta assumere, quaeque 
Parva sub inducta latuit^ scintilla favilla, 80 

1 Vota sororis stant mecum, the wishes of my sister stand with me, are in 
my favour. 

2 Deus, i. e. Love. 

3 Ferar (esse) felix, I shall he celebrated as happy. 

4 Quid, quod. See 5, 8, G8. 

5 Montes. See Cyaneee. 

6 Quantum nefas aggrediare, what a crime you intend. 

7 Et jam erat fortis ardorque pulsus resederat, and she was now resolute^ 
and her passion having been checked had abated. 

U Queeque parva latuit, and what was small while it lay concealed. 



l^ii lASON. [book VII, 

Crescere et in veteres agitata resurgere vires : 

Sic jam lentus amor, jam quern laiiguere putares, 

Ut vidit juvenem, specie praesentis inarsit. 

Et casu solito formosior iEsone natus 

Ilia luce fuit : posses ignoscere amanti. 85 

Spectat, et in vultu, veluti tum denique viso/ 

Lumina fixa tenet ; nee se mortalia demens 

Ora videre putat, ncc so declinat ab illo. 

Ut vero coepitque loqui dextramque prehendit 

Hospes, et auxilium submissa voce rogavit, 90 

Promisitque toruni ; lacrimis ait ilia profusis : 

Quid faciam video : nee me ignorantia veri 

Decipiet, sed amor. Scrvabere munere^ nostro ; 

Servatus promissa dato. Per sacra triform is 

Ille Deae,^ lucoque foret quod numen in illo, 05 

Perque patrem soceri eerncntem cuncta I'uturi,^ 

Eventusque sues et tanta pcricula jurat. 

Creditus accepit cantatas protinus herbas,' 

Edidicitque usum, laetuscjue in castra recessit. 

Postera depulerat Stellas Aurora micantes : 100 

Conveniunt populi sacrum Mavortis in arvum, 
Consistuntque jugis." Medio rex ipse resedit 
Agmine purpureas, sceptroque insignis eburno. 
Ecce adamanteis Vulcanum naribus efflant 
^ripedes tauri ; tactaeque vaporibus herbae ] 05 

Ardent.^ Utque solent pleni resonare camini, 
Aut ubi terrena silices foriiace soluti^ 

1 Turn denique viso, then for the first time i>rcn. 

2 Mimere, services — (tu) servatus dato promissa, do you when saved bp 
me fulfil your promise. 

3 Per sacra triforniis Dea?, by the sacred rites of the three-fonned goddess, 
i. c. Hecate ; perque numen quod, and by the deity nhich. 

4 Patrem soceri futuri, the father of his father-in-law about to be, i.e. 
Sol, the father of jf']etes. 

5 Cantatas herlwis, enchanted herbs ; in castra, to his camp, i.e. to the place 
where the Argonauts had pitched their tents. 

f) Jugis, on the hillSy i. e. the ridges of Caucasus >vhich surrounded 
Colchis, 

7 Herbfrque tacta? vaporibus nvdent, a7id the prass being touched by the 
vapours {the breath of the bulls) burns. 

8 BUices Boluti terrena fornace, limestones slacked in an earVien kiln. 



FAB. I.] lASON. 123 

Concipiunt ignem liquidarum aspergine aquarum : 
Pectora sic intus clausas vol vent ia fiammas, 
Gutturaque usta sonant : tamen illis ^sone natus 110 
Obvius it. Vertere truces venientis ad ora 
Terribiles vultus' praefixaque cornua ferro, 
Pulvereumque solum pede pulsavere bisulco, 
Fumificisque locum mugitibus implevere. 
Diriguere metu Minyaj : subit ille, nee ignes 115 

Sentit anhelatos, tantum medicamina possunt/'^ 
Pendulaque audaci mulcet palearia dextra f 
Suppositosque jugo pondus grave cogit aratri 
Ducere, et insuetum ferro'^ proscindere campum, 
Mirantur Colchi ; Minya? clamoribus implent/ 120 

Adjiciuntque animos. Galea tum sumit aena 
Vipereos dentes^ et aratos spargit in agros. 
Semina mollit humus, valido prsetincta veneno ; 
Et crescunt, fiuntque sati nova corpora dentes. 
Utque hominis speciem. materna sumit in alvo 125 

Perque suos intus numeros^ componitur infans, 
Nee nisi maturus communes exit in auras : 
Sic ubi visceribus gravidae telluris imago 
EfFecta est^ hominis, feto consurgit in arvo ; 
Quodquemagis mirum est, simul edita^ concutit arma.130 
Quos ubi viderunt praeacutae cuspidis hastas 



1 Truces vertere terribiles vultus, the hulls fiercely turned their terrible 
looks ; praefixa ferro, pointed with iron. 

2 Tuntuin medicamina possunt, such is the power of the enchanted herbs. 

3 Mulcetque pendula palearia audaci dextra, and strokes their hanging 
dewlaps ivith his bold right hand. 

4 Insuetum ferro, unaccustomed to the ploughshare, because sacred to 
Mars. See 101. A. R. A. 4G3. 

5 Implent (eum) clamoribus, fill his ears with their cheers — cry, or call 
to him. 

6 Vipereos dentes, the teeth of the serpent, i. e. the teeth of the ser- 
pent slain by Cadmus, some of which were brought to jEetes by jMmerva. 
See3, 1. 

7 Componitur per suos numeros, is completed in all its parts. 

8 Ubi imago hominis effecta est (in) visceribus gravida? telluris, when 
the form of a man icas completed in the bowels of the pregnant earth. 

9 Arma edita simul, arms which were produced at the same time toith 
themselves; praacutae cuspidis, with very sharp points. 



124 lASON. [book Vll. 

In caput Haemonii juvenis torquere parantes ;^ 
Demisere^ metu vultuiiKjue animuniquePelasgi. 
Ipsa quoque extimuit, quae tutum fecerat ilium ; 
Utque peti juvenem tot vidit ab hostibus ununi, ]35 
Palluit, et subito sine sanguine irigida sedit. 
Neve parum valcant a se data graniina, carmen^ 
Auxiliare canit, score tasque advocat artes. 
Ille, gravem medios siliccm jaculatus in hostes, 
A se depulsum Martem convertit in ipsos.'* 140 

Terrigenifc pereunt per mutua vulnera fratres 
Civilique cadunt acie. Gratantur Achivi, 
Victoremque tenent, avidisque amplexibus haerent*. 
Tu quoque victorem complecti, barbara, velles ; 
01)stitit incepto pudor ; et complcxa fuisses ; 145 

Sed te, ne faceres, tenuit reverentia famae.^ 
Quod licet, afFectu tacito laetaris, agisque 
Carminibus grates et Djs auctoribus horum. 

Pervigilem superest lierbis sopire^ draconem, 
Qui, crista linguisque tribus praesignis et uncis 15o 

Dentibus horrendus, custos erat arboris aureae.^ 
Hunc postquam sparsit Letliaei gramine succi, 
Verbaque ter dixit placidos facicntia somnos, 
Quae mare turbatuni, quae concita flumina sistant ; 

1 The order is, Ubi Pclasgi viderimt qnos parantes torquere, when the 
Pelasgi saw them, &c. The relative quos agrees with its antecedent imago 
hominis in sense, but not in strict syntax. 

2 Demisere vultumque i\x\\\nvim<\\x(i m^in, lowered both their countenances 
and their courage through fear^ i. e. their countenance sank, and their 
courage failed them. 

3 Carmen, charm, or incantation; advocatque secretas artes, calls to his 
aid her sacred arts, i. e. magic. 

4 In ipsos, upon themselves — they attacked each other under the belief 
that the stone had been thrown by one of their own number. 

5 Haerentque avidis amplexibus, cling to him with eager embraces. 

6 Reverentia famae tenuit te, ne faceres, a regard for your character 
restrained you from doing so. 

7 Superest sopire, it remains to lay asleep. 

8 Aureae arboris, of the tree on ivliich teas hung the golden fleece. Aurerr 
is to be pronounced as a word of two syllables. This, whicli is the reading 
of nearly all the manuscripts, has been considered unsatisfactory, and in- 
stead of it the conjectural rcad'mf!: arietis aurei, of the golden ram, has boon 
proposed. If the latter reading be adopted arietis must be taken as three 
syllables and aurei as two. 



FAB. l.j lASON. 125 

Somnus in ignotos oculos^ advenit ; et auro 155 

Heros iEsonius potitur ; spolioque superbus/^ 
Muneris auctorem secum, spolia altera, portans, 
Victor lolciacos tetigit cum conjuge portus. 



BOOK XI. 

Fab. X. — Ceyx and Halcyone, 

Interea fratrisque sui fratremque secutis 

Anxia prodigiis turbatiis^ pectora Ceyx, 

Consulat ut sacras, hominum oblectamina,'* sortes, 

Ad Clarium parat ire Deum : nam templa profanus 

In via cum Phlegyis faciebat Delphica Phorbas. 5 

Consilii tarn en ante sui, fidissima, certam 

Te facit,^ Halcyone. Cui protinus intima frigus 

Ossa receperunt, buxoque simillimus ora 

Pallor obit, lacrimisque geme maduere profusis. 

Ter conata loqui, ter fletibus ora rigavit ; 10 

Singultuque pias interrumpente querelas, 

Quae mea culpa tuam, dixit, carissime, mentem 

Vertit l^ ubi est, quae cura mei prius esse solebat V 

Jam potes Halcyone securus abesse relict a ; 

Jam via longa placet ; jam sum tibi carior absens ; 15 

At, puto, per terras iter est,^ tantumque dolebo, 

Non etiam metuam, curaeque timore carebunt. 

1 In oculos ignotos, upon eyes which were previously strangers to it 

2 Superbus spolio, exulting in the spoil. A. R. A. 324. 

3 Turbatus (seciinduni) anxia pectora prodigiis sui fratris, Ipi-oiiigiisque) 
secutis fratrem, being perplexed in his arixious mind by the /cite of his tyro- 
ther, and by th^ prodigies which followed the transformation of his brother, 
i. e. Daedalion, q.v. 

4 Oblectamina hominum, that source of consolation to men. 

5 Facit te certam sui consilii, makes you acquainted icith.his design. 

6 Vertit tuam mentem, has alienated your afTections from me. 

7 Ubi est cura mei quae solebat esse priCis, where is that affection for m4 
which used to exist formerly ,• securus, without regret. 

8 At, puto, iter est per terras, but I suppose your journey is by land. 



126 CEYX AND n ALCYONE. [book XI. 

iEquora me terrent, et ponti tristis imago. 

Et laceras nuper tabulas^ in litore vidi, 

Et ssepe in tumulis sine corpore'^ nomina legi. 20 

Neve tuum fallax animum fiducia tangat, 

Quod socer Hippotades tibi sit, qui carcere fortes 

Contineat ventos, et, quum velit, lequora placet : 

Quum semel cmissi tenuerunt^ aequora vcnti ; 

Nil illis vetitum est,'* incommendataque tellus 25 

Omnis et omne fretum ; coeli quoque nubila vcxant, 

Excutiuntque feris rutilos concursibus ignes.'' 

Quo magis hos novi, nam novi, et saepe paterna 

Parva domo vidi, magis hos reor esse timcndos. 

Quod tua si flecti precibus sententia nullis, SO 

Care, potest, conjux, nimiumque es certus eundi f 

Me quoque telle simul. Certe jactabimur una. 

Nee, nisi quae patiar, metuam ; pariterque feremus^ 

Quicquid erit, pariter super aequora lata feremur. 

Talibus ^olidos dictis lacrimisque movetur 85 

Sidereus conjux f neque enim minor ignis in ipso est. 
Sed neque propositos pelagi dimittere cursus. 
Nee vult Halcyonen in partem adhibere pericli ; 
Multaque respondit timidum solantia pectus ; 
Nee tamen idcirco causam probat.^ Addidit illis 40 
Hoc quoque lenimen, quo solo flexit amantem : 
Longa quidem nobis omnis mora ; sed tibi jure 

1 Laceras tabulas, broken hoards, i. e. part of a wreck. 

2 In tumulis sine corpore, on tombs wiUiout bodies, empty tombs. There 
is here an allusion to the practice of erecting cenotaphid (empty tombs) 
to those whose bodies could not be found nfter death, or to those who died 
and were buried in foreign countries. A. R. A. 408. 

3 Tenuerunt a?quora, have taken possession of the seas. 

4 Nil votitum est illis, nothing is forbidden to them, they disdain all con- 
trol ; incommcndata, disregarded. A. R. A, 473. 

5 Excutiunt rutilos ignes feris concursibus, force from them the red 
lightning by their fierce onsets ,- parva, when a child, tchen young. 

6 Es nimiCim certus eundi, you are unalterahly determined to go. 

7 Feremus, we shall endure ; feremur, we shoill be earned. 

8 Sidereus conjux, her star-bom husband, i. e. Ccyx, who was the son of 
Lucifer. Neque enim ignis in ipso est minor, for tnefiamc of love in hitn- 
gelfis not less strong than in his wife. 

9 Noc tamen idcirco probat rem, and yet ha does not on that account Jus- 
iify to her his resolution; flexit, gained over. 



FAB. X.J CEYX AND H ALCYONE. 127 

Per patrios ignes, si me mod 6 fata remittent, 

Ante reversurum, quam Luna bis impleat orl)em. 

His ubi promissis spes est admota^ recursus ; 45 

Protinus eductam navalibus sequore tingi, 

Aptarique suis pinum jubet armamentis."^ 

Qua i-ursus visa, veluti prtesaga futuri, 

Horruit Halcyone, lacrimasque emisit obortas, 

Amplexusque dedit ; tristique miserrima tandem 50 

Ore, Vale, dixit ; collapsaque corpore tola est.^ 

At juvenes, quae rente moras Ceyce, reducunt 

Ordinibus geminis ad fortia pectora remos,** 

^qualique ictu scindunt freta. Sustulit ilia 

Humentes oculos, stantcmque in puppe recurva, 55 

Concussaque manu dantem^ sibi signa maritum 

Prima videt,* redditque notas. Ubi terra recessit 

Longius, atque oculi nequeunt cognoscere ^'ultus ; 

Dum licet, insequitur fugientem lumine pinum. 

Haec quoque ut baud poterat, spatio submota,^ videri, GO 

Vela tamen spectat summo fluitantia malo. 

Ut nee vela videt ; vacuum petit anxia lectum,' 

Seque toro ponit. Renovat lectusque locusque 

Halcyones lacrimas, et quae pars admonet absit.^ 

Portubus exierant, et moverat aura rudentes ; 65 



1 Spes recursus admota est, the hope of his return teas brought near, i. e. 
the hope of a speedy return was held out. 

2 Aptari suis armamentis, to be furnished with its rigging, to be rigged. 
A.R. A. 344 and 345. 

3 Collapsa est toto corpore, became potcerkss over her whole bod'/. 

4 Reducunt remos ad fortia pectora, pull back the oars to their stout 
breasts— in allusion to the exertion of rowing. Young men were always 
selected as rowers. A. R. A. 339. The ship here referred to was a hirenii. 
A. R. A. 338. 

5 Dantemque signa concussa manu, and making signals to her by waving 
his hand 

() l5ul)mota spatio, removed to a great distance. 

7 Petit vacuum lectum, ponitque se toro, she retires to her bed now 
empty, and lays herself on the pillow. Lectus, when opposed to torus, sig- 
nities the bedstead, which was made of wood, sometimes ornamented with 
ivory and the precious metals ; and torus signifies the mattress, pillow, or 
cushion, on which the person lay. A. R. A. 373. 

8 Admonet quae pars absit, remind Iier qfihe part of herself u:hich is 
absent 



128 CEYX AND HALCYONE. [book XI. 

Obvertit lateri pendentes navita remos ; 

Cornuaque in summa locat arbore/ totaque malo 

Carbasa deducit venientesqiie excipit auras. 

Aut minus aut certe medium non amplius sequor^ 

Puppe secabatur, longeque erat utraque tellus ; 70 

Quum mare sub noctem tumidis albescere coepit 

Fluctibus et praeceps spirare valentius Eur us. 

Ardua jamdudum demittite cornua, rector 

Clamat, et an tennis totum subnectite velum. 

Hie jubet ; impediunt adversse jussa procellfe, To 

Nee sinit audiri vocem fragor aequoris ullam. 

Sponte tamen properant alii subducere remos/ 

Pars munire latus, pars ventis vela negare. 

Egerit liic fluctus, sequorque refundit in aequor ; 

Hie rapit antennas. Quae dum sine lege geruntur, 80 

Aspera crescit liiems, omnique e parte feroces 

Bella gerunt venti, fretaque indignantia miscent. 

Ipse pavet, nee se, qui sit status,"^ ipse fatetur 

Scire ratis rector, nee quid jubeatve vetetve : 

Tanta mali moles, tantoque potentior arte est. 85 

Quippe sonant clamore viri, stridore rudentes, 

Undarum incursu gravis unda, tonitribus aether. 

Fluctibus erigitur, coelumque aequare videtur 

Pontus et inductas aspergine tangere nubes ; 

Et modo, quum fulvas ex imo vcrrit arenas, 90 

Concolor est illis, Stygia modo nigrior unda ; 

Sternitur interdum spumisque sonantibus albet. 

Ipsa quoque his agitur vicibus Trachinia puppis, 

1 Locat cornua in summa arbore, fixes the sail-yard on the top of the 
mast. (Jornua, which properly signifies the extremities of the saiiyard, is 
here, and in 73, used for the saiiyard itself. A. R. A. 343. 

2 Aut minds aut certe non ampliCls medium aequor, either less, or 
certainly not more than half (he sea. Utraque tellus, the land on cither side, 
i e. Greece and Asia Minor. 

3 Subducere remos, to take in the oar^— that they might not be broken 
by the waves; munire latus, to secure Vie sides — by stopping up the holes 
through which the oars were put. 

4 Qui sit status, what their condition is ; gravis unda incursu undarum, 
the heavy waves hy the dashing qf other waves. 



FAB. X.] CEYX AND HALCYONE. 129 

Et modo sublimis, veluti de vertice montis, 

Despicere in valles imumque Acheronta videtur ; 95 

Nunc, ubi demissam curvuin circumstetit sequor,^ 

Suspicere inferno summum de gurgite coeliim. 

Si3epe dat ingentem iluctu latus icta fragorem, 

Nee levius pulsata sonat, quam ferreus olim 

Quum laceras aries''^ ballistave concutit arces. 100 

Utque Solent, suniptis in cursu viribus,^ ire 

Pectore in anna feri praetentaque tela leones : 

Sic ubi se ventis admiserat* unda coortis, 

Ibat in arma ratis, multoque erat altior illis. 

Jam que labant cunei,^ spoliataque tegmine cerae^ 105 

Rima patet, praebetque viam letalibus undis. 

Ecce cadunt largi resolutis nubibus" iinbres, 

Inque fretum credas totum descendere coelum, 

Inque plagas coeli tumefactum ascendere pontum. 

Vela madent nimbis, et cum coelestibus undis 110 

jEquoreae miscentur aquae ; caret ignibus aether, 

Caecaque nox premitur tenebris hiemisque suisque. 

Discutiunt tamen has praebentque micantia lumen 

Fulmina ; fulmineis ardescunt ignibus undae. 

Dat quoque jam saltus intra cava texta^ carinae 115 

Fluctus : et, ut miles, numero praestantior omni, 

Quum saepe assiluit dcfensae moenibus urbis, 

Spe potitur tandem, laudisque accensus amore 

Inter mille viros murum tamen occupat unus ; 



1 Ubi ciirvum aequor circumstetit (earn) demissam, when the arched 
wave has surrounded it sunk down. 

2 Aries. A. R. A. 334. Ballista. A. R. A. 332. 

3 Viribus sumptis incursu, acquiring strength from the onset. 

4 Admiserat se, had raised itsrjf, had been raised ; ibat in arma ratis, 
it dashed against the rigging of the ship. 

5 Cunei labant, the ])ins start, or give icay, i. e. the pins witli wliich \\\e 
planks of the vessel Avere fastened. * Ry others cunei is here supposed to 
eignify the strons: planking on the bottom of the ship, placed there to 
defend it aqainst the rocks. 

6 Spoliata tegmine cerse, deprived of its stoppage of wax — probably a 
clammy substance resembling wax used in caulking* ships. 

7 Resolutis nubibus, vhcn the clouds break up. 

8 Cava texta, the hollow ribs of the ship. 



VSO CEYX AND IIALCYONE. [boOK XI. 

Sic, ubi pulsarunt acres latera ardua fluctus, 120 

Vastius insurgens decimae niit impetus undae ;^ 
Nee prius absistit fessam oppugnare carinam, 
Quam velut in captae descendat moenia navis.^ 
Pars igitur tentabat adhuc invadere pinum, 
Pars maris intus erat. Trepidant baud segnius omnes, 125 
Quam solet urbs, aliis murum fodientibus extra, 
Atque aliis murum, trepidare, tenentibus intus. 
Deficit ars animique cadunt ; totidemque videntur, 
Quot veniunt fluctus, ruere atque iiTumpere mortes.^ 
Non tenet hie lacrimas ; stupet hie ; vocat ille beatos, 130 
Funera quos maneant ;'* hie votis numen adorat, 
Brachiaque ad caelum, quod non videt, irrita toUens 
Poscit opem ; subeunt^ illi fratresque parensque ; 
Huic cum pignoribus domus, et quod cuique relictum est. 
Haley one Ceyca mo vet ; Ceycis in ore 135 

Nulla nisi Halcyone est ; et, quum desideret unam, 
Gaudet abesse tamen. Patriae quoque vellet ad oras 
Respicere inque domum supremos vertere vultus ; 
Verum ubi sit nescit : tanta vertigine^ pontus 
Fervet, et inducta piceis e nubibus umbra, 140 

Omne latet coelum, duplicataque noctis imago est.^ 
Frangitur incursu nimbosi turbinis arbor,* 
Frangitur et regimen ; spoliisque animosa superstes 

1 Impetus decimas undae, the fury of the tenth wave. The Romans be- 
lieved that the tenth wave was always larger and more formidable than the 
preceding nine, an opinion which was also entertained by the Greeks. 
A. R. A. 473. 

2 In moenia navis velut captae, within the sides (walls) of the ship as if 
it had been taken. 

3 Totidem mortes, death in as many forms. 

4 Quos funera maneant, whom funeral'rites awaits i.e. who die on land. No 
form of death was more dreaded by the ancients than that by shipwreck. 
A.R. A. 409. 

5 Siibeunt, come irito his mind, occur to him cum pignoribus, with his 
dear pledges, i. e. his children. 

6 Tanta vertigine, with such agitation ,- umbra e piceis nubibus inducta, 
6y Cb shade of dark clouds drawn over it 

7 Imago noctis duplicata est, the image of night (for night) isdoubkd, 
i. e. the darkness is twice that of an ordinary night. 

8 Arbor et regimen frangitur incursu nimbosi turbinis, the mast and 
helm are shivered by the force of a violent gust qfwind. A. R. A. 343. 



FAB. X.] CEYX AND HALCYONE. 131 

Unda, velut victrix, sinuatas despicit undas.' 
Nee laevius, quam si quis Athon Pindumve, revulsos 145 
Sede sua, totos in apertum everteret sequor, 
Praeeipitata eadit, pariterque et poiidere et ictu 
Mergit in ima ratem f cum qua pars magna virorum 
Gurgite pressa gravi, neque in aera reddita, fato 
Functa suo est.^ Alii partes et membra carinae 1 50 
Trunca tenent. Tenet ipse manu, qua sceptra solebat, 
Fragmina navigii Ceyx, socerumque patremque 
Invocat, lieu ! frustra. Sed plurima^ nantis in ore 
Halcyone conjux. Illam meminitque refertque ; 
Illius ante oculos ut agant sua corpora fluctus, 155 

Optat, et exanimis manibus tumuletur amicis.^ 
Dum natat, absentem, quoties sinit hiscere fluctus, 
Nominat Halcyonen, ipsisque immurmurat undis.^ 
Ecce super medios fluctus niger arcus aquarum 
Frangitur, et rupta mersum caput obruit unda. 160 
Lucifer obscurus, nee quern cognoscere posses. 
Ilia nocte fuit ; quoniamque excedere coelo 
Non licuit, densis texit sua nubibus ora. 

^olis interea tantorum ignara malorum 
Dinumerat noctes ; et jam, quas induat ille, 1G5 

Festinat vestes ;^ jam quas, nbi venerit ille. 
Ipsa gerat ; reditusque sibi promittit inanes. 
Omnibus ilia quidem Superis pia thura ferebat ; 
Ante tamen cunctos Junonis templa colebat, 
Proque viro, qui nuUus erat,^ veniebat ad aras ; 170 

1 Undaque animosa spoliis siipertesque, velut victrix, despicit sinuatas 
undas, and the icave elated by the spoils (i e. the mast and helm which liad 
been shivered by it), and standing over them like a conqueress looks doicn 
upon the cxirving waves below. 

2 Mergit ratem in ima, siiiks the ship to the bottom. 

3 Functa est suo i2^.o, fulfilled their destiny, i. e. perished. 

4 (Est) plurima in ore (ejus) nantis, is most in his mouth as he swims. 

5 Et (ut) exanimis tumuletur amicis manibus, and that when dead he 
may be buried by her friendly hands. 

6 Iramurmuratque ipsis undis, and mutters it in the midst of the waten. 

7 Festinat vestes, quas ille iuduat, hastily p)'epaj'es clothes for him to put 
on ; ipsa gerat, she may herself wear. 

8 Qui erat nuUus, who was no longer, i. e. who was dead. 



132 CEYX AND H ALCYONE. [UOOK XI. 

Utque foret sospes conjux suus utque redii*et, 
Optabat, nullamque sibi prseferret. At Uli 
Hoc de tot votis poterat contingere solum.* 

At Dea non ultra pro functo morte rogari* 
Sustinet ; utque manus funestas arceat aris, 175 

Iri, meae, dixit, fidissima nuntia vocis, 
Vise soporiferam Somni velociter aulam, 
Exstinctique jube Ceycis imagine^ mittat 
Somnia ad Halcyonen, veros narrantia casus. 
Dixerat. Induitur velamina mille colorum ] 80 

Iris, et arquato coelum curvamine signans* 
Tecta petit jussi sub rupe latentia regis. 

Est prope Cimmerios longo spelunca recessu, 
Mons cavus, ignavi domus et penetralia Somni ; 
Quo nunquam radiis oriens mediusve cadensve 185 

Phoebus adire potest. Nebulae caligine mixtae 
Exhalantur humo dubiaeque crepuscula lucis. 
Non vigil ales^ ibi cristati cantibus oris 
Evocat Auroram ; nee voce silentia rumpunt 
Sollicitive canes, canibusve sagacior anser ; 1 90 

Non fera, non pecudes, non moti flamine rami, 
Humanaeve sonum reddunt convicia linguae f 
Muta quies habitat. Saxo tamen exit ab imo 
Rivus aquae Lethes, per quem cum murmure labens 
Invitat somnos crepitantibus unda lapillis. 195 

Ante fores antri fecunda papavera ilorent 
Innumeraeque lierbae, quarum de lacte' soporem 
Nox legit et spargit per opacas humida terras. 

1 Hoc (votum) solum, this last wish alone, viz. that he might prefer no 
other woman to herself. 

2 llogari pro {Iwm'me) fimcto morte, to he prayed to for a man who had 
undergone death ; funestas manus, folluted hands— us if they had been pol- 
luted by touching the dead body of her husband. 

3 Imagine Ceycis exstincti, in the form ofCepx who is dead. 

A Signans coelum arquato curvamine, marking the ski/ with a bending 
areh, i. e. forming an arch across the sky. 

5 Vigil ales, the ivakeful bird, i. e. the cock. 

6 Conviciave humanae linguae reddunt sonum, nor the clamours of a 
hinnnn tonijne produce an?/ noise. 

7 De lacte quarum, /ro?/i Vie juice of which. 



FAB. X.] CEYX AND HALCYONE. IflS 

Janua, quae verso stridorem cardine rcddat,* 

Nulla domo tota ; custos in limine nuUus. 200 

At medio torus est ebeno sublimis^ in antro, 

Plumeus, unicolor, pullo velamine tectus ; 

Quo cubat ipse Deus membris languore solutis.^ 

Hunc circa passim varias imitantia formas 

Somnia vana jacent totidem, quot messis aristas, 205 

Silva gerit frondes, ejectas litus arenas. 

Quo simul intravit, manibusque obstantia virgo 

Somnia dimovit ; vestis fulgore reluxit 

Sacra domus ; tardaque Deus gravitate jacentes* 

Vix oculos tollens, iterumque iterumque relabeiis 210 

Summaque percutiens nutanti pectora mento, 

Excussit^ tandem sibi se, cubitoque levatus, 

Quid veniat, cognovit enim, scitatur. At ilia : 

Sorane, quies rerum, placidissime, Somne, Deorum, 

Pax animi, quern cura fugit, qui corpora duris 215 

Fessa ministeriis mulces reparasque labori/ 

Somnia, quae veras tc quant imitamine" formas, 

Herculea Trachine jube sub imagine regis 

Halcyonen adeant, simulacraque naufraga fingant.^ 

Imperat hoc Juno. Postquam mandata peregit 220 

Iris, abit ; neque enim ulterius tolerare vaporis 

Vim poterat ; labique^ ut somnum sensit in artus, 

EfFagit et remeat per quos modo venerat arcus. 

At pater^^ e populo natorum mille suorum 
Excitat artificem simulatoremque figurse, 225 

1 Reddat stridorem verso cardine, to make a noise by the turning of the 
hinge. 

2 Sublimis ebeno, raised high on a frame of ivory. See 63. 

3 Membris solutis, with his livils rclaacd in sleep. 

4 Jacentes tarda gravitate, st(7ik in laugvid sleep. 

5 Excussit se sibi, shook off himself ^ i. cl sleef — roused himself. 

6 Qui mulees corpora fessa duris ministeriis reparasque labori, vho 
r^frefthest thetody iclren wearied with severe toils, avd recniitest it for labour. 

7 -Equant imitamine, equal by imitation , perfectly resefnl^k. 

8 Fingantque naufraga simulacra, assume the appearance vf one who hat 
been shipwrecked. 

9 Labi in artus, stealing over her limbs. 

10 Fater, i.e. Soninus; e populo, /ram the crowd. 

H 



134 CEYX AND HALCYONE. I^BOOK XI. 

Morphea. Non illo jussos solertius alter 

Exprimit incessus^ vultumque sonumque loquendi ; 

Adjicit et vestes et consuetissima cuique 

Verba. Sed hie solos homines imitatur ; at alter 

Fit fera, fit volucris, fit longo corpore serpens. 280 

Hunc Icelon Superi, mortale Phobetora valgus 

Nominat. Est etiam diversae tertius artis [bemque, 

Phantasos. Ille in humum saxumque undamque tra- 

Quaeque vacant anima, fallaciter omnia transit. 

Hegibus hi ducibusque suos ostendere vultus 285 

Nocte Solent ; populos alii plebemque pererrant. 

Praeterit hos senior f cunctisque e fratribus unum 

Morphea, qui peragat^ Thaumantidos edita, Somnus 

Eligit ; et rursus molli languore solutus 

Deposuitque caput, stratoque recondidit alto. 240 

Ille volat nullos strepitus facientibus alls 

Per tenebras, intraque mora? breve tempus in urbem 

Pcrvenit Haemoniam : positisque e corpore pennis 

In faciem Ceycis abit ; sumptaque figura 

Luridus, exsangui similis, sine vestibus ullis, 245 

Conjugis ante torum miserae stetit. Uda videtur 

Barba viri, madidisque gravis fluere unda capillis. 

Tum lecto incumbens, fletu super ora refuso 

Haec ait : Agnoscis Ceyca, miserrima conjux l 

An mea mutata est facies nece l respice ; nosces, 250 

Inveniesque tuo pro conjuge conjugis umbram. 

Nil opis, Halcyone, nobis tua vota tulerunt : 

Occidimus ; falso tibi me promittere noli.* 

Nubilus iEgaeo deprendit in aequore navim 

Auster et ingenti jactatam flamine solvit ; 255 

Oraque nostra, tuum frustra clamantia nomen, 

Implerunt fluctus, Non haec tibi nunciat auctor 



1 Exprimit jussos incessus, represents the gait ivJiich he was ordered. 

2 Senior praeterit hos, the aged pod jja^ses over tliese. 

3 Qui peragat edita, to execute the orders. 

4 Noli fals6 promittere me tibi, do not groundlcssly promise me to your- 
self, i. e. do not groundlesslv expect me to return. 



FAB. X.J CEYX AND HALCYONE. 335 

Ambiguus ;^ non ista vagis rumoribus audis ; 

Ipse ego fata tibi praesens mea naufragus edo. 

Surge, age, da lacrimas, lugubriaque indue,^ nee me 260 

Indeploratum sub inania Tartara mitte. 

Adjicit his vocem Morpheus, quam conjugis'^ ilia 

Crederet esse sui ; fletus quo que fundere veros 

Visus erat, gestumque manus Ceycis habebat. 

Ingemit Halcyone, lacrimas movet atque lacertos'* 265 

Per somnum, corpusque petens amplectitur auras, 

Exclamatque, Mane. Quo te rapis I ibimus una. 

Voce sua specieque viri turbata soporem 

Excutit, et primo si sit circumspicit illic, 

Qua modo visus erat : nam moti voce ministri 270 

Intulerant lumen. Postquam non invenit usquam ; 

Percutit ora manu, laniatque a pectore vestes, 

Pectoraque ipsa ferit. Nee crines solvere curat ; 

Scindit ; et altrici, quae luctus causa,'^ roganti 

Nulla est Halcyone, nulla est, ait : occidit una 275 

Cum Ceyce suo. Solantia tollite verba. 

Naufragus interiit. Vidi agnovique, manusque 

Ad discedentem, cupiens retinere, tetendi : 

Umbra fuit ; sed et umbra tamen manifesta'' virique 

Vera mei. Non ille quidem, si quaeris, habebat 280 

Assuetos vultus, nee, quo prius ore, nitebat. 

Pallentem nudumque et adhuc humente capillo 

Infelix vidi. Stetit hoc miserabilis ipso 

Ecce loco ; et quaerit, vestigia si qua supersint." 

Hoc erat, hoc, animo quod divinante timebam, 285 

1 Ambi^^us auctor, a questionable messenger ; ego ipse naufragus edo 
tibi praesens mea fata, / the very individual xcho suffered shipwreck 
announce to you in person my fate. 

2 Indue lugubria (vestimenta) , put on mourning, i. e. black clothes, 
A. R. A. 422. 

3 Esse {vocem) sui conjugis, to be the voice of h^ husband. 

4 Movet lacrimas atque lacertos, for (emittit) lacrimas atque movet la- 
certos, sheds tears and moves her arms. 

5 Quae (sit) causa luctus, what is the cause of her grief; est nulla, is rw) 
more, is undone. 

6 Manifesta veraque umbra, the undoubted and real ghost. 

7 Si qua vestigia supersint if any footmarks are kfU • 



136 CEYX AND HALCYONE. [boOK XI. 

Et lie, me fugiens, ventos sequerere rogabam. 

At certe vellem, quoniam periturus abibas, 

Me quoque duxisses. Fuit, ab fuit utile, tecum 

Ire mihi : neque enim de vitse tempore quicquam 

Non simul egissem,^ nee mors discreta fuisset. 290 

Nunc absens peril, jactor quoque fluctibus absens, 

Et sine me me pontus babet. Crudelior ipso 

Sit mibi mens pelago, si vitam ducere nitar 

Longius, et tanto pugnem superesse dolori. 

Sed neque pugnabo, nee te, miserande, relinquam ; 295 

Et tibi nunc saltem veniam comes f inque sepulcbro, 

Si non urna, tamen junget nos litera ; si non 

Ossibus ossa meis, at nomen nomine tangain. 

Plura dolor probibet, verboque intervenit omni 

Plangor,^ et attonito gemitus a corde trahuntur. 300 

Mane erat : egreditur tectis ad litus, et ilium 
Moesta locum repetit, de quo spectarat euntem. 
Dumque moratur ibi, dumque, Hinc retinacula solvit ;'' 
Hoc mihi discedens dedit oscula litore, dicit, 
Dumque notata oculis reminiscitur' acta, fretumque 305 
Prospicit ; in liquida spatio distante tuetur 
Nescio quid quasi corpus*" aqua ; primoque, quid illud 
Esset, erat dubium. Postquam paulo appulit unda, 
Et, quamvis abcrat, corpus tamen esse liquebat ;" 
Quis foret ignorans, quia naufragus, omine mota est, 310 
Et, tanquam ignoto lacrimas daret, Heu ! miser, inquit, 
Quisquis es, et si qua est conjux tibi ! Fluctibus actum 

1 Neque enim egissem qulconam de tempore vita? non simul, for neither 
would I have spent any part of the timeofmy life not with you. 

2 Et veniam saltem comes tibi, I will come at least as your companion; 
litera, an inscription, an epitaph. 

3 Plangor intervenit omni verbo, wailing (blows on the breast) intei'ruptf 
every word. A. R. A. 414. 

4 Ilinc solvit retinacula, /rom this spot he loosed the cables. 

6 Dumque reminiscitur acta notata oculis, for notat (loca) oculis et re- 
miniscitur acta, and while she observes the places with her eyes and calls to 
viind what had happened tfiere. 

6 Nescio quid quasi corpus, something, I know not whaty resembling a 
body. 

7 Liquebat tamen esse corpus, yet it was clear that it was a body. 



FAB. X.] CEYX AND HALCYONE. 157 

Fit propius corpus. Quod quo magis ilia tuetur, 

Hoc mrnus et minus est mentis.^ Jam jamque propinquae 

Admotum ternt, jam quod cognoscere posset,'^ 815 

Ceriiit : erat conjux. Ille est, exclamat, et una 

Ora comas vestem lacerat ; tendensque trementes 

Ad Ceyca manus, Sic, o carissime conjux, 

Sic ad me, miserande, redis ? ait. Adjacet undis 

Facta manu moles, quae primas aequoris iras 320 

Frangit, et incursus quae praedelassat aquarum.^ 

Insilit hue ; mirumque fuit potuisse : volabat ; 

Percutiensque levem mod 6 natis aera pennis, 

Stringebat summas ales miserabilis undas."* 

Dumque volat, moesto similem plenumque qucrelae 825 

Ora dedere sonum tenui crepitantia rostro. 

Ut vero tetigit mutum et sine sanguine corpus ; 

Dilectos artus amplexa recentibus alis, 

Frigida nequicquam duro dedit oscula rostro. 

Senserit^ hoc Ceyx an vultum motibus undae 880 

Tollere sit visus, populus dubitabat ; at ille 

Senserat ; et tandem, Superis miserantibus, ambo 

Alite mutantur. Fatis obnoxius isdem 

Tunc quoque mansit amor, nee conjugiale solutum 

Foedus in alitibus ; coeunt fiuntque parentes ; SSo 

Perque dies placidos hiberno tempore septem 

Incubat Halcyone pendentibus aequore nidis.^ 

Turn via tuta maris ; ventos custodit et arcet 

iEolus egressu, praestatque nepotibus aequor.^ 

1 Hoc minOs et miniis mentis est, the less and less of reason remains, 

2 Jam quod posset cognoscere, now so that she could distingiiUh it. 

3 Praedelassat incursus aquarum, weakens the fury of the waves. 

4 Miserabilis ales stringebat summas undas, now a miserable bird, she 
skimmed along the surface of the watei\ 

5 (Utrum) Ceyx senserit hoc, whether Ccpx was sensible of this. 

6 Incubat nidis pendentibus aequore, she broods upo?i her nest suspended 
an the sea. 

7 Praestatque aequor nepotibus, renders the sea safe to his grandchildren t 
i. e. to the young of Ceyx and Halcyone. 



II 2 



188 AJAX AND ULYSSES. [bOOK XIII. 

BOOK XIII. 
Fab. I. — Ajax and Ulysses. 

CoNSEDERE duces/ et, vulgi stante corona, 
Surgit ad hos clypei dominus septemplicis Ajax ; 
Utque erat imp aliens irse, Sigeia torvo 
Litora respexit'^ classemque in litore vultu, 
Intendensque manus, Agimus, pro Jupiter ! inquit, 5 
Ante rates causam f et mecum confertur Ulixes ! 
At non Hectoreis dubitavit cedere"^ flammis, 
Qiias ego sustinui, quas hac a classe fugavi. 
Tutius est igitur fictis contendere verbis,^ 
jQ,uam pugnare manu. Sed nee mihi dicere^ promptum, 10 
Nee facere est isti ; quantumque ego Marte feroci, 
Quantum acie valeo, tantum valet iste loquendo. 
Nee memoranda^ tamen vobis mca facta, Pelasgi, 
Esse reor : vidistis enim ; sua narret Ulixes, 
Quae sine teste gerit, quorum nox conscia sola est. ] 5 
Praemia magna peti fateor ; sed demit honorem 
jEmulus. Ajaci non est tenuisse superbum,^ 
Sit licet hoc ingens, quicquid speravit Ulixes. 
Iste tulit pretium jam nunc certaminis liujus ; 

1 Duces, the leaders of the Greeks, viz. Agamemnon, Menelaus, Nestor, 
&c. ; corona vulgi stante, while a circle of the common soldiers stood round. 

2 Respexit Sigeia litora, looked away from the judges towards Oie Sigean 
shore — because indignant at the insult offered to him, by Ulysses being al- 
lowed to contend with him for the armour of Achilles. 

3 Agimus causam ante rates, do we plead our cause before the ships? i. e. 
before the ships which I defended agamst Hector, when he defeated the 
Greeks under Ulysses, and when he was proceeding to set them on tire. 

4 At non dubitavit cedere, and pet he scrupled not to yield — when Hector 
attempted to set fire to the fleet, but was prevented by me. 

5 Fictis verbis, with artful^ or plausible w^onis— contemptuously aimed 
at the eloquence of Ulysses. 

6 Dicere, to speak, to excel in eloquence; facere, to act^ to excel inaction,- 
iflti, that fellow — implying contempt. 

7 Nee memoranda \esse) vobis, require not to be enumerated to you. 

8 Non est Buperbura Ajaci tenuisse, it is no honour for Ajax to hav< 
obtained. 



FAB. I.] AJAX AND ULYSSES. 139 

Quo qiiiim victus erit, mecum ccrtasse feretur. 20 

Atque ego, si viptiis in me dubitabilis esset/ 

NobilitatejpjiDtens essem, Telamone creatus, 

Moenia qui forti Trojana sub Hercule cepit, 

Litoraque intravit Pagasaea Colcha carina. 

-^acus huic pater est, qui jura Silentibus" illic 25 

Keddit, ubi ^oliden saxum grave Sisyphon urget.^^ 

jEacou agnoscit summus prolemque fatetur 

Jupiter esse suam. Sic ab Jove tertius Ajax. 

Nee tamen* haec series in causa prosit, Acbivi, 

Si mibi cum magiio non est communis Acliille. 30 

Frater erat :"^ fratema peto. Quid sanguine cretus 

Sisyphio, furtisque et f'raude simillimus illi, 

Inserit ^Eacidis aliense nomina gentis f 

An, quod in arma prior nulloque sub indice" veni, 

Arma neganda mihi l potiorque videbitur ille. So 

Ultima^ qui cepit detrectavitque furore 

IMilitiam ficto ; donee solertior isto, 

Sed sibi inutilior, timidi commenta retexit 

Naupliades animi vitataque traxit ad arma l 

Optima nunc sumat, qui sumere noluit ulla ; 40 

Nos inhonorati et donis patruelibus orbi,^ 

Obtulimus quia nos ad prima pericula, simus I 

Atque utinam aut verus iiiror ille aut creditus^^ esset, 

1 Si virtus in me esset dubitabilis, if mi/ valour vxre questionahle ; e&- 
sem potens, should prevail. 

2 Silentibus, See o, 6, 16. 

3 Urget Sisyphon, distresses Sisi/phws. Sisyphus is particularly men- 
tione<l here, because he was alleged by some to be the father of IJlysses, 
The contrast between the judge and the condemned felon is very striking. 

4 Nee tamen hsec series prosit {mihi) in causa, let not, however, this de- 
scent avail me in tite prcsoU cause. 

5 Erat frater, he was my cousin, Peleus and Telamon, the fathers of 
Achilles and Ajax, were brothers. The term frater is sometimes used to 
denote a cousin. See 1, 8, 40. Fratema, what belonacd to my cousin. 

() Inserit nomina aliens? gentis ^acidis, intrude the name of a strantje 
fainily among the JEacidce, i. e. claim kindred with Achilles ana myself. 

7 Sub nulfo indice, /t>ra'(i by no i)\former. See Palamedes. 

8 Qui cepit ultima {arma), who took up arjns last. 

9 Orbi patruelibus donis, depriied of a present which belonged to mjf 
cmisin,- obtulimus, exposed. 

10 Verus aut creditus, real or believed to be to. 



140 AJAX AND ULYSSES. [bOOK XIII. 

Nec comes hie Phrygias unquam venissct ad arces 
Hortator scclerum ; non te, Pa\antia proles, 45 

Expositum Lemnos nostro cum crimiiie^ haberet : 
(iui nunc, ut memorant, silvcstribus abditus antris, 
Saxa moves gemitu, Laertiadaeque precaris, 
QuiE meruit : qua?, si Di sunt, non vana preceris.,^ 
Et nunc ille eadem nobis juratus in arma,^ 50 

lieu, pars una ducum, quo successore^ sagittae 
Ilerculis utuntur, fractus morboque fameque, 
Velaturque aliturque avibus ; volucresque petendo 
Debita^ Trojanis exercet spicula fatis. 
Ille tamen vivit, quia non comitavit Ulixen. 55 

Mallet et infelix Palamedes esse relictus : 
Viveret, aut certe letum sine crimine* haberet. 
Q,uem male convicti nimium mcmor iste furoris^ 
Prodere rem Danaam finxit, iictumque probavit 
Crimen, et ostendit, quod jam proefoderat, aurum. 60 
Ergo aut exsilio vires subduxit Achivis,^ 
Aut nece : sic pugnat, sic est metuendus Ulixes. 
Qui, licet eloquio iidum quoque Nestora vincat, 
Hand tamen efficiet, desertum ut Nestora crimen* 
Esse rear nullum : qui, quum imploraret Ulixen 05 
Vulnere tardus equi fessusque senilibus annis, 
Proditus a socio est. Non hcec mihi crimina fingi, 

1 Expositum cum nostro crimine, landed there to our great reproach. 

2 Illo juratus in eadem arnia nobis, he who has sworn to the samearm4 
with us. A. R. A. 3 12. Nobis is here in the dative, and under tlie govern- 
ment of eadem ; ima pars, one and that a distinguished part. 

3 Quo successore. whom a^ their successive owner. 

4 Debita Trojanis fatis, destined by the fates for the destruction of Troy. 
. A. R. A. 229. Philoctetes had received from Hercules, at his death, his bow 

and poisoned arrows, without which the oracle had declared that Troy 
could not be taken. 

5 Sine crimine, withoid a charge qf treason, i. e. of attempting to betray 
the Grecian army. See Palamedes. 

() Furoris male convicti, cfhis pretended madness which he had detected 
to his loss. 

7 Subduxit vires Achivis, has deprived the Greeks of their strength— by caus- 
ing Philoctetes to be left on the island of Lenmos, and Paliunedes to be put 
to death. 

8 Nestora desertum esse nullum crimen, that the forsaking of Nestor was 
no crime. When the Greeks had fled in alarm at the thunderbolt of Jupi- 



FAB. I.J AJAX AND ULYSSES. 141 

Scit bene TyJides, qui nomine saepe vocatum 

Corripuit, trepidoque fugani exprobravit amico. 

Adspiciunt oculis Superi mortal iajustis. 70. 

En eget auxilio, qui non tulit ; atque reliquit, 

Sic linquendus crat : legem sibi dixerat ipse.^ 

Conclamat socios : adsum, videoque trementem 

Pallentemque metu et trepidantem morte futura.''^ 

Opposui molem clypei,^ texique jacentem, 75 

Servavique animam, minimum est hoc laudis, inertem. 

Si perstas certare ; locum redeamus in ilium : 

Redde liostem vulnusque tuum solitumque timorem, 

Post clypeumque late, et mecum contende sub illo. 

At postquam eripui, cui standi vulnera vires 80 

Non dederant/ nullo tardatus vulnere fugit. 

Hector adest, secumque Deos^ in proelia ducit ; 

Quaque ruit, non tu tantum terreris, Ulixe, 

Sed fortes etiam : tantum trahit ille timoris. 

Hunc ego sanguineae successu csedis ovantem 85 

Cominus ingenti resupinum pondere fudi.^ 

Hunc ego poscentem, cum quo concurrcret/ unus 

Sustinui ; sortemque meam vovistis,* Achivi, 



ter, Nestor was unable to accompany them in consequence of his horse 
having been wounded by Paris ; and Diomedes, fearing that the aged chief 
might fall into the hands of the Trojans, called Ulysses to his assistance- 
Ulysses, however, disregarded the call, and took refuge in the Grecian camp. 

1 Ipse dixerat legem sibi, he had prescribed the rule to he observed to- 
wards himself, i. e. he had set an example in abandoning Nestor which ought 
to have been followed in his own case. 

2 Futura mt)rte, at the death which awaited him. 

3 Molem cl^-pei, the bidk ofmij shield, my larrje shield. A. It. A. 3<»G. 

4 Cui vulnera non dederant vires standi, though his wounds had not kfl 
him strength to stand. 

5 Deos, the gods. Apollo was sent by Jupiter, covered with a cloud, and 
armed \vith the a?gis which Vulcan had made for him, to attend Hector, 
and so alarmed the Greeks that they immediately fled. 

G Fudi resupinum ingenti pondere, / laid him prostrate on his hack with 
a huge stone. 

7 Poscentem (hominem) cum quo concurreret, demanding one with whom 
he miqhtfujht; challenging any one to fight him. 

8 Vovistis meam sortem, tvi shed for my lot, i. e. wished that the lot might 

fh.ll upon me ; that my lot might be drawn out of the helmet in which tho 
ots had been put. On this occasion nine chiefs presented their claims, and 
tlvere were therefore nine lots put into the helmet A. R. A. 243. 



!42 AJAX AND ULYSSES. [bOOK XIII. 

Et vcstrac valuere prcccs. Si quaeritis hujus 

Fortunam pugna? ; non sum superatus ab illo. 00 

Ecce ferunt Trotis ferrumque ignemque Jovcmque 

In Danaas classes : ubi nunc facundus Ulixcs I 

Nempe ego mille meo protexi pcctore puppes, 

Spem vcstri rcditus. Date tot pro navibus arma.* 

Quod si vera licet mihi dicere ; qua^ritur istis, 95 

Quam mihi, major honos, conjunctaque gloria nostra est, 

Atquc Ajax armis,''^ non Ajaci arma petuntur. 

Conferat his' Ithacus Rhesum imbellemquc Dolona 

Priamidenque Helenum rapta cum Pallade captum. 

Luce nihil gestum, nihil est Diomede remoto. 100 

Si semel ista datis mcritis tam vilibus arma ; 

Dividite, et major pars sit Diomedis in illis. 

Quo tamen ha^c Itliaco,'^ qui clam, qui semper inermis 

Rem gerit, et furtis incautum decipit hostem I 

Ipse nitor galea? claro radian tis ab auro 1 05 

Insidias prodct, manifestabitque latentem. 

Sed ncque Dulichius sub Achillis ca&side vertex 

Pondera tanta feret ; nee non onerosa gravisque 

Pelias esse potest imbellibus hasta lacertis ; 

Nee clypcus, vasti cajlatus imagine mundi,^ 110 

Conveniet timidic nata:que ad furta sinistra. 

Debilitaturum quid te petis, improbc, munus I 

Quod tibi si populi donaverit error Acliivi ; 

Cur spolieris, erit f' non, cur metuaris ab lioste. 

Et fuga, qua sola cunctos, timidissime, vincis, 115 

1 Date arma pro tot navibus, give me the armg for having preserved so 
many ships. 

2 Ajax petitur armis, an Ajax is sought for the arms, i.e. to do them 
honour by rcyjoivin^ them. 

3 His, wi/h these achievements — those wl)ich have been enumerated. 

4 Q,u() (sunt) haec (arma) Itliaco, of what use arc Ih^se arms to the Itha- 
can, i. e. to Ubfsscs? Quo is here used fur quoi, the ohl form of the dative, 
and is to he taken in the sense of cui bono, of what advantage. 

5 Cfclatus imagine vasti mundi, having a representation of the vast world 
engraved upon it. Of tliis shield, wliich was made by Vulcan, Uomer has 
t^iven a minute and beautiful description. 11. 1J{, 474 — OOrn 

(f Krit, cur spolieris, it will be a reason why you should be plundered ; it 
will lead to your beinjf plundered- 



FAB. 1.] AJAX AND ULYSSES. l43 

Tarda futura tibi est, gestamina tanta trahenti. 
Adde, quod iste tuus, tain raro proelia passus, 
Integer est clypeus ; nostro, qui tela ferendo 
Mille patet plagis, novus est successor habendus.^ 
Denique, quid verbis opus est l spectemur agendo : 120 
Arma viri fortis medios mittantur in hostes ; 
Inde jubete peti, et referentem ornate relatis.* 
Finierat Tclamone satus, vulgique secutum 
Ultima^ murmur erat ; donee Laertius heros 
Adstitit, atque oculos paulum tellure moratos 125 

Sustulit ad proceres, exspectatoque resolvit 
Ora sono ; neque abest facundis gratia^ dictis. 
Si mea cum vestris valuissent vota, Pelasgi, 
Non foret ambiguus tanti certaminis heres, 
Tuque tuis armis/ nos te poteremur, Achille. 130 

Quem quoniam non aequa milii vobisque negarunt 
Fata ; manuque simul veluti lacrimantia tersit 
Lumina ; quis magno melius succedat Acliilli, 
Quam per quem magnus Danais successit Achilles l^ 
Huic modo ne prosit, qu6d,ut est, hebes esse videtur ;" 135 
Neve milii noceat, quod vobis semper, Achivi, 
Profuit ingenium ; meaque haec facundia, si qua est, 
Qute nunc pro domino, pro vobis seepe locuta est, 
luvidia careat ; bona nee sua quisque recuset.^ 

1 Novus successor habendus est iiostro (clypeo), a new successor must he 
had to my shield, i. e. a new shield must take the i)Iace of mine, "which ia 
pierced with a tliousand holes. 

2 Ornate (eum) referentem (arma, armis) relatis, adorn the man who 
brings back the arms, with the arms which he has brought back. 

3 Ultima {verba), his last words ; the conclusion o/'his address. 

4 Gratia, gracefulness of action. 

5 Tuque, Achille, (potereris) tuis armis, and you, Achilles, wo^dd now 
enjoy your armour. A. ]?. A. 300. 

6 Per quem magnus Achilles successit Danais, than he by whose means 
the great Achilles joined the Greeks. Achilles had taken refuge with Lyco- 
medes, king of ^cyros, and was there discovered by Ulysses, disguised m a 
female dress. See Achilles. 

7 Ne prosit huic, quod videtur esse hebcs, ut est, let it not avail this 
fellow that he seems to be stupid as he really is. 

8 Nee quisque rccuset sua bora, and let no one reject, or leave unem- 
ployed, acconiplishmcnts which are really his vun, i.e. which lie has ac- 
quired for himself— in opposition to the accidents of birth and fortune. 



144 AJAX AND ULYSSES. [boOK XIII. 

Nam genus et proavos et quae non fecimus ipsi, 140 

Vix ea nostra voco. Sed enim, quia retulit Ajax 
Esse Jovis pronepos,^ nostri quoque sanguinis auctor 
Jupiter est, totidemque gradus distamus ab illo. 
Nam mihi Laertes pater est, Arcesius illi, 
Jupiter liuic : neque in his quisquam damnatus et 
exsul.'^ 145 

Est quoque per matrem Cyllenius addita nobis 
Altera nobilitas :^ Deus est in utroque parente. 
Sed neque materno quod sum generosior ortu. 
Nee mihi quod pater est fraterni sanguinis insons,* 
Proposita arma peto : meritis expendite causam. 150 
Diimmodo, quod fratres Telamon Peleusque fuerunt, 
Ajacis meritum non sit ; nee sanguinis ordo^ 
Sed virtutis honos spoliis quaeratur in istis. 
Aut si proximitas primusque requiritur heres ; 
Est genitor Peleus, est Pyrrhus filius illi : 155 

Quis locus Ajaci 1 Phthiam Scyronve ferantur. 
Nee minus est isto Teucer patruelis Achilli. 
Num petit ille tamen l num, si petat, auferat arma I 
Ergo operum quoniam nudum certamen habetur :^ 
Plura quidem feci, quam quee comprendere dictis 1 60 
In promptu mihi sit ; rerum tamen ordine ducar." 
Praescia venturi genitrix Nereia leti 
Dissimulat cultu natum :^ et deceperat omnes. 
In quibus Ajacem, sumptae fallacia vestis. 

1 Retulit esse pronepos Jovis, has told you that he is the great-grandson 
of Jupiter. The nominative is here used in imitation of the Greeii, instead 
of the accusative, se esse pronepotem. 

2 Neque quisquam in his erat damnatus et exsul, nor was ani/ 07}e oj 
them condemned and an exile. Ulysses here alludes to the banishment of 
Peleus and Telamon by their fjxther -£acus, for having accidentally killed 
their brother Phocus with a quoit. 

3 Altera nobilitas, a second claim to nohilitjf. See Anticlea. 

4 Insons fraterni sanguinis, innocent of his brother's blood. See 145. 

5 Ordo sanguinis, oi'dcr of descent, propinquity of blood. See 29. 

6 Quoniam nudum certamen operum habetur, since this is nurely a con- 
test in achievements — not for nobility of descent. 

7 Ducar ordine rerum, 1 shall be' guided by the order of the actions ^ \. e. 
I shall enumerate them in chronological order. 

8 Dissimulat natum cultu, disguises her son by a female dre^s. 



FAB. I.J AOAX AND ULYSSES. 145 

Arma ego femineis, animum motura^ virilem, 1C5 

Mercibus inserui ; neque adhuc projecerat heros 
Virgineos habitus, quum parmam hastamque tenenti, 
Nate Dea, dixi, tibi se peritura reservant^ 
Pergama : quid dubitas ingentem evertere Trojam l 
Injecique manum^ fortemque ad fortia misi. ] 70 

Ergo opera illius mea sunt. Ego Telephon hasta 
Pugnantem domui ; victum orantemque refeci."^ 
Quod Thebai cecidere, meum est ; me credite Lesbon, 
Me Tenedon Chrysenque et Cyllan, Apollinis urbes, 
Et Scyron cepisse : mea concussa putate 175 

Procubuisse solo Lyrnesia moenia dextra. 
Utque alios taceam : qui ssevum perdere posset 
Hectora, nempe dedi :^ per me jacet inclytus Hector. 
lUis haec armis, quibus est inventus Achilles, 
Anna peto :^ vivo dederam, post fata reposco. 180 

Ut dolor unius^ Danaos pervenit ad omnes, 
Aulidaque Euboicam complerunt mille carinae ; 
Exspectata diu, nulla aut contraria classi 
Flamina sunt ; durseque jubent Agamemnona sortes^ 
Immeritam saevae natam mactare Dianae. 185 

Denegat hoc genitor, Divisque irascitur ipsis, 
Atque in rege tamen pater est.^ Ego mite parentis 
Ingenium verbis ad publica commoda verti. 
Hanc equidem fateor, fassoque ignoscat Atrides, 

1 Ego inserui femineis mercibus arma motura, I introduced among 
female wares arms likely to excite, i. e. a shield and spear among implements 
for spinning and weaving. Sn- IpliiL-^' nin. 

2 Reservant se tibi, reserves itself for you. 

3 Injeci manum, / laid my hands on Jiim, i. e. claimed him as my pri- 
soner. A. R. A. 188. Ad fortia, to the performance of brave actions, 

4 Refeci, restored, healed. See Telcphus. 

5 Nerape dedi (hominem), qui posset perdere, I certainly furnished you 
with a man who could kill. 

6 Peto hajc arma illis armis, I ask these arms in return for those. The 
statement in the following clause seems not to correspond with this. The 
poet probably studied effect rather than a strict adherence to truth. 

7 Unius, of one, i. e. Menelaus. 

8 Durae sortes, the cruel oracle, i. e. the response of Calchas. A. R. A. 
243. Immeritam, innocent. 

9 Atque pater tamen est in rege, a7id though a king is nevertheless a 
father; and in the king there is neverUieless Vie affection of a father. 

I 



146 AJAX AND ULYSSES. [bOOK XIII. 

Difficilem tenui sub iniquo judice^ causam. IIK) 

Hunc tamen utilitas populi fraterque datique 

Summa mo vet sceptri,'^ laudem ut cum sanguine penset, 

Mittor et ad matrem, quse non hortanda, sed astu^ 

Decipienda fuit. Quo si Telamonius isset, 

Orba suis essent etiamnum lintea ventis.* 1D5 

Mittor et Iliacas audax orator ad arces ; 

Visaque et intrata est altse mihi curia Trojae ; 

Plenaque adhuc erat ilia viris. Interritus egi, 

Quam mihi mandarat communis Grsecia, causam, 

A-Ccusoque Parin, prsedamque Helenamque reposco ;^ 200 

Et moveo Priamum Priamoque Antenora junctum. 

At Paris et fratres et, qui rapuere sub illo, 

Vix tenuere manus, scis hoc, Menelae, nefandas ; 

Primaque lux nostri tecum fuit ilia pericli. 

Longa referre mora est, quae consilioque manuque 205 

Utiliter feci spatiosi tempore belli.^ 

Post acies prim as urbis se moenibus hostes 

Continuere diu, nee aperti copia Martis 

Ulla fuit ; decimo demum pugnavimus anno. 

Quid facis interea, qui nil nisi proelia nosti I 210 

Quis tuus usus erat I nam si mea facta requiris ; 

Hostibus insidior ; fossas munimine cingo ; 

Consolor socios, ut longi taedia belli 

Mente ferant placid a ; doceo quo simus alendi 



1 Tenui sub iniquo judice, I gained before a partial judge, i. e. before 
Agamemnon, who was opposed to the sacrificing of his daughter Iphigenia, 

2 Summaque sceptri dati movet, ut penset laudem cum sanguine, and the 
supreme power of the sceptre which had been conferred upon him induces 
him to we^.gh praise in the balance ivith blood, i. e. to purchase glory by the 
sacrifice of his daughter. Agamemnon had been invested by the Greeks 
with the of&ce of commander-in-chief, the badge of which office was a 
sceptre. 

3 Astu, bj/ cunning. Ulysses prevailed upon Clytemnestra to send her 
daughter along with him, by assuring her that she had been espoused by her 
father to Achilles. 

4 Orba suis ventis, without favourable winds. A. R. A. 337. 

5 Reposco prajdamque Helenamque, / demand back both the plunder 
and Helen, i. e. Helen and the valuable plunder which be had carried otf 
along with her. 

(0 Tempore spatiosi belli, during the time of the long war. See Troja. 



FAB. I.] AJAX AND ULYSSES. 147 

Armandive modo ; mittor quo postulat usus. 215 

Ecce, Jovis monitu deceptus imagine somni,^ 

Rex jubet incepti curam dimittere belli. 

Ule potest, auctore'^ suam defendere causam. 

Non sinat hoc Ajax delendaque Pergama poscat, 

Quodque potest,^ piignet. Cur non remoratur ituros ? 

Cur non arma capit I det, quod vaga turba sequatur."* 221 

Non erat hoc nimium nunquam nisi magna loquenti. 

Quid, quod^ et ipse fugit I vidi, puduitque videre, 

Quum tu terga dares inhonestaque vela parares. 

Nee mora, Quid facitis I quae vos dementia, dixi, 225 

Concitat, o socii, captam dimittere Trojam l 

Quidve domum fertis decimo nisi dedecus anno ] 

Talibus atque aliis, in quae dolor ipse disertum 

Fecerat,^ aversos profuga de classe reduxi. 

Convocat Atrides socios terrore paventes : 220 

Nee Telamoniades etiam nunc hiscere quicquam^ 

Audet ; et ausus erat reges incessere dictis^ 

Thersites, etiam per me baud impune, protervis. 

Erigor et trepidos cives exhortor in hostem, 

Amissamque me a virtu t em voce repose o. 285 

Tempore ab hoc, quodcumque potest fecisse videri 

Fortiter iste, meum est, qui dantem terga rctraxi. 

Denique de Danais quis te laudatve petitve 1^ 

At sua Tydides mecum communicat acta ; 

Me probat, et socio semper confidit Ulixe. 240 

1 Deceptus imagine somni, being deceived by a vision in his sleep, i. e. b]/ 
a dream. 

2 Auctore, by the author of it, i. e. on the authority of Jupiter. 

3 Quod potest, tchat alone he can do. The whole of this sentence is 
spoken ironically, and for the purpose of turning into ridicule the military 
prowess of Ajax. 

4 Det, quod vaga turba sequatur, lei him give an advice which the fickle 
croiod may follow. 

5 Quid, quod, &c. See 5, 8, 67. 

6 In quae dolor ipse fecerat me disertum, /or which grief itself had made 
me, eloquent. 

7 Hiscere quicquam, to idler any thing, to speak at all. 

8 Incessere reges protervis dictis, to assail the chlfs (principally Aga- 
memnon) with insolent language. 

9 Petitve te Icomitem), or chooses you as his companion* 



148 AJAX AND ULYSSES. [bOOR xm. 

Est aliqiiid, de tot Graiorum inillibus unum 

A Dioniedo logi.* Nee me sors ire jubcbat : 

Sic tamcn et spreto noctisiiue liostisquc periclo 

Aiisum cadcm, quae nos, Phryp^ia di^ gcnte Dolona 

Intcriino ; iiou ante tameii, qiiam cuiicta coegi 245 

Prodcre, et edidici quid pcrlida Troja pararet. 

Omnia cognoram, nee, quod 8])Ccularer, habebam ;^ 

Et jam promissa potcram eum biude rcverti. 

Hand eontcntus ea, petii tentoria lilicsi, 

Inquc suis ipsum castris comitcsque pcremi ; 250 

Atquc ita captivo victor votisquc potitus 

Ingredior curru la?tos imitante triumphos.' 

Cujus equos ])retium pro nocte poposcerat hostis/ 

Anna negate mibi, iueritque benignior Ajax.^ 

Q.uid Lycii referam Sarpedonis agmina ferro 255 

Devastata meo l <][uum nuilto sanguine fudi 

Ctrranon Iphitiden, et Alastoi-aque Cbromiumque 

Alcandrumque Ilaliumque Noemonaque Prytaninque, 

Exitioque dedi cum Cbersidamante Tboona, 

Et Cbaropcm fatisque immitibus Ennomon actum/' 2G0 

Quique minus celeb res nostra sub mocnibus urbis 

Procubuere manu. Sunt et mibi vulnora, cives, 

Ipso pulebra loco :^ nee van is credite verbis ; 

Adsj)icite en ! vcstemquc manu deducit, et, IIa?c sunt 

1 I.cgi umim a Dioincde, to he (he onJu person scleetcd hi/ Diomcdes. 

2 Noc habebam quod, spociilaror, norhad 1 ani/ Utinn farther to examine. 

3 Ingredior curru iniitanto hrtos triunij^hos, / ride in (enter) a chariot in 
imitation of a joy fid triumph, i. e. 1 return in triumph totliecamp. Ovid, 
from this expression, seems to have forgotten that Ulysses was a Greek. 
A.U. A.32r». 

4 ("ujus ecjuos hostis poposcerat pretimn pro nocte, tehose horses the ene- 
vnj (l)o'lon) had demanded as his iTivard for that nicjJU's sereice. Dolon, 
before leaving Troy, had ])rcvailed upon 1 lector to promise him the horses 
and chariot of Acliilles, as a reward for exploring the enemy's camp. 

5 Ajaxquo fuerit benignior, and Ajax tei/l hare been more Just than mu. 
There seems to be here a reference to line 102, where Ajax says, that if the 
arms of Achilles are given to Ulysses at all, they ought to bo divided 
between him and Diomcdes. 

() Actmu innuitibus fulis, driven on (to destruction) 6y the c^-uclfattf 
A. U. A. 22!). 

7 Tulchra ipso loco, honourahh' from their very position, i. c. in \ 
breast: wounds in the bacJv were considered dishonourable. 



FAB. I.J AJAX AND ULYSSES. 149 

Pcctora semper, ait, vestris exercita rebus. 2G5 

At niliil impenclit per tot Telamonius aiinos 

Sanguinis in socios, et habet sine vulnere corpus. 

Quid tamen hoc refert,* si se pro classe Pelasga 

Arma tulisse refert contra Troasque Jovenique \ 

Confiteorque, tulit : neque enim benefacta maligne'^ 270 

Petrectarc nieum est ; sed nee communia solus 

Occupet, atque aliquem vobis quoque rcddat honorem. 

Repulit Actorides, sub imagine tutus Achillis, 

Troas ab arsuris cum defensore^ carinis. 

Ausum etiam Hectoreo^ solum concurrere Marti 275 

Se putat, oblitus regisque ducumque meique, 

Nonus in officio^ et prselatus munere sortis. 

Sed tamen eventus vestrse, fortissime, pugnse 

Quis fuit I Hector abit violatus vulnere nullo. 

Me miserum, quanto cogor meminisse dolore 280 

Temporis illius, quo Graiiim murus, Achilles, 

Procubuit ! nee me lacrimae luctusvo tunorve 

Tardarunt, quin corpus humo sublime referrem.^ 

His humeris, his, inquam, Immeris ego corpus Achillis 

Et simul anna tuli ; quae nunc quoque ferre laboro. 285 

Sunt mihi, quae valeant in talia pondera, vires ; 

Est animus vestros certe sensurus honores. 

Scilicet idcirco pro gnato caerula mater 

Ambitiosa suo fuit,' ut ca4estia dona, 

Artis opus tantae, rudis et sine pectore miles 290 

1 Quid tamen hoc refert, pet what avaiU this? 

2 ^laliijnL' dotractare benefacta, cnvionsly td detract/rom brave actions ,• 
sed nee solus occupet comuuinia, hut let him not alone claim adioJis which 
are common, i. e. in which all had a share. 

3 Cimi defensoro, icith their defender, i. e. Ajax. 

4 Concurrere Uectoreo Marti, to engage in s^ingle combat with Hector. 
SeeffJ. 

5 Nonus in officio, the ninth in that affair. See 88. According to Homer, 
Ajax was the third who oftered himseli, and Ulysses the ninth ; hutnonus 
is probably to be taken here in the sense of one of nine. 

a Quin referrem corpus sublime humo, /ram carrying off the body raised 
from the ground. 

7 Scilicet idcirco caerula mater fuit ambitiosa pro suo pjiato, was it for- 
sooth for this reason (hat his sea-green mother (Thetis) teas so urgent With 
Vulcan in behalf (^f her son f 



150 AJAX AND ULYSSES. [booK XII.. 

Indueret! iicque enim clypei cjElamina norit,^ 
Oceanum et terras cumque alto sidera coelo, 
Pleiadasque Hyadasque immunemque a?qiioris Arcton, 
Diversasque urbes nitidumque Ononis enseiii. 
Postulat ut capiat, quae non intelligit, arma. 295 

Quid, quod me, duri fugientem munera belli, 
Arguit'^ inccpto serum accessisse labori. 
Nee se magnanimo maledicere sentit Achilli I 
Si simulasse vocat crimen f simulavimus ambo. 
Si mora pro culpa est ; ego sum maturior illo. 800 

Me pia detinuit conjux, pia mater Achillem ; 
Primaque sunt illis"^ data tempora, cetera vobis. 
Haud timeo, si jam nequeo defendere crimen 
Cum tanto commune viro. Deprensus Ulixis 
Ingenio'' tamen ille ; at non Ajacis Ulixes. 805 

Neve in me stolid ae convicia fundere linguae 
Admiremur eum : vobis quoque digna pudore 
Objicit. An falso Palameden crimine turpe est 
Accusasse milii, vobis damnasse decorum ? 
Sed neque Naupliades facinus defendere tantum 810 
Tamque patens valuit ; nee vos audistis in illo 
Crimina ; vidistis, pretioque objecta patebant.^ 
Nee Poeantiaden quod liabet Vulcania Lemnos, 
Esse reus merui ; factum defendite vestrum : 
Consensistis enim. Nee me suasisse negabo, 315 

Ut se subtraheret bellique viaeque labori, 
Tentaretque feros requie lenire dolores. 
Pariiit, et vivit. Non haec sententia tantum 
Fida, sed et felix ; quum sit satis, esse fidelem. 

1 Neque enim norit caslamina clypei, for he will not undei'stami the 
devices on the shield. 

2 Arguit me fugientem, accuses me of avoiding. See 5, 8, C7. 

3 Si vocat simulasse crimen, if he calls dissembling {to have dissembled) 
a crime. See 3G-39. 

4 lllis, to them^ i. e. to my wife and to his mother. 

5 Ille deprohensus (est) ingenio Ulixis, he (Achilles) was detected by the 
dexterity of Ulysses. See lf)5. 

(» Objecta patebant pretio, the charges made against him were proved by 
Vie reward sent to him. i- e. by the gofd found in his tent. 



FAB. I.] AJAX AND ULYSSES. 151 

Quern qiioniam vates delenda ad Pergama poscunt : 820 

Ne mandate mihi ;^ melius Tclamonius i])it, 

Eloquioque virum morbis iraque furentem 

MoUiet, aut aliqua producet callidus arte. 

Ante retro Simois fluet et sine frondibus Ide 

Stab it, et auxilium promittct Achaia Trojce, 325 

Quam, cessante meo pro vestris pectore rebus,^ 

Ajacis stolidi Danais solertia prosit. 

Sis licet infestus sociis regique mibique. 

Dure Philoctete ; licet exsecrere meumque 

Devoveas sine fine caput, cupiasquo dolenti 380 

Me tibi forte dari,^ nostrumque haurire cruorem, 

Utque tui mihi, sic fiat tibi copia nostri :"• 

Te tamen aggrediar, mecumque reducere nitar. 

Tamque tuis potiar, faveat Fortuna, sagittis, 

Quam^ sum Dardanio, quem cepi, vate potitus ; 885 

Quam responsa Deum Trojanaque fata retexi ; 

Quam rapui Phrygiae signum penetrale Minerva; 

Hostibus e mediis. Et se mihi conferat Ajax I 

Nempe capi Trojam prohibebant fata sine illo. 

Fortis ubi est Ajax I ubi sunt ingentia magni 840 

Verba viri l cur hie metuit l cur audet Ulixes 

Ire per excubias, et se committere nocti, 

Perque feros enses non tantum moenia Troum, 

Verum etiam summas arces intrare, suaque 

Eripere sede Deam,^ raptamque efFerre per hostes l 345 

1 Ne mandate mihi, do not intrust that to me— to bring back Philoctetes, 
whose presftnce the soothsayers had declared to be necessary before Troy 
could be taken. 

2 JVIeo pectore cessante pro vestris rebus, if my talents cease to be ex- 
erted /or your interest. 

3 ]\Ie forte dari tibi, that I may happen to fall into your hands. 

4 This line is, by the best editors of Ovid, considered spurious. If it is 
retained, the most probable interpretation seems to be, Utque copia tui 
(facta est) mihi, sic copia nostri fiat tibi, and as I have had you in my 
power (when I caused you to be left on the island of Lemnos), so may you 
have me in your power ^ — so may you have the power of treating me as you 
think I deserve. 

5 Tam — quam, as surely — as ; Dardanio vate, the Trojan prophet f i. e. 
Helenus. 

6 Deam, Vie goddess, i. e. the Palladium, q. v. 



152 A J AX AND ULYSSES. [bOOK XIII. 

Quae nisi fecissem, frustra Telamone creatus 
Gestasset laeva taurorum tergora septem.^ 
Ilia nocte mihi Trojae victoria parta est ; 
Pergama turn vici, quum vinci posse coegi/^ 
Desine Tydiden vultuque et murmure nobis 350 

Ostentare nieum :^ pars est sua laudis in illis. 
Nee tu, quum socia clypeum pro classe tenebas, 
Solus eras : tibi turba comes, mihi contigit unus. 
Qui, nisi pugnacem sciret sapiente minorem"^ 
Esse, nee indomitse deberi prsemia dextrae, S5o 

Ipse quoque haec peteret ; peteret moderatior Ajax,^ 
Eurypylusque ferox claroque Andraemone natus ; 
Nee minus Idomeneus, patriaque creatus eadem 
Meriones ; peteret majoris frater Atridae. 
• Quippe manu fortes nee sunt tibi Marte secundi ; 360 
Consiliis cessere meis. Tibi dextera bello 
Utilis ; ingenium est, quod eget moderamine nostro.^ 
Tu vires sine mente geris ; mihi cura futuri est. 
Tu pugnare potes ; pugnandi tempera mecum 
Eligit Atrides. Tu tantum corpore prodes ; 865 

Nos animo. Quantoque ratem qui temperat, anteit 
Hemigis officium, quanto dux milite major ; 
Tanto ego te supero» Nee non in corpore nostro 
Pectora sunt potiora manu ; vigor omnis in illis. 
At vos, proceres, vigili date prsemia vestro ; 370 

Proque tot annorum curis, quas anxius egi,^ 
Hunc titulum meritis pensandum^ reddite nostris. 
Jam labor in fine est : obstantia fata removi, 

1 Tergora septem taurorum, t?ie hides of seven bulls, i. e. his shield covered 
with the hides of seven bulls. See 2. 

2 Quum coegi posse vinci, ivhen I rendered it capable of being taken. 

3 Vultu et nmrmure ostentare meum Tydiden vobis, by your looks and 
murmuring to bring forward my companion Diomedes. See 100. 

4 Pugnacem (liominem) esse minorem sapiente, that a fghting man is 
inferior to a man of prudence. 

5 Moderatior Ajax, the more discreet Ajax, i. e. Ajax the son of Oileus. 

6 Ingenium est, quod eget nostro moderamine, it is your understanding 
which requires my direction. 

7 Quas anxius egi, ivhich I have undergone with anxiety. 

8 Pensandum meis meritis. as a recompense due to my services. 



FAB. I.J A J AX AND ULYSSES. 153 

Altaque posse capi faciendo, Pergama cepi. 

Per spcs nunc socias casuraque moenia Troum, 375 

Pcrque Deos/ oro, quos hosti nuper ademi, 

Per si quid superest, quod sit sapienter agendum,- 

Si quid adliuc audax ex praecipitique petendum est,* 

Si Troja? fat is aliquid restare putatis ; 

Este mei memores ; aut, si mihi non datis anna, 380 

Huic date !^ et ostendit signum fatale Minervse. 

Mota manus procermn est ; et, quid facundia posset. 
Re patuit,^ fortisque viri tulit arma disertus. 
Hectora qui solus, qui ferrum ignemque Jovemque 
Sustinuit toties, unam non sustinet iram ; 385 

Invictumque virum vincit dolor. Arripit ensem, 
Et, Mens hie certe est. An et hunc sibi poscet Ulixes I 
Hoc, ait, utendum est in nie mihi ; quique cruore 
Saepe Phrygum maduit, domini nunc ciiede madebit ; 
Ne quisquam Ajacem possit superare nisi Ajax. 390 
Dixit ; et in pectus, turn demum vulnera passum,^ 
Qua patuit ferro, letalem condidit ensem. 
Nee valuere manus infixum educere telum ; 
Expulit ipse cruor, rubefactaque sanguine tellus 
Purpureum viridi genuit de cespite florem, 395 

Qui prius OEbalio fuerat de vulnere natus. 
Litera communis mediis pueroque viroque 
Inscripta est foliis, hsec nominis, ilia querelae.^ 



1 Per Deos, bi/ the goddess. Beos, though plural and masculine, refers 
only to Minerva. See 345. 

2 Per si quid superest, quod sit sapienter agendum, by whatever requires 
t/t be transacted tcith wisdom, if any such thin a remains. 

3 Petendum est ex prsecipiti, is to he hrounht from a dangerous place — 
like the stealing of the palladium from the temple of Minerva. 

4 Date huic, give them to this goddess, i. e. consecrate them in the temple 
of Minerva. 

5 Patuit re, was shotcn by the residt. 

6 Tum demura passum vulnera, which then for the first time suffered a , 
wound. See 267. 

7 Hffic (est litera) nominis, ilia (litera) querela?, these are the letters of 
Ajax's name, those the letters of complaint — the letters AI, which are tha 
first two of Ajax's name, and which also form the exclamation. 

i2 



154 PYTHAGORAS. [book XV. 

BOOK XV. 

Fab. II. — Pythagoras. 

ViR fuit hie/ ortu Samius ; sed fugerat una 

Et Samon et dominos,^ odioque tyrannidis exsul 

Sponte erat. Isqiie, licet coeli rcgione remotus, 

Mente Deos adiit f et, quae natura uegabat 

Visibus hunianis, oculis ea pectoris hausit.'* 5 

Quumque animo et vigili perspexerat omnia cura, 

In medium discenda dabat f coetusque silentun), 

Dictaque mirantum magni primordia mundi 

Et rcrum causas, et quid natura/' docebat, 

Quid Deus, unde nives, quae fulminis esset origo, 10 

Juj)iter an venti discussa nube tonarent,' 

Quid quateret terras, qua sidera lege mearent,^ 

Et quodcumque latet. Primusque animalia mensis 

Arguit imponi f primus quoque talibus ora 

Docta quidem solvit, sed non et credita, verbis : 1 5 

Parcite, mortales, dapibus temcrare neflmdis 



1 IIlc, here, \. o. at Croton, q. v. 

2 Dominos, the tyrants, i.e. Polycrates and his brothers. <St'e Pol ycrates. 

3 Adiit Deos ineiite, approached the gods ivith hismiiid, i. e. studied the 
nature of the gods. 

4 Ilausit ocuiis pectoris, comprehended hy the eyes of his understanding, 
perceived hy the eye of reason. 

5 Dabat in medium discenda, made them pnhlie, gave them out to be 
karned; sWentum, of silent scholaj's. For the purpose of forming in his 
pupils habits of reflection, Pythagoras imi)Osed on some of them a silence 
of two, and on others of three years. 

G Quid natura (sit), what the natural state of things is^ i. e. the laws of 
n;iture, natural philosophy. 

7 Tonarent, produced the noise of the thunder ,- quateret terras, */<oo/c 
the earth, i. e. the cause of earthquakes. The origin of thunder and the 
cause of earthquakes were two favourite subjects of speculation with the 
ancient philosophers. 

i\ Sidera mearent, the heavenly bodies ^ the planets moved in their orbits ; 
quodcumque latet, whatever else is concealed from men ; all the mysteries 
of nature. 

9 Arguit animalia iraponi, taught that it was a crime for animal food to 
be nerved up 



FAB. 11.1 PYTHAGORAS. 155 

Corpora : sunt fruges ; sunt deducentia ramos 

Pondere poma suo, tumidseque in vitibus uva^ ; 

Sunt herbae dulces ; sunt, quae mitesccre flamma 

Mollirique queant ;^ nee vobis lacteus humor 20 

Eripitur, nee inella thymi redolentia flore. 

Prodiga divitias alimentaque mitia tellus 

Suggerit, atque epulas sine ca?de et sanguine prrebet. 

Carne ferae sedant jejunia, nee tamen omnes : 

Q;Uippe cquus et peeudes arnientaque gramine vivunt. 25 

At quibus ingenium est immansuetumque ferumque, 

Armeniaeque tigres iracundique Icones 

Cum que lupis ursi, dapibus cum sanguine gaudcnt. 

Heu quantum scelus est, in viseera viscera condi,"'^ 

Congestoque avidum pingueseere corpore corpus, 30 

Alteriusque animantem animantis vivere leto ! 

Scilicet in tantis opibus, quas optima matrum 

Terra parit, nil to nisi tristia mandere saevo 

Vulnera^ dente juvat, ritusque referre Cyclopum! 

Nee, nisi perdideris alium, placare voracis S5 

Et male morati poteris jejunia ventris I 

At vetus ilia aetas, cui fecimus Aurea nomen, 

Fetibus arboreis et, quas humus educat, herbis, 

Fortunata fuit, nee polluit ora cruore. 

Tunc et aves tutoB movere per aera pennas, 40 

Et lepus impavidus mediis erravit in agris. 

Nee sua credulitas piscem suspenderat hamo : 

Cuncta sine insidiis nullamque timentia fraudem 

Plenaque pacis erant. Postquam non utilis auctor 

Victibus invidit, quisquis fuit ille, viroi-um/ 45 

Corporeasque dapes avidam demersit in alvum ; 

1 Sunt {hcrbcE)y quae queant mitescere, tJiere are other herbs which can 
he made palatable. 

2 Viscera condi in viscera, that carcass should be buried in carcass ; cor- 
pore congesto, by another body being crammed into it. 

3 Mandere saevo dente tristia vulnera, to devour with greedy tooth flesh 
mangled by cruel wounds. 

4 Non utilis auctor invidit vitibus virorum, a mischievous innovator 
despised this simi}\e/ood of men, i. e. milk, fruits, and vegetables. 



156 PYTHAGORAS. [bOOK XV. 

Fecit iter sceleri : primaque e csede ferarum 

Incaluisse putem maculatum sanguine ferrum. 

Idque satis fuerat, nostrumque petentia letum 

Corpora missa neci salva pietate^ fatemur ; 50 

Sed quam danda neci, tam'^ non epulanda fuerunt. 

Longius inde nefas abiit, et prima putatur 

Hostia^ sus meruisse mori, quia semina pando 

Eruerit rostro spemque interceperit anni ; 

Vite caper morsa Bacchi mactandus ad aras 55 

Ducitur ultoris : nocuit sua culpa duobus/ 

Quid meruistis, oves, placidum pecus inque tuendos 

Natum homines,'^ pleno quae fertis in ubere nectar, 

Mollia quae nobis vestras velamina lanas 

Praebetis, vitaque niagis quam morte juvatis I 60 

Quid meruere boves, animal sine fraude dolisque, 

Innocuum, simplex, natum tolerare labores l 

Immemor^ est demum nee frugum munere dignus. 

Qui potuit curvi dempto modo pondere aratri 

Ruricolam mactare suum ; qui trita labore 65 

Ilia, quibus toties durum renovaverat arvum, 

Tot dederat messes, percussit colla securi. 

Nee satis est, quod tale nefas committitur : ipsos 

Inscripsere Deos sceleri,^ numenque supernum 

Coede laboriferi credunt gaudere juvenci. 70 

Victima labe carens et praestantissima forma, 

Nam placuisse nocet,^ vittis praesignis et auro, 

Sistitur ante aras, auditque ignara precantem,^ 

1 Pietate salva, tmthout violating the law of nature — natural affection. 

2 Quam — tam, fhongh—yet; ixXyL\t\ox\gins,, went farther. 

3 Prima hostia, as the first victim, viz. to Ceres. A. R. A. 223. 

4 Sua culpa nocuit duobus, their men offences occasi&ned the death ofthest 
two animals— the sow and the goat. 

5 In tuendos homines, to protect men against cold — by furnishing clothing. 

6 (Homo) est demum immemor, that man is truly ungi-ateful. 

7 Inscripsere Deos ipsos sceleri, have made even the gods the authors of 
their unckedness, i. e. profess that it is committed in honour of the gods. 

8 Placuisse nocet, to have pleased is ruinous to the animal. For tho 
mode of selecting and sacrificing the victim. See A. H. A. 200. 

9 Ignara audit precantem, unconscious of its danger, hears the priest 
praying ; fruges, tJie cake. A. R. A. 260. 



PAB. II.] PYTHAGORAS. 167 

Imponique suae videt inter cornua fronti, 

Qiias coluit, fruges ; percussaque sanguine cultros T5 

Inficit in liquida praevisos forsitan unda. 

Protinus ereptas vivcnti pectore fibras^ 

Inspiciunt, mentesque Deum scrutantur in illis. 

Unde fames homini vetitorum tanta cibonim I 

Audetis vesci, genus o mortale I quod, oro, 80 

Ne facite, et monitis animos advertite nostris ; 

Quumque bourn dabitis caesoinim membra palato, 

Mandere vos vestros scite et sentite colonos/'? 

Et quoniam Deus ora movet,^ sequar ora moventem 

Rite Deum, Delphosque meos ipsumque recludam 85 

-^thera,'^ et augustae reserabo oracula mentis. 

Magna nee ingeniis evestigata priorum 

Quaeque diu latuere, canam, Juvat ire per alta 

Astra ; juvat, terris et inerti sede relictis, 

Nube vehi, validique humeris insistere Atlantis, 90 

Palantesque animos passim ac rationis egentes 

Despectare procul, trepidosque obitumque timentes 

Sic exliortari, seriemque evolvere fati.^ 

genus attonitum gelidae formidine mortis, 
Quid Styga, quid tenebras, quid nomina vana timetis, 95 
Materiem vatum, falsique piacula mundi l^ 
Corpora sive rogus flamma, seu tabe vetustas 
Abstulerit,^ mala posse pati non ulla putetis : 
Morte carent animae, semperque, priore relicta^ 
Sede, no vis domibus vivunt habitantque receptae. 100 

1 Fibras ereptas vi\'enti pectore, the entrails taken out of its breast stiU 
throbbing. A. R. A. 261. 

2 Vos mandere vestros colooos, that you are devouring the tillers of your 
soil. 

3 Movet ora, opens my lips, i. e. inspires me. 

4 Ipsumque asthera, and the yyipstcries of heaven itself. 

5 Evolvere serieni fati, to unfold the order of fate. 

6 Materiem vatum, piaculaque falsi mundi, the fctions of the poets, the 
punishments of an imaginary world. 

7 Abstulerit corpora flamma, sftall fuive consumed the bodies with fire ^ 
A. R. A. 410 and 417 ; putetis, be assured that you. 

8 Priore sede relicta, on leaving its former habitation, i. e. the body. 
Pythagoras here inculcates his favourite doctrine of the transmigration of 
louls. 



158 PYTHAGORAS. [bOOK XV. 

Ipse ego, nam memini, Trojani tcmijore belli 

Panthoides Euphorbus eram, cui pectore quondam 

Sedit in adverso gravis hasta minoris Atridae. 

Cognovi clypeum, laevse gestamina nostra?,^ 

Nuper Abanteis templo Junonis in Argis. 1 05 

Omnia mutantiir ; nihil interit. Errat, et illinc 

Hue venit, hinc illuc, et quoslibet oceupat artus 

Spiritus, eque feris liumana in corpora transit, 

Inque feras noster, nee tempore dcpcrit ullo.^ 

Utque novis facilis signatur cera figuris, 110 

Nee manet, ut fuerat, nee formas servat easdcm, 

Sed tamen ipsa eadem est : animam sic semper eandem 

Esse, sed in varias doceo migrare figuras. 

Ergo, ne pietas'' sit victa cupidine ventris, 

Parcite, vaticinor, cognatas csede nefanda 115 

Exturbare animas, nee sanguine sanguis alatur. 

Et quoniam magno feror aequore, plenaque ventis 
Vela dedi ; nihil est toto quod perstet* in orbe : 
Cuncta fluunt, omnisque vagans fonnatur imago.^ 
Ipsa quoque assiduo labuntur tempera motu, 120 

Non secus ac flumen : neque enim consistere flumcn. 
Nee levis hora potest ; sed ut unda impellitur unda, 
Urgeturque prior veniente nrgetque priorem ; 
Temporasic fugiunt pariter pariterque sequuntur, 124 
Et nova sunt semper : nam quod fuit ante, relictum est, 
Fitque,quod hand fuerat,^ momentaque cuncta novantur. 



1 Gestamina nostra la?va?, which I bore on my left arm. 

2 Nosterque (spiritns transit) in feras, nee deperit ullo tempore, and 
our souls pass into wild beasts, nor are they annUnlatcd at any time. 

3 Pietas, your natural affection; exturbare cogrnatas animas nefanda 
caede, to drive the souls of your kindred from their bodies by impious 
murder. 

4 Perstet, remains in the same state; is free from chancje. 

5 Cuncta fluunt, omnisque imago formatur vagans, all things pass away ^ 
and every object is formed in a state of Jhictuation— vagans formatur being 
u stronger form of expression for vagans est, or vagatur. 

6 Nam (temp^is) quod fuit ante, relictum est, tempusqwa quod hand 
fuerat, tit, for the time which was once the present becomes the past, and 
that which previously had no existence becomes the present^ i. e. tlie future 
becomes the present. 



FAB. IT.1 PYTHAGGRAS. 150 

Cernis et emcrsas in lucem tendere noctes,' 

Et jubar hoc nitidum nigr^e succedere nocti. 

Nee color est idem coelo, quum lassa qiiiete 

Cuncta jacent media, quumque albo Lucifer exit 180 

Clarus eqiio ; rursumque alius/ quum praevia luci 

Tradendum Phoebo Pallantias inficit orbem. 

Ipse Dei clypeus,^ terra quum tollitur ima, 

Mane rubet, terraque rubet quum conditur ima ; 

Candidus in summo'* est : melior natura quod illic 135 

j^theris est, terraeque procul contagia vitat. 

Nee par aut eadem nocturnae forma Dianae 

Esse potest unquam ; semperque hodiema^ sequente. 

Si creseit, minor est, major, si contrahit orbem. 

Quid I non in species succedere quatuor^ annum 1 40 

Adspicis, aetatis peragentem imitamina nostrae I 

Nam tener et lactens puerique simillimus aevo 

Vere novo est. Tunc lierba nitens et roboris expers 

Turgct et insolida est, et spe delectat agrestes. 

Omnia tune florent, florumque coloribus almus 145 

Hidet agcr ; neque adhue virtus in frond ibus ulla est. 

Transit in ^statem post Ver robustior Annus, 

Fitque valens juvenis : neque enim robustior aetas 

Ulla nee uberior nee, quas magis ardeat,^ ulla est. 

Excipit Autumnus, posito fervore juventae 150 

Maturus*^ mitisque, inter juvenemque senemque 

Temperie medius, sparsus quoque tempora canis. 

Inde senilis Hiems tremulo venit horrida passu. 



1 Noctes emersas tendere in lucem, that the nights, as sooti as they emerge 
from the sea, hasten to light ,- hoc nitidum jubar, this bright luminary. 

2 Alius {est color), its^colour is different; praevia, icho precedes. 

3 Clypeus Dei ipse, the orb of the sun itself, which is round like a shield. 
The expression is unusual. 

4 In summo (caelo), on the summit of the sky, i. e. at raid-day 

5 Hodierna (luna), this day's moon ; sequente (lunft). 

6 Succedere in quatuor species, successively assumes four different ap- 
pearances, i. e. is divided into four seasons, each presenting a different 
appearance. 

7 Quae magis ardeat, which is more ivarm, 

8 Maturus, of manly age,- medius temperie, of medium temperature; 
sparsus {secundum) tempora, having his temples thinly covered. 



160 PYTHAGORAS. [BOOK XV. 

Aut spoliata^ suos aut, quos habet, alba cap ill os. 

Nostra quoque ipsorum semper requicque sine ulla 155 

Corpora vertuntur ; iiec, quod fuimusve sumusve, 

Cras erimus. Fuit ilia dies, qua semina tantum 

Spesque hominum primae materna liabitavimus alvo. 

Artifices Natura manus admovit, et angi 

Corpora visceribus disteutae condita matris 160 

Noluit, eque domo vacuas emisit in auras. 

Editus in lucem jacuit sine viribus infans ; 

Mox quadrupes^ rituque tulit sua membra ferarum ; 

Paulatimque tremens et nondum poplite firmo 

Constitit, adjutis aliquo conamine nervis :^ 165 

Inde valens veloxque fuit, spatiumque juventae 

Transit, et emensis medii quoque temporis annis/ 

Labitur occiduae per iter declive senectae. 

Subruit haec aevi demoliturque prioris 

Robora ; fletque Milon senior, quum spectat inanes* 170 

Illos, qui fuerant solidorum mole tororum 

Herculeis similes, fluidos pendere lacertos. 

Flct quoque, ut in speculo nigas adspexit aniles, 

Tyndaris et secum, cur sit bis rapta,^ requirit. 

Tempus edax rerum tuque, invidiosa vetustas, 175 

Omnia destruitis, vitiataque dentibus aevi 

Paulatim lent^ consumitis omnia morte. 

Haec quoque non perstant, quae nosElementa vocamus ; 
Q,uasque vices peragant,^ animos adhibete, docebo. 
Quatuor aeternus genitalia corpora^ mundus 180 

1 Spoliata suos capillos, aut alba (illos), quos habet, citJier sMpt qfhis 
Jiair^ or with that white tvhich he has. 

2 Quadrupes, on all/our, i. e. crept on its hands and knees. 

3 Nervis adjutis aliquo conamine, its sinews being assisted by some 
tupport. 

4 Annis medii temporis quoque emensis, having completed the years of 
middle age also. 

5 Inanes, feeble, or useless ; mole solidorum tororum, in the size of their 
brawny muscles. 

6 Cur rapta sit bis, why she was twice carried off, i. e. by Theseus and 
by Paris. 

7 Quas vices peraofunt, what changes they undergo. 

8 Quatuor genitalia corpora, fou7' generative bodies, or elements — which 
possess the power of producing every "thing. Seel, I, 22, «&c. 



FAB. II.] PYTHAGORAS. 161 

Continct : ex illis dno sunt onerosa, suoque 

Pondcre in infcrius,^ tellus atque unda, ferimtur ; 

Et totidem gravitate carent, nulloque premente 

Alta petunt,^ aer atque aere purior ignis. 

Quce quanquam spatio distant, tamen omnia fiunt 185 

Ex ipsis, et in ipsa cadunt f resolutaque tellus 

In liquidas rarescit aquas ; tenuatus in auras 

Aeraque humor abit ; dempto quoque pondere nirsus 

In superos aer tenuissimus emicat ignes.'* 

Inde retro redeunt, idemque retexitur^ ordo. 190 

Ignis enim densum spissatus in aera transit, 

Hie in aquas ; tellus glomerata cogitur unda.® 

Nee species sua cuique manet, rerumque novatrix 

Ex aliis alias reparat Natura figuras. 

Nee perit in tanto quicquam, mihi credite, mundo, 195 

Sed variat faciemquc novat : nascique vocatur 

Incipere esse aliud, quam quod fait ante ; morique 

Desinere illud idem ; quum sint hue forsitan ilia, 

Haec translata illuc ;^ summa tamen omnia constant. 

Nil equidem durare diu sub imagine eadem 200 

Crediderim.^ Sic ad ferrum venistis ab auro, 
SjEcula ; sic totics versa est fortuna locorum. 
Vidi ego, quod fuerat quondam solidissima tellus. 
Esse fretum ; vidi factas ex aequore terras ; 
Et procul a pelago conchae jacuere marinse, 205 

Et vetus inventa est in montibus ancora summis. 
Quodque fuit campus, vallem decursus aquarum 

1 Fenmtur in inferius, are depressed to the lowest place. 

2 NuUo premente petunt alta, as nothing pi'csses them doivn they ascend ; 
lit. make/or the high places. 

3 Cadunt in ipsa, are resolved into these. 

4 Emicat in superos ignes, darts up into high ether. 

5 Retexitur, is renewed. The metaphor is borrowed from the loom. 
A. R. A. 452. 

6 Tellus cogitur glomerata unda, earth is composed of condensed water. 

7 Quum ilia translata sint hue, hscc (translata sint) ilhic ; omnia tamen 
summa constant, Utough those particles may have been transferred to this 
body, and these to that body, yet all things in the main continue the same. 

8 Crediderim, / should be inclined to believe. This use of the subjunc- 
tive in modifying and softening the affirmation is not uncommon. 



1(32 PYTHAGORAS. [boOK XV. 

Fecit •/ et eluvie mons est dednctus in aequor ; 

Eqiie paludosa^ siccis humus aret arenis, 

Qu^eque sitim tulerant, stagnata paludibus hument. 210 

Hie fontes Natura novos emisit, at illic 

Clausit, et antiqui tarn multa tremoribus orbis 

Flumina prosiliunt aut exca^cata residunt.^ 

Fab. IX. — Julius Ccesar, 

Hic* tamen accessit delubris advena^ nostris : 

Caesar in Urbe sua Deus est ; quern Marte togaque 

Praecipuum,^ non bella magis finita triumpliis 

Resque domi gestae properataque gloria I'erum^ 

In sidus vert ere novum stellamque comantem, 5 

Quam sua progenies. Neque enim de Ca?saris actis 

Ullum majus opus, quam quod pater exstitit hujus. 

Scilicet sequoreos plus est domuisse Britannos, 

Perque papyriferi septemflua flumina Nili 

Victrices egisse rates, Numidasque rebelles 10 

Cinyphiumque Jubam Mithridateisque tumentem 

Nominibus Pontum populo adjecisse Quirini, 

Et multos meruisse, aliquos egisse triumphos,^ 



1 Decursus aquarum fecit vallem, a current of water has made a chath- 

nel; eluvie, by a torrent^ or hy detrition. 

2 E paludosa (humo),from being marshy ground ; stagnata paludibus, 
being covered with marshes. 

3 Tarn multa flumina prosiliunt antiquis tremoribus orbis, aut exca?cata 
residunt, as many rivers burst forth by old earthquakes, or, being stopped 
up, sink into the ground. 

4 Hie, this god, i. e. iEsculapius, who had a temple at Rome where 
divine honours were paid to him. 

5 Advena, a stranger, in opposition to Ca}sar, who was one of the Dii 
Indigetes. Julius Ca?sar was ranked among the gods, A. U. 712, and a 
temple erected to him in the great Forum. 

6 Prsecipuum marte togaque, renowned in tear and in peace. The toga, 
whicli was the robe of peace, is frequently put in opposition to the sagurn, 
or military cloak— it is here opposed to marte. A. R. A. 31 U and 226. 
Triumphis. A. R. A. 325. 

7 Properata gloria rerum, the rapid glory of his conquests ; sua progenies, 
his son, i.e. Augustus, who was his grand-nephew, and was adopted as 
his son and successor in the empire. 

8 Egisse aliquos triumphos, to have celebrated so)ne triumphs. Caesar 
obtained five triumphs — four in the same month, after defeating Scipio« 
and another afterwards for the defeat of the sons of Pompey. A. R. A. 325. 



FAB. IX. J JCLIUS CiESAR. 163 

Quam tan turn genuisse^ virum, quo praeside renim 

Humano gcneri, Superi, cavistis abunde. 15 

Ne foret hie igitur mortali semine cretus, 

Ille Dens faeiendus crat. Quod ut aurea vidit 

-^nea? genitrix f vidit quoque triste parari 

Pontifiei letum et conjurata arma"^ moveri. 

Palluit, et cunctis, ut cuique erat obvia, Divis, 20 

Adspice, dicebat, quanta mihi mole* parentur 

Insidice, quantaque caput cum fraude petatur, 

Quod de Dardanio solum mihi restat liilo. 

Solane semper ero justis exercita curis, 

Quam modo Tydidae Calydonia vulneret hasta, 25 

Nunc male defensse confundant moenia Trojae ; 

Quae videam natum^ longis erroribus actum, 

Jactarique freto, sedesque intrare Silentum, 

Bellaque cum Turno gerere ant, si vera fatemur, 

Cum Junone magis \ Quid nunc antiqua recordor oO 

Damna mei generis \ timor hie meminisse priorum 

Non sinit : in me acui sceleratos cernitis enses. 

Quos prohibete, precor, facinusque repellite, neve 

Caede sacerdotis flammas exstinguite Vestae. 

Talia nequicquam toto Venus anxia coelo 85 

Verba jacit/ Superosque movet ; qui rumpere quanquam 
Ferrea non possunt veterum decreta Sororum/ 
Signa tamen luctus dant baud incerta futuri. 
Arma ferunt nigras inter crepitantia nubes 
Terribilesque tubas auditaque cornua coelo 40 

1 Genuisse, to have adopted as his son; quo praeside rerum, with whom 
as guardian of the Roman empire. 

2 Aurea genitrix^Eneae, the beautiful mother ofJEneas, i. e. Venus. Pon- 
tifiei, for the high priest, i.e. for Julius Cassar, wlio, A.U. 710, was ap- 
pointed Pontifex Maximus A. R. A. 235. 

3 Arma conjurata, the arms of the conspirators, i. e. of the conspirators 
led on by Brutus and Cassius. See 1 , 6, 38. 

4 Quanta mole, icith tchat eagerness ; caput, that person, i. e. Julius 
Caesar. Justis, tceU-grounded ; confundant, disquiet. 

5 Natum, i.e. Mneas ; mei generis, of my family, i.e. of the Trojans; 
in me, against my offspring, i. e. J. Ca?sar. 

6 Jacit talia verba, gives utterance to such words as these. 

7 Ferrea decreta veterum Sororum, the unalterable decrees of the aged 
tistersy i. e. of the Fates. See 5, 4 5. Signa, intimations. 



164 JULIUS CiESAR. [book XV. 

Prsemonuisse nefas ; Solis quoque tristis imago 

Lurida sollicitis prsebebat lumina terris. 

Saepe faces visae mediis ardere sub astris ; 

Saepe inter nimbos guttae cecidere cruentae ; 

Caenilus^ et vultum ferrugine Lucifer atra 45 

Sparsus erat, sparsi lunares sanguine currus. 

Tristia mille locis Stygius dedit omina bubo ; 

Mille locis lacrimavit ebur/ cantusque feruntur 

Auditi, Sanctis et verba minacia lucis. 

Victima nulla litat/ magnosque instare tumultus 60 

Fibra monet, caesumque caput reperitur in extis. 

Inque foro circumque domes et templa Deorum 

Nocturnos ululasse canes, umbrasque Silentum 

Erravisse ferunt, motamque tremoribus* urbem. 

'Nob. tamen insidias venturaque vincere fata 55 

Praemonitus potuere Deum ; strictique feruntur 

In templum^ gladii ; neque enim locus ullus in Urbe 

Ad facinus diramque placet, nisi Curia, caedem. 

Tum vero Cytlierea manu percussit utraque 

Pectus, et aetlierea molitur condere^ nube, 60 

Qua prius infesto Paris est ereptus Atridie, 

Et Diomedeos ^neas fugerat enses. 

Talibus banc" genitor : Sola insuperabile fatum, 

Nata, movere paras l intres licet ipsa Sororum 

Tecta trium : cernes illic molimine vasto 6o 

Ex aere et solido rerum tubularia ferro ; 

1 Cffirulus, dull; atra ferrugine, with a dusky hue. 

2 Ebur, the ivory statues of the gods ; cantus, predictions. 

3 Litat, appeases the gods ; fibra, the entrails ; in extis caput reperitur 
ca^sum, among the entrails the head of one is found to be cut off". By caput 
is here meant a protuberance at the head of the right lobe of the liver, 
which is generally found in oxen and other animals. It was considered 
ominous if this was wanting. A. R. A. 2GL 

4 Motam tremoribus, shaken by an earthquake. 

5 Templumi^ro^&v\y ?>\g\\\^Q& any consecrated place ; it here denotes the 
senate-house, the Curia Pompeia, in which Csesar was murdered. A. R. 
A. 7. 

6 Molitur condere {Ccesarem), endeavours to hide Ccpsar. 

7 (Alloquitur) hanc, addresses her ; movere, to alter; Sororum. Set 
37. Vasto molimine, of large and solid construction t tabularla rerum, 
archives for the records of Vie world. 



FAB. IX."] JULIUS CJESAR. 166 

Quae ncque concursum coeli neque fulminis iram 

Nee metuunt iillas tuta atque seterna niinas. 

Invenics illic inclusa adamante perenni 

Fata tui generis : legi ipse animoque notavi, 70 

Et referam, ne sis etiamnum ignara futuri. 

Hic^ sua complevit, pro quo, Cytherea, laboras, 

Teinpora perfectis, quos terrae debuit, annis. 

Ut Deus accedat coelo templisque locetur, 

Tu facies natusque suus,' qui nominis heres 75 

Impositum feret Urbis onus,^ caesique parentis 

Kos in bella suos fortissimus ultor habebit. 

Illius auspiciis obscssae moenia pacem 

Victa petent IMutinae ; Pharsalia sentiet ilium, 

Ematliiaque iterum madefacti caede Philippi ; 80 

Et magnum Siculis nomen superabitur* imdis ; 

Romanique duels eonjux ^gyptia, taed^p 

Non bene fisa,^ cadet f frustraque erit ilia minata, 

Servitura suo Capitolia nostra Canopo." 

Quid tibi Barbariem, gentesque ab utroque jacentes 85 

Oceano^ numerem I Quodcumque liabitabile tellus 

Sustinet, hujus erit ; pontus quoque scrviet illi. 

Pace data terris, animum ad civilia vertet 

Jura^ suum, legesque feret justissimus auctor ; 

1 Hie, i. e. J. Ccesar ; quos debuit terrse, tvhich he oived to the earth— 
which it had been ordained by the Fates he should spend on earth. 

2 Tu facies suusque natus {facict)^ you and his son tcill cause, i. e. 
Augustus. 

3 Onus, the burden, i. e. the management of the empire; nos suos, us 
as his assistants. 

4 ^Magnum nomen superabitur, a great name, a man of great celehrify 
shall he defeated — in allusion to Sextus, the youngest son of Pompey the 
Great, who was defeated by Agrippa near the island of Sicily. 

5 Non bene fisa taedae, who imptiidentli/ trusted to her marriage with 
Antony, i. e. rashly expected that by marrying AjQtony she would become 
queen of the Roman empire. A. R. A. 404.' 

6 Cadet, shall fall, i. e. being vanquished by Augustus at the battle oi 
Actium will die by poison. 

7 Nostra Capitolia servitura (esse) suo Canopo, that our Capitol shall he 
iubject to her Canopus, i. e. that the Roman empire shall be subject to 
Eg>pt. 

8 Jacentes ah utroque oceano, situate on both oceans — the eastern and 
western, i. e. Africa and Asia. 

9 Civilia jura, the civil rights of his subjects ; auctor, a legislator. 



166 JULIUS CiESAR. [book XV. 

Exemploque suo mores reget ; inque futuri 90 

Temporis aetatem venturorumque nepotum 
Prospiciens, prolem^ sancta de conjuge natam 
Ferre simul nomenque simm curasque jubebit. 
Nee, nisi quum senior Pylios sequaverit annos, 
^therias sedes cognataque sidera^ tangot. 95 

Hanc animam interea caeso de corpore raptam 
Fac jubar,^ ut semper Capitol ia nostra Forumque 
Divus ab excels a prospectet Julius aede. 

Vix ea fatus erat, media quum sede Senatus 
Constitit alma Yenus, nulli cernenda, suique 100 

Caesaris eripuit membris nee in aera solvi* 
Passa recentem animam coelestibus intulit astris. 
Dumque tulit, lumen capere atque ignescere sensit, 
Emisitque sinu. Luna volat altius ilia, 
Flammiferumque trahens spatioso limite crinem^ 105 
Stella micat, natique videns benefacta fatetur 
Esse suis majora, et vinci gaudet ab illo. 
Hic^ sua praeferri quanquam vetat acta patemis, 
Libera fama tamen nullisque obnoxia jussis 
Invitum praefert, nnaque in parte repugnat. 110 

Sic magnus cedit titulis Agamemnonis Atreus ; 
iEgea sic Theseus, sic Pelea vincit Acliilles ; 
Denique, ut exemplis ipsos aequantibus^ utar. 
Sic et Saturnus minor est Jove. Jupiter arces 



1 Prolem, offspring, i. e. Tiberius, the son of Livia the wife of Augus- 
tus, who was latterly adopted by him as his successor, and therefore 
assumed the name of Caesar. 

2 Cognata sidera, the star of Ms relation, i. e. of Julius Caesar. 

3 Jubar, a star ; ab excelsa sede, from his lofty mansion, i e. from hea- 
ven. This fable took its rise from a comet which appeared in tlie north- 
west for seven successive nights after the murder of Caesar, and which is 
again alluded to in 105. 

4 Nee passa solvi in aera, ivithout suffering it to he dissolved into air. 

5 Trahensque flammiferum crinem spatioso limite, and drawing after it 
a fiery tail through a lo)^g space. 

6 liic, i.e. Augustus; obnoxia nuWis jussis, subject to the commands of 
no one; in una parte, in this one instance only. 

7 yEquantibus ipsos, which are equal to them, i. e. to Caesar and 
Augustus. 



FAB. IX.] JULICS C^SAR. 167 

Temperat actherias ct mundi rcgna triformis ;^ 115 

Terra sub Augusto est ; pater est et rector uterque. 
Di, precor, ^neie comites,''^ quibus ensis et ignis 
Cessemnt, Dique Indigetes,^ genitorque Quiriiie 
Urbis, et invicti genitor Gradive Quirini, 
Vestaque Caesareos inter sacrata Penates,^ 120 

Et cum Caesarea tu, Phoebe domestice/ Vesta, 
Quique tones altus Tarpeias, Ju2)iter, arces, 
Quosque alios vati fas appellare piunique, 
Tarda sit ilia dies et nostro serior aevo, 
Qua caput Augustum, quern temperat, orbe relicto, 125 
Accedat coelo, faveatque precantibus absens. 



PERORATION. 



Jamque opus exegi/ quod nee Jo vis ira nee ignes 
Nee poterit ferrum nee edax abolere vetustas. 
Quum volet ilia dies/ quae nil nisi corporis hujus 
Jus liabet, incerti spatium mihi finiat aevi ; 
Parte tamen meliore mei^ super alta perennis 
Astra ferar, nomenque erit indelebile nostrum ; 
Quaque patet domitis Romana potentia terris, 
Ore legar populi, perque omnia ssecula fama, 
Si quid habent veri vatum praesagia, vivam. 



1 Triformis mundi, of the triple world, i. e. heaven, earth, and the infer- 
nal regions. Uterque, each, i. e. Jupiter and Augustus. 

2 Comites ^neae, the attendants o/JEncas, i. e. the Penates, which were 
rescued by ^neas from the flames of Troy, and brought by him i^to Italy, 
and by whose interposition he was dehvered from the sword of his enemies 
and the tire of Troy. 

3 Di Indisetes, ye native gods of the country, as Janus, Faunus, JEneas, 
«fcc. A R. A. 231. 

4 Sacrata inter Ca^sareos Penates, held sacred among the household gods 
ofCcesar. Cassar was Pontifex Maximus, and therelore priest of Vesta. 
A R.A. 235. 

5 Domesticc Phoebe, domestic Pha-bus. Augustus built a temple to 
Apollo in the Palatium on the Palatine hill. 

6 Exegi opus, I have finished a work ; ira Jovis, the thunderbolt. 

7 The order is. Ilia dies (i. e. the day of my death) quae habet nil jus nisi 
hujus corporis (which has no "power over me except as to tliis body), finiat 
mihi spatium incerti aevi, quum volet. 

8 Meliore parte mei, i7i my better part, i.e. in my fame; perennis, i»*- 
mortal; indelebile, imperishable ; patet, is extended. 



INDEX. . 



Note.— A vowel in the penult, followed by another vowpI is to be pro- 
nounced short, unless when otherwise marked. The abbreviations dis.^, 
and tris. indicate that the words after whicli they are placed are to b« 
pronounced as disi>-i/llabks, or trisyllahlts. Gr. Ace. represent Greek Ac- 
cusative. 



AbanteUS, -a, -um, adj.^ q/; or relating to Abas. In Alan- 
tcis Argis, in Argos, of which Abas was king, xv. 2. 105. Se« 
Abas. 

Abantiades,-8e, W., a patronymic applied to the descendants 
of Abas ; hence it signifies generally, a descendant of Abas, whether 
son, grandson, &c. In iv. 13. 4. and iv. 14. 11. it is applied to 
Acrisius, the son of Abas, and in iv. ]5. 15. it refers to Perseus 
(diss.), who was his great-grandson. 

Abas^ -antis, m., Abas, akingof Argos, famous for his genius 
and valour. He was the son of Lynceus (diss.) and Hypermnes- 
tra, father of Acrisius and Proetus, grandfather of Danae, and 
great-grandfather of Perseus (diss.) In illustration of iv. 13. 4. 
it may be here stated that Agenor and Belus were brothers ; from 
the former sprung Cadmus, Semele, and Bacchus ; and from the 
latter ^^gyptus, Lynceus, Abas, Acrisius, Danae, and Perseus. 

Acbaia^ -ae,/*., Achaia, a division of the Peloponnesus, lyino^ 
along the Gulf of Corinth, which formed its northern boundary. 
It adjoined Megaris on the east, and was separated by a chain of 
hills from Argolis, Arcadia, and Elis, on the south. Its western 
boundary was that part of the Ionian Sea which Hes between the 
mouth of the Larissus and the Strait of Lepanto. Achaia included 
the territories of Corinthia, Sicyonia, and Phliasia, and the towns 
of Corinth, Sicyon, Patrae, and Dyme. The ancient name is said 
to have been /Egialus. After the whole of Greece came under the 
power of the Romans, and was divided by them into the provinces 
of Macedonia and Achaia, the latter included the Peloponnesus, 
and that part of Graecia Propria which lay to the south of Thessaly 
and the east of the Achelous. It is frequently used to signify 
Greece in general, iv. 13. 3. xiii. 1. 325. 

Achais, -idis, or -idos, adj. f., of, or relating to Acnaia, 
Achcean, Grecian. Per Achdidaa urhes, throughout the Grecian 
cities, iii. 7. 1. 

K 



ACH 170 ACH 

Acheloides, -urn,/., the Achehides, a name given to the 
Sirens as the daughters of the river-god Achelous. See Siren. 

Achelous, -i, w., the Achelous, now called the Aspro Pota- 
mo, a river which rises in the northern part of Mount Pindus, 
flows through eastern Epirus, and after separating iEtoha from 
Acarnania, falls into the Ionian Sea. 

Acheron, -ontis, m., the Acheron, or Souli, a river of Epirus, 
which rises in the chain of mountains to the west of Pindus, and 
after flowing through the Acherusian Lake, falls into the Ionian 
Sea. The Acheron is an inconsiderable stream, but is celebrated 
in mythology from its supposed communication with the infernal 
regions, a fable which probably derived its origin from the dark 
colour of its waters, and from the destructive malaria, or tainted 
air, which infested the lower part of its course. According to the 
poets, Acheron was the son of Sol and Terra, and was Ciist into the 
infernal regions, and there changed into a river, for having sup- 
plied the Titans with water during the war which they waged with 
Jupiter. Its waters are represented as muddy and bitter, and it 
was the stream over which the souls of the dead were first conveyed, 
when on their way to Hades. It is frequently used to denote the 
lower world. Acheron was the father of Ascalaphus by Orphne. 
Quern Orphne dicitur peperisse ex sua Acheronte sub furvis an- 
trisy whom Orphne is said to have brought forth to her husband, 
Acheron, in a dusky cave, v. 8. 80. Imum Acheronta, the bot- 
tom of Acheron, xi. 10. 95. Gr. Ace. -ontd.. 

Achilles, -is, m., Achilles, the bravest of the Greeks, and the 
hero of the Iliad, was the son of Peleus (diss.), king of Phthiotis in 
Thessaly, and the sea-nymph Thetis. Soon after he was born, 
his mother plunged him into the river Styx, and thereby rendered 
him invulnerable in every part of his body, except the heel, by 
which she held him. His education was intrusted to the Centaur 
Chiron, the instructor of the greatest heroes of his age. His mo- 
ther, knowing that he was destined to perish if he went to the Tro- 
jan war, sent him disguised in a female dress to the court of Lyco- 
medes, king of the island of Scyros. In consequence, however, of 
a prophecy of Calchas, that Troy could not be taken without his 
assistance, it became necessary to take measures to entice him from 
his place of concealment. Accordingly, Ulysses, who had under- 
taken this duty, went to Scyros in the disguise of a travelling 
merchant, carrying with him various articles of female dress, and 
along with them some pieces of armour. When these were ex- 
posed for sale, Achilles discovered himself by preferring the armour, 
and was prevailed upon by Ulysses to accompany him to the seat of 
war. Here he signalized himself greatly by his valour, until a dis- 
pute arose between him and Agamemnon respectmg a female captive, 
in consequence of which he separated himself from the Grecian army, 
and refused to co-operate with his countrymen in prosecuting the 



ACH 171 ACO 

siege. To this resolution he obstinately adhered, until the death of 
hi5 friend Patroclus, by the hand of Htctor, roused him to revent^e. 
His arms, in which he had permitted Patroclus to appear, had come 
into the possession of Hector ; and Vulcan, at the request of Thetis, 
made a suit of impenetrable armour for her son. Arrayed in this 
he took the field, and after revenjring the death of his friend by the 
slauifhter of many of the -most distinguished of the Trojan heroes, 
engaged in single combat with Hector, and slew him by the assis- 
tance of Minerva. Not satisfied with killing his enemy, he inhu- 
manly dragged his dead body thrice round the walls of Troy, and 
afterwards sold it for a large ransom to the aged Priam, Soon 
after Achilles became enamoured of Polyxena, the daughter of 
Priam, and having offered to become the ally of the Trojan mo- 
narch, on condition of receiving the hand of his daughter, went for 
this purpose into the temple of Apollo, where he was treacherously 
slain by Paris, who wounded him with an arrow in the vulnerable 
heel. He was buried along with Patroclus, on the promontory of 
Sigeum, their ashes being placed together in the same urn. After 
his death, his arms were the subject of a dispute between Ajax, the 
son of Telamon, and Ulysses, to the latter of whom they were as- 
signed by the Grecian chiefs. See xiii. 1. 

Achlvi, -orum^ m., the Achivi, properly the inhahitants of 
Achaia, but frequently employed to signify the Greeks in general, 

Achivus, -a, -um, ddj-i of ^ or relating to Achaia^ afterwards 
used to signify Grecian. Titulum AcJiivcd pubis servatcc, the glory 
of saving the Grecian youth, vii. 1 . 56. 

Acoetes, -ge, m., Accetes, the son of a fisherman of IMceonia, 
and commander of a band of Tuscan pirates, who found Bacchus 
asleep on the coast of the island of Ceos, and forced him on board 
their ship, promising to convey him to the island of Naxos. Not- 
withstanding the remonstrances of their captain, the crew assume 
the command of the ship, and steered in a different direction, for 
the purpose of profiting by the spoil which tney had taken. They 
had not, however, proceeded far, when the god avenged their per- 
fidy, by changing them all except Accetes into dolphhis. Bacchus 
assumed the name of Acoetes, when he allowed himself to be taken 
by the servants of Pentheus (diss.)^ and wa» carried before that 
prince for punishment, iii. 7. 67., &c. Tyrrhenus Acoetes, the 
Tuscan Aco3tes, iii, 7. 186. 

Aconltum, -i, /?., a poisonous herb, said to have sprung from 
the foam which fell from the dog Cerberus, when Hercules dragged 
him from the infernal regions, by the Acherusian cave m Bithynia. 
It is generally translated IFolf's-bane, Wolfs^wort, Aconite, and 
is said by Pliny to be the most active of all poisons. It is certain 
that this is what is now called Aconitum, but whether by it the 
ancients understood the same plant, has not been fully ascertained. 
It is used by the poets as the general name for a poisonous herb, 



ACO 172 ^AC 

Ovid derives the name from ocxovrit ^ whetstone, because it grows 
on hard rocks; by others it is derivea from Acone, a town near 
Heraclea, in Bithynia, where the plant is said to have abounded. 

Aconteus {tris.), -eos, & -ei. m., Aconteus, one of the 
companions of Perseus (diss.), who was changed into a stone, by 
accidentally looking a the head of MedQsa. 

Acrisioniades, -ae, m.. Acrisioniades, aname given to Per- 
seus (diss.), who, as son of Danae, was the grandson of Acrisius. 
Acrisioniades vertit in hunc harpen spectatam ccsde Medusa, the 
grandson of Acrisius, i. e. Perseus, turns upon him the falchion 
which had been proved in the slaughter of INIedusa, v. 1 . 69. 

Acrisius^ -ii^ m., Acrisius^ a king of Argos, the son of Abas 
and Ocalea, and father of Danae. He disputed the sovereignty of 
Argos w^ith his twin-brother Proetus, and after many violent strug- 
gles, was allowed to remain in possession of the kingdom. He 
married Eurydice, the daughter of Lacedaemon, by whom he had 
Danae; and being told by an oracle that he should be killed by 
this daughter's son, he confined her in a brazen tower to prevent 
the fulfilment of the prophecy. She, notwithstanding, became 
the mother of Perseus (diss.)\)y Jupiter, and being, by the or^ders 
of her father, thrown, along with her child, into the sea in a 
chest, was carried to the island of Seriphus, where her son was 
educated in the temple of INIinerva. The fame of his grandson 
afterwards reached Acrisius, and induced him to go to Larissa to 
witness his feats at funeral games, which were there to be^«>ele- 
brated. While Perseus was displaying his skill in throwing the 
quoit, he killed an old man, who was discovered to be his grand- 
father, and thus fulfilled the prediction of the oracle. An satis 
animi est Acrisio, contemnere vanum numen et claudere Ar^ 
golicas portas (ei) venienti"^ has Acrisius sufficient courage to 
despise this pretended deity, and to shut the gates of Argos against 
him as he approaches ? iii. 7. 49. See Danae and Perseus. 

Actseon. -onis, m,, Actceon, a famous hunter, the son of Ar- 
istseus and Autonoe, the daughter of Cadmus, from whom he is 
called Autonoeiiis heros (iii. 2. 68.) Being one day exhausted by 
the fatigues of the chase, he retired to the vale of Gargaphie, to 
avoid the scorching heat of the sun, and having there accidentally 
seen Diana and her nymphs bathing in a cave, was changed by the 
■ goddess into a stag to prevent the disclosure. He was afterwards 
pursued and torn to pieces by his own dogs. For an account of his 
dogs see iii. 2. 76., &c. Gr. «cc. -ona. 

Actorides, -ae, m. , the grandson of Actor, a patronymic applied 
io Patroclus. Actorides tutus sub imagine AchiUis, Patroclus 
lafe under the appearance of Achilles, — because he was clad m the 
armour of Achilles, xiii. 1. 273. 

-^acides, -ae, m., a son, or a descendant of uEacus, a name 
applied by Ulysses to Achilles and himself, as grandsons of iEacus. 



^AC 173 ^,GE 

iEaCOS, -i, & iEacus, -i, m., jEacuSy the son of Jupiter and 
^gina, and king of CEnopia, an island in the Saronic Gulf, which 
he named iEgina after his mother. He married Endeis, a daughter 
of Chiron, and had by her Telamon and Peleus (dins.) He was 
remarkable for his strict observance of justice, and was, in conse- 
quence of this, after his death, appointed a judge in the infernal 
regions, along with Minos and Rhadamanthus. Sujnynus Jupiter 
agnoscif jEacon fateturque (eum) esse suam prolem^ supreme 
Jupiter acknowledges iEacus, and confesses that he is his son, xiii. 
1. 27. 

-^as, -antis, m., the ^Eas^ now the Vojuzza, a river which 
rises in the chain of Pindus, on the borders of Thessaly and Epirus, 
and after separating the latter country from Macedonia and part 
of lUyria, flowed past ApoUonia, and fell into the Hadriatic. 

-<Eeta, or -^ete-, -ae, w., JEetes, a king of Colchis, the son 
of Sol and Perseis, and father of Medea, Absyrtus, and Chalciope. 
He was in possession of the golden fleece, which he obtained by the 
murder of Phryxus, who had visited his court, and which he kept 
guarded by a venomous dragon, and by bulls which breathed fire. 
This fleece the Argonauts recovered by means of .Medea, who had 
conceived an ardent passion for Jason. See Phryxus, Medea, and 
Jason. 

-^etias^ -adis.y., the daughter of JEetes, a patronymic applied 
to Medea. jEetias concipit validos ignes, the daughter of ^i^etes, 
i. e. Medea, conceives an ardent passion, vii. 1. 9. See ^etes. 

^'Egaeon, -onis, m., jEgcaon, called by the Gods Briareus 
{tris.), a gigantic sea-deity, the son of Coelus and Terra, or, ac- 
cording to others, the son of Neptune. He is represented as having 
fifty heads and a hundred hands, and as riding upon the sea-mon- 
sters. By some mythologists he is mentioned as one of the giants 
who conspired to dethrone Jupiter. jEgceonuque preinentem im- 
mania te/ga balcsnarutn suis lacertis, and ^gaeon touching the 
huge backs of whales with his arms, — in allusion, probably, to his 
posture when riding on the whale, with his arms resting on its 
back, ii. 1. 10. Gr.acc. -ona. 

iEgaeUS, -a, -um, adj., jEgcean, relating to the jEgcean Sea, 
the Archipelago. By the name oi jEganm mare, the ancients de- 
signated that part of the Mediterranean which lies between the 
eastern shores of Greece and the opposite continent o£ Asia Minor. 
Tradition referred the origin of its name to iEgeus {diss.), but 
Strabo, with more probability, deduced it from the small island of 
JEgBS, in the vicinity of Euboea. The iEgaean was considered par- 
ticularly stormy and dangerous to navigators. It abounds with 
islands, the principal of which are the Cyclades and the Sporades. 

iEgeus {diss.), -ei, & -eos, m., jEgcus, a king of Athens, the 
son of Pandion, father of Theseus {diss.) by ^Ethra, and of Meduf 

K 2 



a:gy 174 ^GY 

by Medea. He involved himself in a war with Minos, king of Crete, 
by putting to death his son Androgens, who had excited his jealousy 
by the popularity which he acquired by his wrestling at Athens, and 
was compelled to purchase peace by an agreement to send annually 
to Crete seven young men and seven young women, the choice of the 
youth, to be devoured by the Minotaur. Theseus, on one occasion, 
insisted on being allowed to go as one of the number, to which his 
father with reluctance consented, and, with the assistance of Ari- 
adne, the daughter of Mmos, slew the Minotaur But the pilot 
neglected, on his return, to hoist, according to agreement, a white 
sail instead of a black one, and j3^^geus beheving that his son had 
been killed, threw himself into the sea, and, according to some my- 
thologists, gave his name to the ^Egaean. See ^gaeus. 

^gyptius, -a, -um, adj. of, or relating to Egypt, Egyptian. 
JEgyptia telhis, the land of Egypt, v. 5- 30. jEgyptia conjvx 
Romani ducis, the Egyptian wife of the Roman general, i. e. 
Cleopatra, xv. 9. 82. See Antonius. 

^gyptus, -i,J'-i Egypt, an extensive country in the north-east 
of Africa, bounded on the north by the JNIediterranean, on the 
east by Arabia, and the Sinus Arabicus, or Hed Sea, on the south 
by ^'Ethiopia, and on the west by the deserts of Libya. It con- 
sisted chiefly of a narrow valley, stretching along the course of the 
Nile, and was confined to that portion of land which was watered by 
the annual inundation of the river. This tract, to the south of the 
Delta, was very narrow, but widened gradually as the river approach- 
ed the sea. Egypt was divided by ancient geographers into JEgyp- 
fus Superior, extending from Syene, on the frontiers of /Ethiopia, 
to INIemphis, near the apex of the Delta ; and jEgyptus Inferior^ 
which comprehended the Delta and the narrow tracts on each side 
of it. In Upper Egypt was the city of Memphis, not far from the 
site of Grand Cairo, the modern capital ; and about 200 miles farther 
up the river, Thebae, Thebes, famous for its hundred gates. Lower 
Egypt contained Alexandria, the ancient capital, Is'icopolis, and 
Canopus. About forty stadia to the west of Memphis were raised 
the famous pyramids, the most stupendous buildings in the world. 
They are many in number, but three of them are particularly re- 
markable, two of which are reckoned among the seven wonders of 
the world. They were intended as sepulchres for the kings and 
great people of Egypt, and were of such high antiquity, that even 
an ancient writer has recorded, that in his time neither natives nor 
foreigners were able to ascertain their age. The largest of these 
is represented by modern travellers as covering more than eleven 
acres of ground, each side being about 680 feet long, and nearly 
600 high. Egypt is a country of great antiquity, and has been 
justly regarded as the source from which civilisation was diflfused 
over the ancient world. The learning of the Egyptians, and their 
skill in astrology and magic, are frequently alluded to in the Sa- 



AEL 175 iEOL 

cred Scriptures, and several of the heroes of Grecian mythology 
were obviously natives of this country. It was esteemed in ancient 
times the school of learning ; and we accordingly find, that the 
most illustrious men in Greece, as Homer, Herodotus, Pythagoras, 
&c repaired to it for histruction. 

Aello, -onis, & -us, y'., Stonn^ the name of one of Actseon's 
dogs. Aello fortis cursv, Storm distinguished in the chase, iii. 
2. 89. 

^neas, -je, r??., jEneas, a Trojan prince, the son of Anchises 
and Venus, and the hero of Virgil s iilneid. Different opinions 
of his character are given by different authors. He is represent- 
ed by some as behaving with great valour during the Trojan war, 
and by others as uniting with Antenor to betray his country 
into the hands of the Greeks. He married Creusa, the daughter 
of Priam, by whom he had Ascanius. On the night on which 
Troy was burnt, he made his escape, carrying on his shoulders his 
father Anchises, and the statues of his household gods, and lead- 
ing in his hand his son Ascanius. Being joined by numbers of 
those who had escaped from the Greeks, he sailed from the Trojan 
shores, and, after a voyage of seven years and the loss of thirteen 
ships, he landed with his companions at the mouth of the Tiber. 
He soon after married Lavinia, the daughter of Latinus, king of 
that part of Italy, and built a town, which, from the name of his 
wife, he called Lavinium. His son Ascanius built Alba Longa, 
and from him was descended Romulus, the founder of Rome. 

-cEolia, -se, f., JEoUa. a name given to the seven Lipari islands 
on the north of Sicily, which were said to form the kingdom of 
i?£olus, the god of the winds. The most important of them were 
Strongjrle, ^tromholi ; Lipara, Lipari; and Hiera or Vulcania, 
VulcanOj all famous for their volcanic eruptions. Here -tEolus is 
represented as keeping the winds confined in a strong cave ; and 
here he gave to Ulysses all the adverse winds bound up in a bag. 
See Ulysses. 

-^olidec, -ae, m , a son of JEolus, a patronymic applied to 
Athamas, iv. 11. 97. bolides fnribundus clamat in viedid auld^ 
the sonofiEolus, i. e. Athamas, filled with rage, calls out in the 
middle of his palace, iv. 11. 97. In xiii. 1. 26. it is applied to Sisy- 
phus. See .i-Eolus. 

^olis, -idis^ & -klos, j:, a daughter of jEoIus, Halcyone. 

iEolius, -a, -um, adj., of, or relating to uEolia. Claudii 
Aqvilojiem in JEoliis antris. shuts up the north wind in the caves 
of ^olia, i. 7. 19. Also, of or relating to jEIoIus. j£olii pontes 
feruntur trenud^se, the door-posts of the son of -^olus, i. e. Atha. 
mas. are said to have shaken, iv. 11. 71. 

-<E61llS^ -i, m.y uEoh/s, a king of Thessaly, the son of Helen, 
grandson of Deucalion, and father of Sisyphus, Athamas, Salm^ 
neus {tris.)f kc. 



^sc 176 ^so 

^SClllapius^ -ii, m., ^sculapius, the son of Apollo and the 
nymph Cordnis, the daughter of Phlegyas, a Thessalian prince. 
He was born at Epidaurus, a town of Argolis, in the Peloponnesus. 
Immediately after his birth, he was exposed on Mount Tithion, 
where he was suckled by a goat, while the goatherd's -dog kept 
guard over him. The herdsman missing his dog and one of his 
goats, went in search of them, and found the babe, whose body 
emitted rays of briUiant light. Overawed by this indication of di- 
vinity, the goatherd was afraid to carry the infant home ; but the 
fame of his miraculous birth soon spread abroad, and people flocked 
from all quarters to see him. He was afterwards placed under the 
tniition of the Centaur Chiron, by whose instructions he made such 
progress, that he not only became a great physician, but was even 
reckoned the inventor and god of the heahng art. ^Esculapius 
accompanied Jason in his expedition to Colchis, and, by his medi- 
cal skill, rendered very important services to the Argonauts. The 
chief seat of the worship of ^sculapius was Epidaurus, where he 
was represented as an old man with a venerable beard, wrapped in a 
mantle, and leaning on a staff, round which a serpent was entwined. 
The fable says, that when he was called in to restoie to life Glau- 
cus, the son of Minos, king of Crete, as he stood leaning on his 
staff, a serpent came and wound itself round it. Alarmed at the 
sight, he shook it off and killed it, when immediately another snake 
came, bearing in its mouth an herb, which, when applied to the 
other, restored it to life, ^sculapius availed himself of this disco- 
very, and employed the herb with success in restoring the dead to 
life. But Jupiter, becoming apprehensive that if men were put in 
possession of the means of triumphing over death, they might cease 
to reverence the gods, killed ^sculapius with a thunderbolt, in 
revenge for which deed Apollo destroyed the Cyclops. The cock, 
the serpent, the crow, and the goat, were sacred to ^sculapius. 

^son, -onis, m., JEson^ a Thessahan prince, the son of Crc- 
theus (dins.), and father of Jason. He succeeded his father ii\the 
kingdom of lolchos, but was soon expelled by his brother Pelias. 
When Jason arrived at the years of manhood, he made an unsuccess- 
ful attempt to recover the kingdom for his father ; and, to avoid the 
vengeance of his uncle, went in quest of the golden fleece. Find- 
ing on his return his father in the decrepitude of old age, he pre- 
• vailed upon Medea to restore him to youth. The sorceress infused 
into his veins the juice of certain plants which she had collected, 
and immediately the old man recovered the vigour and bloom of 
youth. Natus jEsone fuit formosior solito ilia luce, the son of 
iiEson, i. e. Jason, was more comely than usual on that day, vii. 
1. 84. 

ili^sonides, -ae, m., thason ofJEsnn, Jason. ( Sequar) JEsoni- 
den quern ego velim mutdfue ci/,m rebus quas tot us orbis possideff 
i shall follow the son of yEson, for whom I would willingly give in 
exchange the possessions which the whole world contains, vii. 1 . 59. 



iESO 177 AGA 

^sonius, -a, -um, adj., of. or relati.pfo j^son, jEsonian, 
jEsonii/s heros, the iEsonian hero, i. e. Jason, vii. 1. 156. 

iEthalion, -onis, m., jEthnliov, one of the Tuscan pirates 
who were changed into dolphins by Bacchus. 

-Ethiopia, -se,f., Ethiopia, an extensive country of Africa, 
the limits of which were not strictly defined. The name was cer. 
tainly apphcd to the country on the south of Egypt, lying alonsj 
the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean, and seems to have extended 
far into the interior. It corresponded with the modern divisions 
0^ Nubia ^ Sennaar, and Ab7/ss7?iia, together with parts of Kordo- 
fan and Darfur. The chief city was INIeroe, situated on an 
island formed by the Astapus, or Tacazze, and the Astaboras, or 
Ahaivi, eastern tributaries of the principal branch of the Nile. 

jfEthiops, -opis, 7??., an Ethiopian, an hihahifant of ^Ahio- 
pia. This term was used by the Greeks to denote any thing which 
had contracted a dark or swarthy colour from exposure to excessive 
heat. They also applied it to men of a dark- complexion, calling 
them iEthiopes, and their country ^Ethiopia, wherever situated, in 
the same way as we employ the terms Negro and Xegroland^ 
or Nigritia. According to Ovid, the jiEthiopians acquired their 
black colour from exposure to the scorching rays of the sun when 
the world was set on fire by Phaethon, their blood having been 
thereby forced to the surface of the body. Popvlos jEthiopnm 
traxisse nigrum color em, that the tribes of -Ethiopians acquired 
their black colour, ii. 1. 236. 

iEthon, -oiiis^ m., JEfhon (burning), the name of one of the 
horses of the Sun. 

-^]tna, -86^. & iEtne, -es, /., JEtna, or Monte Gihello^ a 
celebrated volcanic mountain in the north-east of Sicily, rising to 
the height of 10,954 feet. The volcanic character of this mountain 
was known to the Greeks in \ery ancient times, and various erup- 
tions are recorded by the writers of that country, as well as by the 
Latins. The god Vulcan had a temple on the mountain, and here 
the poets placed his forge, and also the residence of the Cyclops, 
who assisted him in making thunderbolts for Jupiter. The giant 
Typhoeus '(^n"s.) was said to have been buried under Sicily, his 
hands being placed under the promontories Pelorum and Pachy- 
nura, his feet under Lilybseum, while iEtna rested upon his breast. 
jEtneardet in immen^um gemijiatis ignibuSy ^tna burns to a vast 
height with redoubled fire, — the solar conflagration being added to 
the volcanic fire of the mountain, ii. 1. 220. Succendit pi7ius ub 
Hammiferd JEtna, lights torches at the fires of Etna, v. 7. 5. 

Agamemnon, -onis, 772., Agamemnon, the son of Atreus 
(diss.), and husband of Clytemnestra. He was king of ^Mycenae, and 
a large poi tion of the Peloponnesus, designated by the name of 
Argos. When the Grecian chiefs resolved to make war upon Troy, 



AGA 178 AJA 

for the purpose of recovering Helen, Af?amemnon was appointed 
commander-in-chief, and, during the early part of the siege, con- 
tributed greatly to the success of the Greeks. His quarrel with 
Achilles (See Achilles) protracted the war, and proved very inju- 
rious to the interest of the combined chiefs. On his return to My- 
cenae, after the conclusion of the war, he was murdered by Cly- 
temnestra and her paramour ^gisthus. 

Aganippe, -es.y., Aganippe., a celebrated fountain on INIount 
Helicon, in Boeotia, sacred to the Muses. Aganippe is said to have 
been the daughter of the river Permessus, and to have been changed 
into this fountain. 

Agave, -es, /!, Agave, the daughter of Cadmus, wife of 
Echion, and mother of Pentheus {diss. J, who succeeded his grand- 
father in the government of Thebes. She, along with the other 
women, favoured the introduction of the worship of Bacchus into 
Thebes, and assisted her sisters J no and Autonoe in murdering her 
son Pentheus, who was instigated by the god to obtrude himself 
upon them while engaged in celebrating his orgies. 

Agenor, -oris, m., Aqemr, a king of Phoenicia, the son of 
Neptune, and brother of Belus. He was the father of Cadmus, 
Phoenix, Ciiix, Phineus (diss.), and Europa. Natus Ayejwre, 
the son of Agenor, \. e. Cadmus, iii. 1.51, and 96. 

Agenorides, -ae, m., the son of Agenor, Cadmus. Ageno- 
rides profvgus vitat patriamque iramque parentis, the son of 
Agenor, :. e. Cadmus, going into exile, avoids his country and the 
anger of his father, iii. I. 8. Also, any descendant of Agenor. 
In this sense it is applied (iv. 15. 20.) to Perseus (diss.), who de- 
rived his descent by the mother's side from Danaus, the brother of 
^gyptus and son of Belus, who, about 1500 years B.C., planted 
a colony at Argos, where his grandfather Acrisius was king. 

Agre, -es,/*., Catcher, the name of one of Actaeon's dogs. u4gre 
vtilis naribus. Catcher dexterous with her nose, quick scented, 
iii. 2. 82, 

Agriodos, -ontis, m., Wild-tooth, the name of one of Ac- 
taeon's dogs ; a bastard from a "Cretan dog and a Spartan bitch. 

Ajax, -acis, m., Ajax, the son of Telamonand Periboea, and, 
next to .-Achilles, the bravest of the Greeks in the Trojan war. 
During the absence of Achilles he was chosen by lot to fight with 
Hector, when that hero challenged to single combat the bravest 
of the Greeks, and though he did not defeat his antagonist, he shared 
with him equally the glory of the field. After the death of Achil- 
les he contested with Ulysses the honour of possessing his arms. 
An account of this dispute is given by Ovid in the thirteenth 
Book, and forms one of the most remarkable and interesting pas- 
sages of the Metamorphoses. The character of the warrior is strik- 
ingly opposed to that of the artful and practised orator, the blunt - 
nesi and the abruptness of the one being skilfully contrasted with 



AJA 179 ALC 

the polished and nicely balanced periods of the other. Ajax rosti 
his claim chiefly on his descent as the near relative of the departed 
hero, and on his feats of personal valour in the field, and places 
these in opposition to the doubtful genealogy and cowardice of 
his opponent. Eloquence, however, prevailed over valour; the 
arms were assigned by the Grecian chiefs to Ulysses ; and Ajax. 
after exhibiting other proofs of madness, stabbed himself with his 
own sword. The blood which flowed from the wound was changed 
into the flower hyacinth, on which were inscribed the first two let- 
ters of his name. Ajax domhius septemplicis clypei, Ajax lord 
of the seven-fold shield, — because his shield was covered with seven 
plies of a bull's hide, xiii. 1. 2. Dummodo iion sit meritum AJacis, 
quod Telamon Peleusque fuerunt frutres, provided it be not con- 
sidered a merit in Ajax that Telamon and Peleus were brothers, 
xiii. 1. 151. Quam solertia stoUdi Ajacis prosit Danais^ than 
the talents of silly Ajax be of advantage to the Greeks, xiii. 1. 327. 
Ne cjuisquam possit suptrare Ajacem nisi Ajax, that no one may 
be able to conquer Ajax but Ajax himself, xiii. 1. 3 JO. 

Ajax, -acis, vi., Ajax, the son of Oileus (tris.), king of Locris, 
one of the bravest of the Grecian chiefs in the Trojan war. He was 
inferior to the other Ajax in strength and military prowess, but less 
impetuous in his temper, from which circumstance he is called by 
Ovid, xiii, 1. 356. moderatior Ajax. The night on which Troy 
was taken he oflFered violence to Cassandra, the daughter of Priam, 
in the temple of Minerva, on which account he was killed with 
lightning by the goddess while on his return home, and his ship 
dashed to pieces on a rock. 

Alastor^ -oris. m»y Alastor^ one of the companions of Sar- 
pedon, king of Lycia, who was slain by Ulysses. 

Alcander^ -dri, m., Alcander, one of the companions of Sar- 
pedon, king of Lycia, who was slain by Ulysses. 

Alce^ -eSj f., Strength, the name of one of Actaeon's dogs. 

Alcimedon, -ontis, m., Alcimedon, one of the Tuscan pirates, 
who were changed into dolphins by Bacchus. 

Alcithoe, -CS,y!, Alcithoe, one of the daughters of Minyas, 
king of Orchomenos, in Bceotia. She and her sisters denied the 
divinity of Bacchus, and opposed the introduction of his worship 
into BoBotia, preferring the labours of the loom to joining their 
countrywomen in celebrating the orgies of the new god. To re- 
lieve the tedium of their labour, a proposal was made by one of 
them that they should alternately relate some interesting story ; 
and it is in this way that Ovid finds an opportunity of introducing 
the beautiful and afi'ecting narrative of Pyramus and Thisbe. In 
consequence of their obstinate refusal to acknowledge his divinity, 
she and her sisters were changed by Bacchus into bats, and their 
loora« and vvebs into ivy and vines. 



ALP 180 AMM 

Alpes, -ium, /, the Alps, a lofty chain of mountains, the 
highest in Europe, which encircles the north of Italy, and separates 
it from France, Switzerland, and Germany. The name is said to 
be derived from Alp, a Celtic word signifying a lofty mountain. 
The Alps extend, in the form of a crescent, from Sinus Ligusticus, 
the Gulf of Genoa, to the Sinus Flanaticus, the Gulf of Garner o^ 
near the head of the Hadriatic, a distance, according to Livy, of 2o(l* 
miles, but according to Pliny, of 700 miles. The true extent is 
about 600 British miles. Geographers have divided them into the 
following portions: — 1. Alpes Maritimse, the Maritime Alps, 
which commence in the neighbourhood of Nice; 2. Alpes Cottiae, 
the CStUan Alps ; 3. Alpes Graise, the Graian Alps ; 4. Alpes 
Pennmae, the Pennine Alps ; 5. Alpes Rhaeticae, or Tridentinae, 
the RhcBtian, or Trident ine Alps; 6. Alpes Noricae, the NoricAlps, 
7. Alpes Carnicae, or Juliae, the Carnic, or Julian Alps, terminat- 
ing in the Mons Albius, on the confines of Illyricum. The highest 
point is Mont Blanc, among the Pennine Alps, which reaches the 
height of 15,675 feet. 

Alpheias^ -adis, /», of or relating to Alpheus ; also, as a sub- 
stantive, the nymph, and fountain Arethusa, said to mingle its 
waters with the Alpheus. Turn Alphe'ias extulit caput Eleis 
undis, then Arethusa raised her head from the Elean waters, v. 8. 
26. See Arethusa. 

Alpheus, & AlpheOS, -i, m., the Alpheus, or Rouphia, a 
considerable river of the Peloponnesus, and one of the most cele- 
brated in antiquity. It rises on the southern boundaries of Arca- 
dia, and, after losing itself under ground for some miles, reappears 
near ]\Iegalop61is, traverses the remainder of Arcadia, and, enter- 
ing Elis, discharges its waters into the Cyparissius Sinus, the 
Gulf of Arcadia, Here, however, as the poets reported, its course 
did not terminate. It continued to flow beneath the ocean, and 
hastened to mingle its waters with those of the fountain Arethusa 
near Svracuse. The god of the river is said to have fallen in love 
with Arethusa-, and to have pursued her until she was changed into 
a fountain by Diana. See Arethusa. 

Amraon, -onis, m., Amnion, a name under which Jupiter 
was worshipped in the deserts of Africa in the form of a ram. 
When Bacchus and his army were ready to perish for thirst in the 
desert of Libya, Jupiter appeared to them in the form of a ram, 
and show^ed him a fountain, from which he obtained a supply for 
hiS men. To show his gratitude for this seasonable aid. Bacchus 
built a temple to his father, twelve days' journey from iNIemphis, in 
the midst of a beautiful oasis, and placed in it a statue of the god 
in the form of a ram. The ruins of the temple are still visible in 
the oasis of Siwah, nearly five degrees west from Cairo. Here 
was the famous fountain of the sun {Fons Salis), which, according 
to Herodotus and Ciirtius, was warm at dawn, cool as the day ad- 



AMN 181 AND 

vanced, excessively cold at noon, diminished in coldness as the da? 
declined, was warm at sunset, and boiling hot at midnight. The 
oracle of Jupiter Ammon was long held in high estimation. Iiu- 
mitis Ammon jusserat Andromedan immeritam pendere poenns^ 
cruel Ammon had ordered Andromeda, though innocent, to sutfer 
punishment, iv. 14. 9. Corniger Ammon^ horned Ammon, v. 1, 
♦ 17. Lihys Ammon nunc qubque formaUis est cum recurvis cor. 
nibusy the Libyan Ammon is even now represented with crooked 
horns, v. 5. 35. 

Amnis, -is, m,, a river, sometimes used to denote the river- 
god, i. 7. 33. 

Amor, -6ris_, m., Love, the god of love, Cupid. Adjutus 
pennis Amoris, assisted by the wings of Love, i. 10. 89. Vires 
Amoris tenuantur mecum, the power of love is weakened along 
with me, v. 6. 34. 

Amphitrlte, -es, f., AmpMtrite, a sea-nymph, the daughter 
of Nereus {diss.) and Doris, and sister of Thetis. She became the 
wife of Neptune, and, as goddess of the sea, is sometimes used by 
the poets for the sea itself. Nee Amphitrite porrexerat hracliia 
longo margine terrarum, nor had the sea stretched her arms around 
the distant shores of the eai'th, i. 1. 10. 

Amphrysos, -i, m., the Amphrysus, or Armyro, a river of 
Phthidtis, in Thessaly, which falls into the west side of the Sinus 
Pagasaeus, the Gulf of Volo. Near this stream Apollo tended the 
herds of Admetus, king of Pherae, when he was banished from 
heaven by Jupiter for killing the Cyclops. 

Ampyx, -ycis, m., Ampyx, one of the companions of Phi- 
neus {diss,), who was changed into stone by Perseus {diss.), with 
the head of Medusa. 

Amymone^ -es,J^, Amymone, a fountain and rivulet in Ar- 
golis, which derived its name from a daughter of Danaus, and 
contributed to the formation of the lake of Lerna. See Lerna, 

Anapis, -is, & Anapus, -i, m., the Aiiajns, or Alfeo, a 
small but celebrated river in Sicily, which, after uniting its waters 
with those of the fountain Cyane, falls into the harbour of Syra- 
cuse. The god of the river is said to have married the nymph 
Cyane after she had been changed into a fountain. See Cyane. 

Andraemon, -onis, m., Andrcrmon, a distinguished Greek, 
the husband of the nymph Dryope, and the father of Thoas, who 
commanded the /Etolians at the siege of Troy. Natus claro An- 
dramone, the son of the illustrious Andraemon, i. e. Thoas, xiii. 
1. 357. 

Andromeda, -se, /., Andromeda, the daughter of Cepheus 
{diss.), king of Ethiopia. Cassiope, the wife of Cepheus, had of- 
fended Juno and the Nereids by boasting that she excelled them 
in beauty, and Neptune, who sympathized with the anger of the 

L 



ANG 182 ANN 

sea -goddesses, inundated the kingdom of ^Ethiopia, and sent a sea- 
monster to lay it waste. The oracle of Jupiter Ammon, on being 
consulted by Cepheus, declared that the evil could be averted only 
by the exposure of Andromeda to the sea-monster. Cepheus was 
forced by his subjects to consent, and the unhappy princess was 
bound to a rock. At the moment when the monster was going to 
devour her, Perseus (diss.), who was on his return from killing 
the Gorgon Medusa, saw her, and being captivated with her beauty, 
promised to Cepheus to deliver his daughter on condition that she 
should be given to him in marriage. Cepheus gladly agreed to the 
terms. Perseus attacked, and killed the monster, and, in return 
for his services, received the hand of Andromeda. Phineus {diss. ), 
the brother of Cepheus, to whom she had previously been betrothed, 
resented the injury which had been, thus done to him, and at- 
tempted to carry off Andromeda during the celebration of the 
nuptial feast. A bloody battle ensued, in which many of his com- 
panions were slain, and the rest were changed into stone by the 
Gorgon's head. Andromeda was afterwards changed into a con- 
stellation. See Phineus and Perseus. 

Anguis, -is, m., the Serpent, a constellation between the two 
Bears, near the North Pole. Neu dexterior rota declinet te in tor- 
tum anguem, and let not the right wheel draw you towards the 
twisted Serpent, ii. 1. 138. See Serpens. 

Annus, -i., m., a year. Romiilus divided the year into ten 
months, beginning with March and ending with December, and in- 
cluding in all b04 days. To the first month he gave the name of 
^Martius, from Mars, his supposed father, and the last seven re- 
ceived their names from the place which they occupied in the 
calendar. July and August were anciently denominated Quintilia 
and Sextilis, and received their present names in compliment to 
Julius Caesar and Augustus. Two months were afterwards added 
by Numa ; January at the beginning, and February at the end of 
the year, and this arrangement contmued till b. c. 452, when the 
Decemvirs changed the order of the months, and placed February 
after January. The months now consisted of 29 and 30 days al- 
ternately, to correspond with the revolution of the moon, to which 
one day was added, to make the total number 355. To make the 
lunar year correspond with the course of the sun, Numa ordered 
an additional or intercalary month {inensis inter calaris), to be in- 
serted every second year, between the 23d and 24th of February, 
the length of which was regulated by certain pontiffs, to whom the 
care of the calendar was intrusted. This power was soon abused 
to serve political purposes, and the calendar consequently thrown 
into confusion. By giving a greater or less number of days to the 
intercalary month, the priests were enabled to prolong the term of 
a magistracy, or to hasten the annual elections ; and so little care 
had been taken to regulate the year, that, in the time of Julius 



ANT 183 AxNT 

Caesar, the civil equinox differed from the a<^tronomical by three 
months. To put an end to this disorder, Julius Csesar abolished 
the use of the lunar year and the intercalary month, and, with the 
advice and assistance of Sosigenes, a celebrated astronomer of 
Alexandria, regulated the year according to the course of the sun, 
assigning to the months the number of days which they still retain. 
The first JuHan year commenced with the 1st of January b. c. 46, 
and the 708th year from the foundation of Rome. This year still 
continues in use in all Christian countries, without any other varia- 
tion than that of new and old style, a change which was occasioned 
by a regulation of Pope Gregory, a. d. 1582, and which was adopted 
in Britain in 1752. See JVlensis and Dies. 

Antenor, -oris, m., Antenor, a Trojan prince, related to 
Priam, who, during the Trojan war, was accused of maintaining a 
secret correspondence with Menelaus and Ulysses. He is repre- 
sented as recommending to the Trojans to restore Helen and con- 
clude the war, and at the same time advising the Greeks to build 
the wooden horse, which, by his influence, was introduced into the 
city. After the destruction of Troy, he is said to have settled with 
a colony of Heneti, in Italy, not far from the mouth of the Po, and 
to have founded Patavium, now Fadua, Antenora junctum 
Priamo, Antenor related to Priam, xiii. 1. 201. Gr. Ace. -ora. 

Anticlea, -se./., Anticlea, the daughter of Autolycus, a fa- 
mous robber. He allowed Sisyphus to enjoy the favours of his 
daughter, by whom she is said' to have been pregnant of Ulysses 
when she married Laertes. Ulysses is reproached by Ajax (xiii. 
1. 26.) with his spurious descent as the son of Sisyphus. As son 
of Anticlea, Ulysses was the great-grandson of Mercury, to whicli 
allusion is made, xiii. 1. 146. 

Antonius, (Marcus) -ii, (i,) m., Mark Antony, the son of 
IMarcus Antonius Creticus, and of Julia, who belonged to the fa- 
mily of the Caesars. He was remarkable in his youth for comeli- 
ness and strength, but was addicted to the prevalent vices of 
his age. After travelling in Greece, where he cultivated elo- 
quence and military exercises, he joined the army under Caesar 
in Gaul, and was soon raised to the rank of lieutenant. By his 
promptitude and bravery in the field he secured for himself the 
support of his commander, in his canvasses for civil and poHtical 
honours. In the civil war Antony was one of the most strenuous 
supporters of Caesar, and commanded the left wing of his army in 
the decisive battle of Pharsaha (b. c. 48.) In the following year, 
Caesar being appointed dictator, selected Antony as his master of 
the horse, an appointment which gave him the chief authority in 
the absence of the dictator. His conduct while he held this com* 
mand excited the serious displeasure cf Caesar, but Antony, not- 
withstanding, soon after regained his confidence, and was assumed 
by him as his colleague in his fifth and last consulship. After the 



AON 1S4 APO 

assassination of Caesar, Antony made an artful attempt to secure for 
himself the sovereignty, and unscrupulously employed every method 
to establish his authority. He was, however, overpowered by the 
party of Octavius, afterwards the Kmperor Augustus, and being 
compelled to leave Italy, took refuge with Lepidus, who, at that 
time, held the command in Gaul. Octavius subsequently became 
reconciled to them, and agreed to share with them the sovereign 
power, suggesting that they should govern the empire under the 
name of Triumvirs. This compact was called the Second Trium- 
virate, and was followed by the cold-blooded murder of many of 
the most distinguished citizens of Rome. In the following year, 
Antony went to Asia, where he met w^ith Cleopatra, the celebrated 
queen of Egypt, with whom he passed his time in luxurious dissi- 
pation. Various circumstances at length involved him in a new 
war with Octavius, and being defeated in the battle of Actium 
(b. c. 31.), he escaped into Egypt, where, on finding himself de- 
serted by all his adherents, and besieged by the Roman fleet, he 
stabbed himself to avoid falling into the hands of the conqueror. 

Aon, -oniSj m., Aon, a son of Neptune, who settled in Boeotia, 
and from whom the mountainous part of that country was called 
Aonia. 

Aonis, -idis,/., a female inhabitant of Boeotia; Hence the 
muses are called Aonides, as inhabiting Helicon and Cithaeron, 
and frequenting the fountain Aganippe. 

AoniuSj -a, -ium, adj., of or belonging to Aonia, Thehan, 
Bceotian. Per Aonias urbes, throughout the cities of Boeotia, iii. 
6. 1. Hence, Aonii, -orum, m., the Boeotians, the inhabitants of 
Aonia, i. 8. 1. 

Apennmus, -i, m., the Apennines, a great chain of moun- 
tains in Italy, which branches off from the maritime Alps near 
Nice. The Apennines run diagonally across the country to the 
sources of the Arno and the Tiber, then extend in a curved line 
down the centre of the peninsula, and terminate in the promon- 
tory of Leucopetra, near Rhegium. The highest point is ]\Ions 
Cunarus, Mojite Corno, or II Gran Sasso, in the north of the 
kingdom of Naples, which reaches an elevation of 9,621 feet. 

Aphrodite, -es. f., ^pArocZ^Ye, a name given to Venus, from the 
Greek word a,(p^og, froth, because she was said to have sprung from 
the froth of the sea. This, which is the account of Hesiod, seems 
to have originated in the similarity of the w^ords ; but Homer makes 
Aphrodite the daughter of Jupiter and Didne. See iv. 11. 123. 

Apidanus, -i, m., the Apidanus, now the Sataldge,ov Vlacho 
Jani, a river of Thessaly, which rises in Mount Othrys, and, after 
being joined by the Enlpeus {diss.) near Pharsalus, enters the 
right bank of the Peneus, about the middle of its course. 

Apollineus, -a, -um, adj., of ov relating to Apollo. Apol- 
lineas medullas, the marrow of Ai)ollo, i. 10. 22. 



APO 1C5 ARC 

Apollo, -TniSj r??., ApoUo, the son of Jupiter and Latona, was 
born in the island of Delos at the same time with his sister Diana 
(See Delos). Juno, perceiving that Latona vvas pregnant by Ju- 

f)iter, expelled her from heaven, and made Terra swear not to al- 
ow her a place to bring forth in, and employed at the same time 
a large serpent, called Python, to pursue her wherever she went. 
Neptune at length took pity upon her, and conveyed her to the 
island of Delos, where she gave birth to two children. Apollo, 
soon after his birth, received from Vulcan a present of arrows, with 
which he slew the serpent Python, and, to commemorate his vic- 
tory, instituted the Pythian games (See Pythia). Apollo was the 
god of poetry, music, medicine, augury, and archery ; whence he is 
called Deus Arciteiiens, the god who bears the bow, i. 9. 26. 
He had oracles in various places ; at Glares, a town in Ionia, 
whence he is called Clarius ; at Patara, a city in Lycia, where he 
was supposed to reside for six months in winter, and from which 
he obtained the name Patareus {tris.) ; and in the island of Te- 
nedos. But his chief oracle was at Delphi, whence the name Del- 
phicus was given to him. He had also various other names, as 
Delius from Delos, Cynthius from Cynthus, Latous from Latona, 
Phoebus, and Paean. He is represented as a beardless young man, 
with long uncut hair (whence crines dignos ApolUne, hair worthy 
of Apollo, iii. 6. 20.), holding in his right hand a bow and arrows, 
and in his left a harp, or lyre, which he received from his brother 
Mercury. His head is crowned with laurel, because this tree was 
accounted sacred to him, i. 10. 108. See Daphne. 

AqililOj -onis, 772., properly the north-east wind, but more 
commonly used for the north wind. Aquilo was frequently employed 
by the gods to dispel the clouds, in opposition to Notusy the south 
wind, i. 8. 16. As a mythological personage, Aquilo was the hus- 
band of Orithyia (4 st/L), and father of Calais and Zethes. 

Ara, -ae, y., the Altar, a constellation in the southern hemi- 
sphere, near the south pole, deriving its name from the altar at 
which the gods formed themselves into a confederacy against the 
Titans. Neve sinisterior rota ducat (te) ad pressam aram, nor 
let the left wheel lead you towards the low altar, i. e. towards the 
south pole — because the earth was supposed to sink towards the 
south pole, ii. 1. 139. 

Arcadia, -ae, /., Arcadia, the central province of the Pelo- 
ponnesus. It was surrounded on all sides by lofty mountains, and 
had Achaia on the north, ArgoUs on the east, Laconia and Messenia 
on the south, and Elis on the west. Arcadia was a rich pastoral 
country, producing horses and asses of peculiar strength and 
beauty, and was the second province in size in the Peloponnesus. 
The name of the country is said to have been derived from Areas, 
a son of Jupiter ; and the Arcades, as they beheved, settled in the 
country at so early a period, as to induce them to boast of having 



ARC 186 ARG 

sprung from the earth, and of being older than the moon. They 
were chiefly shepherds, and lived upon acorns ; their country was 
the favourite residence of Pan, the god of shepherds, who was 
therefore worshipped by them with peculiar reverence. They 
were fond of independence, and are highly commended for their 
love of music. 

Areas, -adis, & -ados, m., an Arcadian, an inhabitant of 
Arcadia. It is used also as an adjective, Arcadian. Arcados 
tyranni, of the Arcadian tyrant, i. e. Lycaon, i. 6. 56. 

Arcesius, -ii, m., Arcesiusy a son of Jupiter, the father of 
Laertes, and grandfather of Ulysses, xiii. 1. 144. 

Arctos, -i,./*., the Bear, the name of two constellations near 
the north pole, of which the one is called Ursa Major, or the Great 
Bear, and the other Ursa Minor, or the Little Bear. Geminas 
Arctos, the two bears, iii. 1. 45. From being always visible to 
the inhabitants of the northern hemisphere, the constellation of the 
bear is said never to set ; hence Ovid, speaking of it, says that it 

irnmunem cequoris, free from the sea, which sets not in the sea, 
xiii. 1. 293. 

Arestorides, -ae, m., the son of Arestor, a patronymic ap- 
plied to Argus. Tradidit (eam) servandam Argo Arestoridce, 
delivered her to the care of Argus, the son of Arestor, i. 11. 67. 

Arethusa, -?e,f-, Arethusa, a celebrated fountain in that part 
of Syracuse which was called Ortygia, or Insula. It emitted a 
copious stream of the sweetest water, resembling a river, and 
abounded with fishes. Arethusa, according to the fable, was a 
nymph of Elis, the daughter of Nereus (diss.) and Doris, and one 
of Diana's attendants. When returning one day from the chace, 
she bathed in the river Alpheus, and the river -god becoming ena- 
moured of her, pursued her until she was rei'dy to sink under the 
fatigue, and implored Diana to change her into a fountain. The 
goddess complied with her request, and that she might not be pol- 
luted by the waters of her pursuer, opened for her a passage under 
the sea to the island of Ortygia. The Alpheus, however, con- 
tinued to follow her, and hkewuse rose in Ortygia, so that, as my- 
thologists say, whatever is thrown into the Alpheus in Elis, rises 
again, some time after, in the fountain Arethusa, in Sicily. An 
allusion to the circumstance of rivers disappearing under ground is 
made by Ovid, i. 2. 9., and various instances are recorded by the 
ancient writers. 

Argolicus, -a, -um, adj., of or relating to Argos, or to the 
province of Argolis. Qui arceat moenibus ArgoliccR vrhis, to 
drive him from the walls of the ArgoUc city, i. e. Argos, iv. 13. 6. 

Argos, n., Argos, the capital of ArgoHs, a division of the Pelo- 
ponnesus, lying to the east of Arcadia," and the south of Achaia. 
Argos was situated on the river Inachus, and was generally con- 



ARG 187 ASC 

sidered as the most ancient city of Greece, and was famous for the 
excellence of its horses. The inhabitants were celebrated for their 
attention to sculpture and music. The goddess Juno was worshipped 
at Argos with especial honour ; and her attachment to its interests 
is frequently recorded in the ancient poets. Argos is neuter in 
the singular, and masculine in the plural, Argi, -orum. 

Argus, 'i, m., Argus, the son of Arestor, or, according to 
others, of Agenor. He is represented as a monster, with 100 eyes, 
and was appointed by Jimo to watch lo after she had been changed 
into a cow by Jupiter. The rigour with which he executed his task, 
and the consequent misery suffered by lo, induced Jupiter to give 
Mercury a commission to put him to death. The son of IMaia ac- 
cordingly lulled him to sleep with the music of his flute, and by a 
stroke of his sword severed his head from his body. After his 
death, Juno placed his eyes in the tail of the peacock, a bird which 
was sacred to her divinity. Stellatus Argus, Argus, whose head was 
set with eyes — was covered with eyes as the sky is with stars, 
i. 12. 40. 

Armenia, -9e,y*., Armenia, a large country of Asia, divided 
into Armenia JNIajor and Armenia Minor. To the north it touched 
upon Colchis, Iberia, and Albania ; to the south, upon IMedia, 
Assyria, and Mesopotamia; and to the west, upon Cappadocia and 
Pontus ; on the east it terminated at the junction of the Knr and 
Aras, near the Caspian Sea. Armenia Major, which is the mo- 
dern Turcomania, and is still sometimes called Armenia, compre- 
hended the Turkish pachalics of jE'rzerowTW, Kars, and Va7i, and 
also the Russian province of Erivan. Armenia Minor, which was 
separated from the preceding by the river Euphrates, was, properly 
speaking, a part of Cappadocia. It is now called Aladulia, and be- 
longs to the Turks. Armenia is a rough elevated country, and is 
intersected by several ranges of mountains, which give rise to the 
Euphrates, Tigris, Araxes, the Aras, and other considerable 
streams. Mons Abus, Agri Dag, which overhangs the Araxes, is 
supposed to be the same with the mountains of Ararat, on which 
the ark rested after the flood. The chief towns were Artaxata, 
A r desk ; Arze, Erzeroum ; and Amida, Diarbekir. 

Armenius, -a, -um, adj., of, or relating to Armenia, Ar- 
menian. ArmenicB tigres, Armenian tigresses, xv. 2. 27. 

Asbolus, -i, m.j Soot, or Lampblack, the name of one of 
Actaeon's dogs. Asbolus atris villis. Soot with black hair, iii. 
2. 88. 

Ascalaphus, -i, m., Ascalaphus, the son of Acheron and 
Orphne, who, when Jupiter had agreed that Proserpine should re- 
turn to earth with her mother, provided she had not eaten any 
thing in the infernal regions, gave information that he had seen 
her pluck a pomegranate in the garden of Hades, and put seven of 
the seeds into her mouth. This disclosure so enraged Prosef piiier i 



ASS 188 ATH 

that she sprinkled his head with water from the river PhWethon 
and changed him into an owl. See Ceres and Proserpina. ' 

Assyria, -?e, /!, Assijria, an extensive country of Asia, cor- 
responding generally with the modern province of Kourdistan. It 
was bounded on the north by Armenia, on the east by Media, on 
the south by Susiana and Babylonia, and on the west was separated 
from Mesopotamia by the river Tigris. This was Assyria in its 
hmited sense, and is not to be confounded with the kingdom of 
Assyria, which comprehended also Mesopotamia and Babylonia. 
The kingdom of Assyria was one of the most ancient in the world 
and is said to have derived its name from Ashur, the son of Shem' 
The chief city was Ninus, or Nineveh, generally supposed to have 
been built by Nimrod, and named after his son Ninus. It was the 
metropolis of the Assyrian empire, and is stated in Scripture to 
have been " an exceeding great city, of three days' journey" in 
circumference. 

Assyrius, -a -um, adj..of,oTrelatingto A ssi/Ha, Assyrian. 

Astr^ea, -ae,/, Astraia, the daughter of Jupiter and Themis 
or, as others say, of Astrjpus and Aurora. She was the goddess of 
Justice, and is said to have descended from heaven along with others 
ot the celestial inhabitants, to reside on earth during the golden 
iige. Offended by the wickedness which prevailed durino- the acre 
ot iron, the celestial visiters returned to heaven, and A.str^'aea i^ re- 
presented as the last who quitted the abodes of men. She was 
afterwards changed into the constellation Virgo. nrgo Astrcca 
the virgin Astrsea, i. e. justice, i. 4. 38. * 

Astrum, -i, m., any luminous celestial body,' a constellation 
1 he stars, in the opinion of some of the ancient philosophers, were 
animated beings, who, being far removed from the humidity and 
impurities of earth, and breathing the pure unadulterated ether 
were believed to be endowed with powers and faculties similar to 
those of the gods themselves. The truth of this opinion was proved 
by the unerring regularity of the movements of the heavenly bodies, 
which, being supposed to be voluntary, could, it was alleged be the 
result only of the highest intellectual powers ; hence we find that 
the planets and stars were objects of worship to the nations of 
antiquity, a worship which, in Scripture, is called the worship of 
the host of heaven. 

Astyages, -is, m., Astyages, one of the companions of Phin- 
e\xs{diss.), who was changed into stone by looking upon the head 
of the Gorgon Medusa. 

Athamanteus, -a, -urn, adj., of, or relating to Athamas. 
I ererrant Inoosque Athamanteosqur sinus, they creep over the 
breast of Ino and Athamas, iv. 11. 82. 

Athamas, -antis, m., Athamas, a son of ^Eolus, and kino- of 
a district of Boeotia. He first married Nephele, by whom he had 



ATH 189 ATL 

Phryxus and Ilelle, and havinj^ divorced her, married Ino, the 
(laun^hter of Cadmus, by whom he had two sons, Learchus and 
Melicerta. To avoid the veno^eance of their stepmother, Phryxus 
and Ilelle made their escape on a golden ram, which Nephelo 
got from IMercury. Juno, who had become jealous of the prospe- 
rity of Ino, soon after sent one of the furies to the house of Atha- 
mas, who inspired him with such madness that he killed Learchus 
by dashing him against a rock. Ino, to save herself, fled with 
Melicerta, and with him in her arms, threw herself into the sea, 
where, according to the fable, the mother and child were changed 
into sea-deities ; Ino, into Leucothee,and Melicerta, into Palaemon. 
Snpe)l)?{jn Athamanta, the proud Athamas, iv. 11. 52. See Ino 
and Mehcerta. 

Athis, -ios, m., Athis, an Indian prince, the son of Limnate, 
and grandson of the Ganges ; one of the companions of Phineus 
(diss.), who was killed by Perseus (diss.) with a burning fagot. 
Erat Indus Athis, there was an Indian named Athis, v. i. 47. 
Gr. Ace. -in. 

Athos, -i, m., Athos, now Monte Santo, a mountain of Ma- 
cedonia, in the district of Chalcidice, on a peninsula between the 
Sinus Strymonicus, Gulf of Contessa, and the Sinus Singiticus, 
Gulf of Monte Santo. Across the isthmus, to the west of Mount 
Athos, Xerxes caused a canal to be cut for his immense armament, 
of breadth sufficient to admit of two galleys rowing abreast, while 
its length amounted to a mile and a half. The size and height oi 
this mountain were greatly exaggerated by the writers of antiquity. 
It was said to be so high, that it cast its shadow as far as the island 
of Lemnos, a distance of thirty-five miles. According to Pliny, 
Athos extends into the sea for seventy-five miles, and its base oc- 
cupies a circumference of 150 miles. Strabo reports that the in- 
habitants of the mountain saw^ the sun rise three hours before those 
who lived on the shore at its base. It received its modern name 
from the number of religious houses built around it. Its height is 
6,400 feet. 

Atlantiades, -ae, m., the grandson of Atlas, a patronymic 
applied to JNIercury, as the son of Maia, and grandson of Atlas. 

Atlas, -antis, m., At^as, a lofty and extensive range of moun- 
tains in the north of Africa, covered in many parts with perpetual 
snow, and rising to the height of 13,000 feet. It stretches from 
the shores of the Atlantic Ocean, opposite to the Fortunate Islands, 
to Carthage, and the coasts of the Syrtis Minor, the Gulf of Cubes, 
receiving various names while passing through this great extent of 
country. According to the fable, Atlas was the son of Japetus, and 
king of Mauritania, Morocco and Fez. He was master of a thousand 
flocks, and also of beautiful gardens, abounding in every species 
of fruit, which he had intrusted to the care of a dragon. Per- 
seus (diss.), after the conquest of the Gorgons, passed by the 

L 2 



ATR 190 AUG 

palace of Atlas, and claimed his hospitality ; but the king hav- 
ing been warned by an oracle that he should be dethroned by a 
descendant of Jupiter, not only refused to admit him, but treated 
him with great violence. Perseus being altogether unequal in 
strength to his adversary, showed him Medusa's head, and thus 
changed him into a mountain, which was imagined tc be so high 
that the heavens rested upon its top. Atlas was therefore said 
to bear the world on his shoulders, a legend which is supposed to 
have arisen from his cultivation of astronomy, and his intimate 
knowledge of the motions of the heavenly bodies, which induced 
him to frequent elevated places for the purpose of making observa- 
tions. Atlas is said to have been the inventor of the sphere. He 
had seven daughters by the nymph Ple'ione, who are said to have 
been converted into the constellation called Pleiades, the seven 
stars. Atlas ipse laborat, vixque sustinet suis humeris canden- 
tern axem. Atlas himself is in distress, and with difficulty supports 
with his -shoulders the burning heaven, ii. I. 296. Esse locvm 
jacentem sub gelido Atlante, that there is a place lying close under 
cold Atlas, iv. 15. 20. Insistereque humeris validi Atlantiy, to 
stand upon the shoulders of the powerful Atlas, xv. 2. 90. Gr. 
Ace. -anta. See Pleias. 

Atreus (diss.), -ei, & -eos, m., Atreus, the son of Pelops 
and Hippodamia, was king of Mycenae. Along with his brother 
Thyestes, he was guilty of the murder of Chrysippus, his natural 
brother, and retired to the court of Eurystheus (tris.), king of 
Argos, whose daughter yErope he married, and on the death of 
his father-in-law succeeded him in the kingdom. He was murdered 
by his nephew JEgisthus, whom he had adopted as his son. Atreus 
was the father of Agamemnon and Menelaus, who are from him 
called Atridae. Magnus Atreus cedit titulis Agamemnonis, il- 
lustrious Atreus yields in celebrity to Agamemnon, xv. 9. 111. 
Gr. Ace. Atrea, Foe. Atreu. See Atrides. 

Atrldes^ -ae, m., a son of Atreus. AtridcB is a patrommiic 
applied to Agamemnon and ]\'Ienelaus as the sons of Atreus. Atri- 
des, when placed by itself, generally denotes Agamemnon as being 
the elder ; and when it refers to Menelaus, is usually accompanied 
by a qualifying adjective. Frater majoris Atridas, the brother of 
the elder son of Atreus, i. e. Menelaus, xiii. 1. 359. Ilasta viin- 
oris AtridcBf the spear of the younger son of Atreus, i. e. Mene- 
kus, XV. 2. 103. Qud Fa?i> priiis ereptus est infesto Atrides, by 
which Paris was formerly screened from the enraged son of Atreus, 
XV. 9. 61. 

Augustus, -i, m.j Augustus, a name given to the successor 
of Julius Caesar, and after him to the succeeding emperors. His 
original name was Caius Octavius, afterwards Caius Julius Octa- 
vianus Caesar. He was son of C. Octavius by Attia, the daughter 
of M. Attius Balbus and Julia, the sister of C. Juhus Caesar, and 



AUG 191 AUR 

was consequently the grand-nephew of the conqueror of Gaul. Oc- 
tavius was born on 22d September b. c. 63, in the consulship of 
Cicero, and, after passing his boyhood under the -care of his mo- 
ther, lived with his grand-uncle, who was delighted with his genius 
and dispositions, and, as he destined him for his heir, took the 
greatest care of his education. He attended the dictator during his 
expedition to Spain against the sons of Pompey, and was prosecuting 
his studies at ApoUonia, ready to accompany him into Dacia, when 
intelhgence reached him that his benefactor had fallen by the 
hands of assassins in the senate -house. He accordingly set ouf 
immediately for Italy, and though at that time only eighteen yean 
old, contrary to the advice of some of his friends, declared himself 
the heir of Julius Caesar. In the difficult situation in which he was 
placed he displayed a degree of skill and resolution which baffled 
the prudence of the oldest statesmen of Rome. He at first attached 
himself to the republican party, and professed to be guided chiefly 
by the advice of Cicero ; but finding them opposed to his ulterior 
designs, he afterwards deserted them and formed an alliance witl* 
i^ntony and Lepidus. These three assumed to themselves the title 
of triumvirs for settling the state of the republic, and their union 
was called the Second Triumvirate. In the bloody scenes which 
followed, Octavius acted a conspicuous part, and, partly by putting 
to death those who seemed likely to thwart his designs, and partly 
by his dexterity and address, succeeded in establishing his throne 
on the ruins of the republic. Being relieved from Antony, his last 
formidable enemy, by the battle of Actium (b. c. 31.), he found 
himself at liberty to discontinue the uncongenial pursuit of war, and 
to promote the internal prosperity of his vast empire. Four years 
after the battle of Actium (b. c. 27), he received, from the flattery 
of the senate, the title of Augustus, the name by which he is gene- 
rally known in history. He died at Nola on the 19th of August 
A. D. 14, in the 76th year of his age, after he had held the sove- 
reign power undisputed for 44 years. That part of the character 
of Augustus which i*- is most pleasing to contemplate, was his muni- 
ficent patronage of men of genius. His encouragement of literatm-e, 
oepecially in the persons of Virgil and Horace, has procured the 
name of Augustan age for the brilliant period in which he lived. 

Augustus, -a, -um, adj., of, or relating to Augustus. For- 
tihus Augustis, at the gates of the palace of Augustus, i. 10. 111. 
Terra est sub Augusto, the earth is under the dominion of Augus- 
tus, XV. 9. 116. 

Aulis, -idis,/*, Aulis, a small town of Boeotia, on the Euri- 
pus, celebrated as the rendezvous of the Grecian fleet, when it was 
preparing to sail for Troy. Here the fleet was detained by contrary 
winds till Agamemnon appeased the anger of Diana by presenting 
his daughter Iphigenla for sacrifice at her altar. See Iphigenia. 

Aurora, -^^f.y Aurora^ the daughter of Hyperion and Thia, 



AUS 192 AVE 

or of Pallas, from whom she is called Pallantias. She was the 
goddess of the dawn, or rather of the dayhght, and ascended the 
celestial road in the morning before Phoebus, whose coming she 
announced. She was the wife of Astrgeus, and mother of the w^inds 
and stars. Aurora is represented by the poets as riding in a rose- 
coloured chariot, drawn by white horses, opemng with rosyfino-ers 
the gates of the east, and pouring down the dew upon the earth, 
xS ight and Sleep fly before her, and the constellations of heaven dis- 
appear at her approach. Aurora is frequently used for the mornin?. 
Aurora, tenebrisfupatiSj effulget, Aurora, i. e. the morning, hav- 
ing dispelled the darkness, shines forth, ii. 1. 144. Quum altera 
Aurora iiivecta croceis rods reducet luceJii, when the following 
Aurora, i. e. morning, riding in her saffron chariot, shall bring back 
the hght, iii. 2. 20. Fostera Aurora reinoverat nocUtrnosiqnes, 
the following morning had removed the fires of the ni^ht, i. e. the 
stars, iv. 2. 27. It is also used to signify the east : as, Auroram, 
the east, i. e. .Ethiopia, the abode of Aurora, i. 2. 30. 

Ausonia, -gs,/*., Ausoida, one of the ancient names of Italy. 
This name is said to have been derived from the Ausones, a people 
who at first possessed the whole of the southern part of the penin- 
sula, but were afterwards confined to a narrow tract on the borders 
of Latium and Campania. 

Ausonius, -a, -um, adj., of, or relating to Ausonia, but 
generally used in the sense of Italian, Latin, Roman. Dextra 
manus subjecta est Ausonio Peloro, his right hand was placed 
imder Pelorum fronting Italy, v. 6. 10. 

Auster, -i, m., the south wind, which was believed to produce 
rain. Pluvio Austro, the rainy south wind, i. 2. 35. S^ubilus 
Auster, the gloomy, cloud-bringing south wind, xi. 10. 254, 

Autonoe, -es, f., Autonoe, a daughter of Cadmus, who was 
the wife of Aristaeus, and mother of Actaeon. She assisted her 
sisters in tearing Pentheus (diss.) to pieces. See Pentheus. 

Autonceius. -a, -um, adj., of, or relating to Autonoe: as, 
Autonocius heros, the hero, the son of Autonoe, i. e. Actaeon, 
iii. 2. 68. 

Avernalis, -e, adj.., of, or relating to the lake Avernns, or 
the infernal regions. Inter Avernales nymphas, among the nymphs 
of the infernal regions, v. 8. 79. 

Avernus, -i, w., Avemus, now Lago d^Averno, a lake of 
Campania in Italy, said to have derived its name from the exhala- 
tions of its waters pro%'ing fatal to birds. It was a circular sheet 
of clear water, about a mile and a half in circumference, of great 
depth, and closely surrounded with thick woods, which, in mo* 
dern times, have been supplanted by vineyards and gardens. Here 
the poets placed the scene of Ulysses's descent to the infernal 
regions, and also the subterraneous abodes of the Cimmerians, 
into which no ray of the sun ever penetrated ; whence the fable of 



A XI 193 BAG 

Cimmerian darkness. Hence it is used to denote the inferna, 
regions, Hades. See Cimmeni. 

Axis, -is, m., an axis, an imaginary line passing through the 
centre of the earth, on which the earth performs its daily revolu- 
tion, and the extremities of which are called poles. It is sometimes 
used by the poets to denote the whole heavens : as, candentem 
axerrif the burning heavens, ii. I. 296. 

B. 

Babylon, -onis,/., Babylon, the capital of the Babylonian 
empire, and the most ancient city in the world, was situated on 
the Euphrates, near a place now called Hillah, about fifty- three 
miles to the south of Bagdad. It was built by Nimrod, around the 
tower of Babel, and was afterwards much beautified and enlarged 
by his son and successor Ninus. Semiramis, the wife of the latter, 
was, according to Ovid, the founder of the city ; according to 
others, she merely surrounded it with a wall fifty cubits thick and 
200 cubits high, built of bricks baked in the sun, and cemented 
together with bitumen. Its size and beauty were much increased 
by Nebuchadnezzar, who constructed the famous hanging gardens, 
so called from their seeming at a distance to be suspended in the 
air. It was taken by Cyrus, king of Persia, b. c. 538, according 
to the prediction of the Jewish prophets, and afterwards fell into the 
hands of the JNIacedonians. Here Alexander the Great died b. c. 
323. The site of Babylon is still called Ard BuhiL Gr. Ace. -ona.. 

Babylonia, -ae, /I, Babylonia, a country of Asia, bounded on 
the south and west by Arabia, on the north by Mesopotamia, and 
on the east by Assyria and Susiana, being separated from the two 
last by the river Tigris. It corresponded generally with the mo- 
dern province of Irak Arabi, but contained in addition that part 
of Arabia which touches immediately upon the Euphrates. 

Babylonius, -a, -um, adj., of\ or relating to Babylon, or 
Babylonia, Babylonian, Babylonius Euphrates, the Euphrates 
on which Babylon stood, ii. 1. 248. 

Baccha, -a?^/*,, a Bacchanal, a female who celebrated the 
orgies of Bacchus, by raving through the streets and crying evoe, 
with a wreath of laurel on her head, a deer -skin thrown across her 
left shoulder, and a thyrsus, or wand of ivy, in her hand. 

Bacchans, -tis, c, a Bacchanal, a person who celebrated the 
orgies of Bacchus. 

Baccheius, -a, -um, adj., of, or relating to Bacchus. Aris 
accensis frequento Bacche'ia sacra, lighting the fires on the altars, 
I celebrate the orgies of Bacchus, iii. 7. 181. 

Bacchiadse, -arum, m., the Bacchiadce, a powerful family at 
Corinth, who traced their origin to Bacchia, or Bacchis, the 
daughter of Bacchus. After enjoying the sovereign power at 



BAG 194 BAL 

Corinth for 200 years, they were banished by Cypselus, and, taking 
refuge in Sicily, founded Syracuse, v. 6. 67. 

Bacchius, -a, -urn, adj., of, or relating to Bacchus. Nee 
videres Bacchia sacra, and didst not witness the orgies of Bac- 
*!hus, iii. 7. 8. 

Bacchus, -i^ m., Bacchus, the god of wine, was the son of 
Jupiter by Semele, the daughter of Cadmus. Juno, actuated by 
jealousy of her rival, assumed the form of her aged nurse Beroe, 
and urged Semele to request Jupiter to prove his' divinity by visit- 
ing her in all his majesty, as he did Juno. The king of the gods 
had previously sworn that he would grant her whatever she should 
ask, and failed to prevail upon her to withdraw her request, though 
he foresaw that the consequences would be disastrous. He ac- 
cordingly came to her in a cloud, attended with lightning and 
thunderbolts, and Semele was reduced to ashes in his presence. 
Her child, however, was saved from destruction, and was sewed up 
in the thigh of Jupiter till the full time of gestation was completed. 
Hence Bacchus was called Ignigena, and Bimater (iv. 1. 12.) 
Ovid says, that after his birth he was brought up by his aunt Ino, 
and afterwards intrusted to the care of the nymphs of Nysa, a town 
in India. He is said to have conquered India, and to his splendid 
return from this expedition is ascribed the origin of the triumphal 
procession (See Triumphus). Bacchus discovered the use of the 
vine, and the art of making wine, and of extracting spirit from 
barley, and was therefore worshipped as the god of wine. He is 
said to have been the first who yoked oxen, from which circum- 
stance he is represented with horns (iv. i. 19.) He is represented 
as a young man with an effeminate face, long flowing hair {crines 
dignos Baccho, hair worthy of Bacchus, id. 6. 20.), a fillet or an 
ivy crown on his head, a long purple robe, and with a thyrsus in his 
hand. His chariot was drawn by tigers, lions, or lynxes. He is 
attended by his preceptor Silenus, riding upon an ass, and almost 
always intoxicated, and ir his train follow the Bacchanals and 
Satyrs. The southern coast of Thrace seems to have been the 
original seat of the worship of Bacchus ; and from this country it 
was, at a subsequent period, introduced into Greece. The opposi- 
tion which was made to it by the Greeks gave rise to the fables 
which have been embeUished by Ovid. Bacchus is frequently used 
to denote wine : as, munere generosi Bacchi, with the bounty of 
generous Bacchus, i. e. wine, iv. 15. 13. 

Baleares, -ium, m., the Balearians, the inhabitants of the 
Balearic Islands, oif the coast of Spam, now Majorca and Minorca^ 
who were famous for their expertness in slinging. In this exer- 
cise they were trained from their infancy ; and FloruS relates that 
the mothers never gave their children breakfast till they had struck 
with an arrow a certain mark in a tree. 



BAL 195 BOO 

BaleariCUS, -a, -urn, adj.^ of^ or belonging to the Balearian 
Inlands. 

Barbaries, -ei,/!, ^voy^erXy a foreign country, in opposition 
to Greece or Italy. Among the Greeks it was used to signify any 
territory inhabited by strangers, and, in this sense, it is applied by 
Plautus to Italy. The Romans applied it to any country except 
Greece and Italy. 

Belis, -idis, f., a daughter^ or grand-dmighter ofBehis. The 
term Belides is generally applied to the fifty daughters of Danaus, 
the son of Belus, who married their cousins, the sons of iEgyptus, 
and who all, except Hypermnestra, murdered their husbands on 
the night of their marriage. For this crime they were condemned 
in the infernal regions to the perpetual punishment of filling with 
water a vessel the bottom of which was full of holes, so that the 
water ran out as soon as poured into it. Belides auscE moliri le- 
tinn suis patruelibus assiduce repetvnt undas, qnas perdant, the 
grand-daughters of Belus, who dared to perpetrate the murder of 
their cousins, incessantly replace the water which they happen to 
lose, iv. 1 1. 48. 

Bellona^ -ae, /*., Bellona, the goddess of war, by some said to 
be the sister, and by others the daughter, of INIars. She was wor- 
shipped by the Romans with peculiar respect, and had a temple 
at Rome, without the city, in which the senate sometimes assem- 
bled to give audience to generals on their return from war, or to 
foreign ambassadors, who were not admitted into the city. Her 
priests, called Bellonarii, consecrated themselves by making inci- 
sions in their arms and shoulders, and offered then- own blood in 
sacrifice. A. R. A. 7. 

Belus, -i^ /w., Belus, a king of Egypt, the father of Danaus 
and iEgyptus. 

Bceotia, -SS, f., Bceotia^ now forming part of Livadia, was 
bounded on the west by Phocis, on the north by the Opuntian 
Locrians, on the east by the KubcBan Sea, and on the south oy 
Attica, jNIegaris, and a small portion of the Corinthian Gulf. It 
was perhaps the richest and most fertile country in Greece ; and 
the abundance of the natural productions of the soil rendering ex- 
ertion on the part of the inhabitants unnecessary, depressed their 
intellectual and moral energies to such a degree, that they became 
proverbial for their dulness and stupidity. There were, however, 
some illustrious exceptions. Hesiod, Pindar, Plutarch, Epami- 
nondas, and Pelopidas, were natives of Bceotia. The principal 
city was Thebae, Thebes, founded by Cadmus and a colony of 
Phoenicians. See Thebae. 

Boeotius, -a, -um^ adj.., of, or relating to Bceotia, Boeotian. 
Vocato ilia Bceotia (mcenia), call it the Boeotian city, iii. ]. 13. 
Bootes, -se, & -is, m,, Bootes^ the Greek name for a conste » 



BOR 196 CAD 

lation near the north pole, which was called by the Romans Bu- 
bulcus, the herdsman. From its position behind the Great Bear, 
it was called Arctophylax, the keeper of the Bear. Memorant te 
qudque, Boote, fugisse turhatum, they say that you too, Bootes, 
fled in alarm, ii. 1. 176. 

Boreas, -ae. m., Boreas, the north wind, frequently used to 
signify the north. 

Britannia, -ae, f,. Britain, called also Albion, the largest 
island in the world with which the ancients were acquainted. It 
seems to have been known at a very early period to the Phoenicians, 
who visited its shores in quest of tin. This metal formed so valuable 
an article of commerce in their connexion with the Greeks and 
Romans, that they carefully concealed all knowledge of the country 
from which they procured it. They gave the name of Cassiterides, 
the Tin Islands, to the Scilly Islands, including probably under 
this name Cornwall and part of Devonshire. At a subsequent pe- 
riod, the Carthaginians also visited Britain for the purposes of com- 
merce, and are said to have penetrated as far north as Thule, or 
the Shetland Islands. Britain was known to the Romans by re- 
port only, till Caesar invaded it (b. c. 55), from a desire, it is said, 
to collect its pearls, the reports concerning the beauty of which had 
reached him in Gaul ; or, more probably, from the ambitious 
desire of extending his conquests over countries bordering, as he 
believed, on the extremity of the world. He did not, however, 
persist in subduing it, and it appears to have almost escaped the 
notice of the Romans for nearly a century, till the reign of the em- 
peror Claudius, when it was again deemed an object worthy of the 
grasping avarice of Rome. In the reign of Domitian, Agricola 
reduced to the form of a province the whole of the island to the 
south of the Forth and Clyde, and built (a. d. 81) a wall between 
these two friths to prevent the incursions of the northern barbarians. 
From this time it continued in the possession of the Romans till 
A. D. 408, when they completely abandoned the island. The prm- 
cipal Roman stations were, — Camalodunum, Colchester; Verula- 
mium, St Allans; Eboracum, York; Londinium, or Augusta, 
London. 

Britanni, -orum, IW., the inhabitants of Britain, the Britons. 
JEquoreos Britannos, the Britons surrounded by the sea, xv. 9. 8. 

Bvomius, -iij m., Bromius (the bawler), a surname given to 
Bacchus, from the noise made by the Bacchanalians in celebrating 
his orgies. 

Bustum, -i, 7?., a name applied to the place where a dead 
body was burnt and buried. It is also used to signify a sepulchre, 
a tomb. The place, where the body was burnt only, was called 
Ustrina. A. R. A. 417. 

C. 

Cadmeis, -idis, f., of, or belonging to Cadmus, Cadmean^ 



CAD 197 CMS 

yec rates dubium d? morte deplanxere Cadmeida domum palmis^ 
and thinking there was no doubt of her death, they lamented the 
house of Cadmus bv striking their breasts with their hands, iv. 11. 
130. 

Cadmus, -i, m., Cadmus, the founder of Thebes, was the son 
of Agenor, king of Phoenicia. He was sent by his father in quest of 
his sister Europa, who had been carried oflf by Jupiter, with orders 
not to return unless he found her. Prosecuting his search, he ar- 
rived in Greece, and failing to hear any inteUigence of his sister, 
he resolved to consult the oracle of Apollo at Delphi, that he 
might know in what part of the earth to fix his abode. The oracle 
directed him to follow a heifer which was described to him, and, 
on the spot where she should lie down, to build a city, and call the 
country Boeotia. He found the heifer as the oracle had predicted, 
and wishing to sacrifice her to Jupiter, he sent his companions to 
fetch water for a libation from a neighbouring grove. The foun- 
tain was sacred to Mars, and was guarded by a huge dragon, who 
murdered his companions. Cadmus, in revenge, slew the monster, 
and, by the direction of Minerva, sowed his teeth in a plain, on 
which armed men suddenly sprung from the ground. He threw a 
stone among them, and they mstantly turned their swords against 
each other, till they all fell, except five, who assisted him in build- 
ing Thebes. Hence the Thebans are called Anguigence, sprung 
from the serpent (iii. 7. 21.) Cadmus soon after married Hait- 
monia, the daughter of Venus, by whom he had a son, Polydorus, 
and four daughters, Ino, Agave, Autonoe, and Semele. The mis- 
fortunes which the vindictive persecution of Juno inflicted upon 
their family, so distressed Cadmus and Harmonia, that they retired 
to lllyricum, and were there changed into serpents. Cadmus is 
supposed to have come into Greece, b. c. 1493, and to have in- 
troduced the use of letters, and the worship of many of the Egyp- 
tian and Phoenician deities. 

Caesar, -aris, rw., Ctcsar, the cognomen or distinctive family- 
name of a branch of the illustrious Julian gens at Rome. The 
Julian gens was one of the oldest of the Roman patrician houses, 
and that branch of it which bore the name of Caesar traced its 
origin to lulus, the son of ^neas, and consequently claimed a 
descent from divine blood. Caius Julius Caesar, the most distin- 
guished member of this family, was the son of C. Julius Csesar and 
Aurelia, and was born on the 12th of July, b. c. 100. His aunt 
Julia was the wife of Caius Marms, and he himself, in his seven- 
teenth year, married Cornelia, the daughter of Cinna, a connexion 
which exposed him to the resentment of the party of Sulla. The 
dictator deprived him of his wife's dowry, and with reluctance 
spared his life, observing to those who interceded for him, that the 
youth *' would be the ruin of the aristocratic party, for there were 
many Marii in Caesar." He absented himself from Rome daring 



CMS 198 c^s 

the remainder of the life of Cinna, and was for some time employed 
in military service in the east. He returned to Rome on the death 
of the dictator, but failing in his first attempt as a public prosecu- 
tor, he retired to Rhodes, and devoted himself to the study of 
eloquence under the rhetorician Molo. The first public honour 
which he obtained was the office of military tribune, to which he 
was appointed by the suffrages of the people, about b. c. 69. His 
splendid talents now began to display themselves, and his advance- 
ment in public life proceeded steadily in opposition even to obsi acles 
which, by a less ambitious mind, would have been deemed insur- 
mountable. To counteract the influence of the aristocratic party, 
he found it necessary to court the favour of the people, and by 
splendid exhibitions, and a profuse expenditure of money, succeeded 
in attaching them permanently to his interest. After passing 
through the inferior offices of quaestor, sedile, and praBtor, he was 
elected consul B. c. 59, in opposition to the powerful influence of 
the aristocracy, and strengthened his party by efi'ecting a reconci- 
liation between Pompey and Crassus, and attaching them to him- 
self. This combination is commonly called the First Triumvirate. 
At the close of his consulship, Caesar obtained the province of 
Gaul, including the north of Italy, for five years, with an army of 
four legions ; and before this time expired, succeeded in getting it 
renewed for an equal period. In nine years he subdued the whole 
of Transalpine Gaul (the modern kingdoms of France and Bel- 
gium, and a large .portion of Switzerland), carried the terror of 
the Roman name across the Rhine into Germany, and twice in- 
vaded Britain. Through the interest of his friends, he had pro- 
cured a decree of the senate to enable him to stand candidate for 
the consulship in his absence; but finding that Pompey. who had 
joined the aristocratic party, demanded as a condition that he 
should resign the command of his army, he proceeded to Italy in the 
spriner B. c. 51, for the purpose of enforcing his claims. On reach- 
ing Cisalpine Gaul, he became aware of the measures which were 
in operation against him, and, resolved to enforce by arms what 
was refused to him by the senate, crossed the Rubicon, a small 
stream, which formed the southern limit of his province, and di- 
rected his march to the south. The approach of Caesar's troops 
spread alarm among the senatorial party, who immediately quitted 
Italy and took refuge in Greece. Caesar advanced to the capital, 
possessed himself of the public money, and after defeating Pompey*s 
party in Spain, assumed the name of dictator, and nominated him- 
self and Servilius consuls for b. c. 48. The campaign of this year 
completed the destruction of the senat-orial party, by the defeat of 
Pompey on the great plain of Pharsalia in Thessaly. During the 
three following years he was employed in crushing the adherents of 
the senate in various parts of the empire, and fought his last battle 
in' the vicinity of Munda, in, the south of Spain, b. c. 45, a battle 
iii which 30,000 men are said to have fallen on the side of the sons 



C^S 199 CAW 

of Pompey. On his return to Rome, Caesar was created consul 
for ten years, and dictator for life. On the ides (15th) of March 
B. c. 44, he was assassinated in the senate-house, and, after his 
death, was enrolled among the gods, under the appellation of 
Divus Julius. As a writer and an orator, Csesar has received the 
highest praise from Cicero. His Commentaries, which are written 
in a plain perspicuous style, entirely free from all affectation, place 
him in the same class with Xenophon, and those few individuals 
who have successfully united the pursuit of letters and philosophy 
with the business of active life. Ten books of his commentaries 
have descended to us, — seven of his wars in Gaul, which are believed 
to have been written on the spot, and three which refer to the civil 
wars. 

Caesareus^ -a, -um^ adj., of^ or relating to Ccesar. 

CaiCUS, -i, W., the Caicus, now the Grimakli, or Mandra- 
f/orai, a river of Mysia, in Asia Minor, which rises in Mount 
Temnos, flows through the plains of Teuthrania, and after passing 
Pergaraos, falls into the ^Egean Sea at Elaea, opposite to the 
south-eastern extremity of Lesbos, 

Calais, -is, m., Calais, the son of Boreas, or Aquilo, and 
Orithyia (4 syl.), and the twin-brother of Zethes, along with 
whom he accompanied Jason to Colchis, in quest of the golden 
fleece. When they reached the coast of Thrace, they relieved 
Phineus (diss.), the king of that country, from the Harpies, a kind 
of ravenous birds which Jupiter had sent to torment him by pollut- 
ing or carrying away the food from his table. He and his brother 
are represented with wings, and are said to have been killed by 
Hercules. See Harpyiae. 

Calliope, -es,/., Calliope, the chief of the muses, whose of- 
fice it was to preside over eloquence and heroic poetry. She was 
represented holding in her hand a close-rolled parchment, and 
generally crowned with laurel. See Musae. 

Calydon, -onis,/!, Calydon, now Evereo Castro, a city of 
.^tolia, in Greece, situate on the left bank of the Evenus, the 
Fidiri, a few miles from its mouth. It was famed in Grecian 
story for the ferocious boar sent by Diana to ravage the country, 
and which was killed by Meleager, the son of CEneus fdiss.), king 
of the country. 

Calydonius, -a, -urn, adj., of, or relating to Calydon, Ca- 
ledonian. Quam modb Calydonia hasta TydidcB vulneret, whom 
at one time the Calydonian spear of the son of Tydeus wounds, i. e. 
of Diomedes, whose father Tydeus was the -son of (Eneus, kmg oi 
Calydon, xv. 9. 25. See Diomedes. 

Canace, -es^y., Barker, the name of one of ActaBon's dogs. 

Cancer, -cri, W., the Crab» one of the twelve signs of the 



CAN 200 CAU 

lodiac. CancTum curvanfem hrachia aUteVy the crab bending 
his daws in a different direction, ii. I. 83. See Zodiacus. 

Canopus, -i, m., Canopus, now Ahoukir, a city of Egypt, 
twelve miles from Alexandria, situate at one of the mouths of the 
Nile. It is said to have been founded by Mcnelaus, and to have 
derived. its name from Canopus, the pilot of his ship, who was 
buried there. The inhabitants were proverbial for their luxury 
and profligate manners. Opposite to the town was the island of 
Canopus, Aboukir^ so famed from the glorious victory of the Nile, 
obtained near it by Lord Nelson over the French fleet, August 1 , 
1799. 

Capitolium, -ii, m.^the capitol, a celebrated temple and cita- 
del in Rome, built on the Tarpeian rock, on the Capitoline hill. 
The foundation was laid by Tarquinius Priscus, n. c. 615, the 
building was continued by his successor Servius TuUius, and 
finished by Tarquinius Superbus, b. c. 533 The consecration, 
however, did not take place till the third year after the expulsion of 
the kings, when this ceremony was performed by the consul Horatius. 
It consisted of three parts ; of which the centre was sacred to 
Jupiter, the right wing to Minerva, and the left to Juno. The mag. 
nificence of this temple is said to have been almost incredible, and 
its wealth, which was derived from the presents of the successive 
consuls who here offered, sacrifices on the day they entered on their 
office, was very great. Capitolia visent longas pampas^ when the 
Capitol shall witness the long processions, i. e. the triumphal pro- 
cessions, in which the victorious general was crowned with laurel, 
i. 10. 110. See Triumphus. 

Cassiope^ -es,/*., Cassiope, the wife of Cepheus (diss.)^ king 
of ^Ethiopia, and mother of Andromeda. Proud of her beauty, 
she boasted that she was fairer than Juno or the Nereids, and thus 
provoked Neptune to punish her insolence by deluging ^Ethiopia, 
and sending a huge sea-monster to ravage the country. See An- 
dromeda. 

Castalius, -a, -um, adj., of, or relating to Castalia, a foun- 
tain at the foot of Mount Parnassus, sacred to Apollo and the 
Muses, which poured down the chasm between the two summits of 
the mountain, and was fed by the perpetual snows. Its pure and 
excellent waters were said to have the power of inspiring those who 
drank of them with the true spirit of poetry. Cadmus vix bene 
dcscenderat Castalio antro, scarcely had Cadmus well descended 
from the Castalian cave, i. e. left the oracle of Delphi, iii. 1. 14. 
See Delphi. 

Caucasus, -i, tw., Caucasus, an extensive range of mountains 
in Asia, extending between the Euxine and the Caspian Seas, and 
supposed by the ancients to be a continuation of the chain of Tau- 
rus. It is so lofty as to be covered in many parts with perpetual 
snow. On Strobelus, one of its highest peaks, was said to be the 



CAY 201 CEP 

rock to which Prometheus (tris.) was chained by Jupiter till he 
was delivered by Hercules. 

Caystros, -i^ m., the Cayster, now the ^tchick-Meinder, or 
Little Minder, an inconsiderable river of Lydia, in Asia IMinor, 
which rises in a branch of Mount Tmolus, and runs through the 
Asian Marsh into the ^gean Sea, near Ephesus. Its banks are 
said by the poets to have been much frequented by swans. Flumi- 
necE volucres caluere medio Capstro, the birds of the river, i. e. 
the swans, grew hot in the middle of the Cayster, ii. 1. 253. 
Cai/stros in labentibus vndis audit non plura carmina cygnorum 
illo, the Cayster, in his gliding waters, hears not more songs of 
swans than it, v. 6. 46. 

Census, -us, m., the census, a general review of the Roman 
people, made for the purpose of estimating their property, and pro- 
portioning their share of the public taxes. The census was insti- 
tuted by Servius Tullius, a. u. 125, and intrusted to magistrates 
called Censores, censors. Every citizen was obliged to give in to 
the Censors his name, residence, and occupation ; his wife's name, 
and the names of his children, with their age^^, the number of his 
slaves, and a minute and accurate account of his property. The 
goods of the person who made a false return were confiscated, and 
he himself, after being scourged, was sold as a slave. The Censors 
had also the charge of the public morals, and were invested with 
the power of advancing or degrading the citizens according as their 
character or wealth entitled them. Hence census came to signify 
wealth or property. See A. R. A. 107. 

Cepheius, -aj -um, adj., of , or relating to Cepheus. Cephe'ia 
arva, the kingdom of Cepheus, i. e. Ethiopia, iv. 14. 7. 

Cephenes, -um, m., the Cephenes, the principal subjects of 
Cepheus, the ^Ethiopian nobles. Proceres Cephenum, the 
^Ethiopian nobles, iv. 15. 12. Medio Cephenum, amidst the 
company of Ethiopians, v. 1. 1. 

Cepheus {diss. ), -ei, & -eos. m. , Cepheus, king of Ethiopia, 
a son of Belus, and the father of Andromeda by Cassiope, and fa- 
ther-in-law of Perseus (diss.) He was one of the Argonauts, and, 
after his death, was changed into a constellation. Sunt qui dicant 
Cephea cum genero debere mori, there are some who say that 
Cepheus and his son-in-law, i. e. Perseus, ought to be put to 
death, v. 1. 42. 

Cephisis, -idis, adj., f., of, or relating to the Cephisus. 
Adeunt pariter Cephisidas undas, ut nonduni liquidas, sic jam 
secantes nota vada, they approach together the waters of the 
Cephisus, which, though not yet clear, were now flowing in their 
wonted channel, i. 8. 57. 

Cephisius, -ii, m., the son of the Cevhisits^ Narcissus. Ce- 
phisius jam addiderat unum annum ad ter qmnos, the son of the 



CEP 202 CER 

Cephisus, i. e. Narcissus, had now added one to thrice five years 
i. e. was now sixteen years old, iii. 5. 13. 

Cepblsos, -ij rw., the Cephisus , now the Mauro Potamo a 
river of Phocis in Greece, which rises near the city of Lilaea, 
where the ancients state that it rushed from the mountain with a 
noise resembhng the bellowing of a bull, flows on the northern side 
of Parnassus, and, after traversing the whole of Phocis, enters 
Bceotia, and loses its waters in the lake Copais. From the nume- 
rous sinuosities of its course, the Cephisus has been compared to a 
serpent. It is said to have been a special favourite of the Graces, 
who are from this circumstance called the goddesses of the river. 

Cerbereus, -a, -um, adj., of, or relating to Cerberus. Spu~ 
mas Cerherei oris, foam from the mouth of Cerberus, iv. 11. \6. 

Cerberus, -i, m., Cerberus, a do^ who guarded the entrance 
to the infernal regions, to prevent the living from entering, and the 
dead from escaping. He is said to have been the son of Typhon 
and Echidna, and is generally represented as having three heads, 
though some mythologists assign to him a hundred. See Hercules. 

Cerealis, -e, adj., of, or relating to Ceres. Cerealia semina, 
the seeds of Ceies, i. e. grain, i. 4. 11. 

Ceres, eris, J"., Ceres, the goddess of corn and husbandry, was 
the daughter of Saturn and Ops, and the sister of Jupiter and 
Pluto. She is said to have brought corn from Sicily to Attica in 
the reign of Pandion, which she gave to Celeus (diss.), at 
Eleusis, and taught him the art of cultivating it. By Jupiter she 
had a daughter, Proserpine, who was carried off by Pluto while 
gathering flowers along with her attendant nymphs, on the plains 
of Henna, in Sicily, and became his wife, Ceres, who was deeply 
affected by the loss of her daughter, after searching for her all over 
Sicily, lighted two torches at Mount iEtna, and continued her 
search over the whole earth. She found her veil at the fountain 
Cyane (v. 8. 9. ), but the nymph was unable to communicate to her 
the fate of her daughter. This information she afterwards obtained 
from Arethusa (v. 8. 44.), who, when passing along her subter- 
ranean channel, had seen Proserpine arrayed as queen in the do- 
minions of Pluto. Ceres immediately ascended to Jupiter, and 
demanded of him the restoration of her daughter. The king of the 
gods in vain attempted to sooth her grief, by representing to her 
the honour which had been conferred upon her daughter by being 
made the wife of his brother ; Ceres continued inexorable, and 
Jupiter consented to her restoration, provided she h:id not tasted 
any thing in the infernal regions. She accordingly went to Pluto, 
and demanded her daughter, but Ascalaphus having intimated that 
he had seen her pluck a pomegranate m the Elysian fields, and 
eat some of the seeds, she was found to have violated the condi- 
tions of her release. All, therefore, which Jupiter could grant 
WM, that she should alternately remain six months in Hades with 



CEY 203 CHE 

Pluto, and six in heaven with her mother. Ceres is represented 
with yellow hair, crowned with ears of corn, and holding in the one 
hand poppies, or ears of corn, and iix the other a burning torch. 
Ceres is often used to signify corn, food : as, cura Cereris, a regard 
for food, iii. 6. 36. See Cyane, Arethusa, Ascalaphus, and 
Proserpina. 

Ceyx, -ycis, m,, Ceyx, a son of Lucifer, and king of Trachis, 
a town in Thessaly, who was drowned while crossing the iEgean 
Sea, to consult the oracle of Apollo at Claros, in consequence of 
the melancholy fate of his brother Deedalion, and the misfortunes 
which followed it. His wife Halcyone, who had, with extreme re- 
luctance, consented to the voyage, was grieved at his absence, and 
incessantly importuned the gods for his return. At the request of 
Juno, Somnus sent his son Morpheus (diss.), who assumed the 
form and appearance of Ceyx, and intimated to Halcyone, in the 
voice of her husband, the melancholy catastrophe. He and his 
wife Halcyone, were changed into kingsfishers. See Daedalion and 
Halcyone. 

Chaonius^ -a, -um^ adj., of, or relating to Chaonia, a pro- 
vince of Epirus. Chaonius Molpeus, Molpeus from Chaonia, v. 1 . 
106. 

ChaoSj n., Chaos, a name applied by the Greek poets to the 
rude and shapeless mass of matter which they supposed to exist be- 
fore the formation of the world. According to Ovid, who has 
adopted the cosmogony of Hesiod, the Divine Being formed the . 
universe out of this confused mass, by dividing it into the four 
elements, fire, or ether, air, earth, and water. This separation he 
effected by causing the pure ether, or fire, to occupy the highest 
place ; the next place he assigned to the air, or atmosphere, while 
the lowest were given to earth and water. The opinions which the 
ancients entertained of Chaos and of the creation of the world, 
were probably derived traditionally from the writings of Moses, 
and may be advantageously compared with the simple but sublime 
narrative of the sacred penman. Confundimur in antiquum Chaos, 
we are thrown back into our ancient Chaos, i. e. into our former 
state of confusion, ii. 1. 299. 

Charops, -opis, m., Char ops, a Trojan, the son of Hippasus, 
who was slain by Ulysses. 

Charybdis, -is, /*., Charyhdis, a dangerous whirlpool in the 
Straits of jNIessina, on the Sicilian coast, opposite to Scylla on the 
coast of Italy. Charyhdisque inimica ratibus (dicitur) nuncsor-^ 
here nunc redderef return^ and Chary bdis, dangerous for ships, is 
iaid at one time to draw in the sea, at another time to send it forth, 
vii. 1. 63. See Scylla. 

Chersidamas, -antis^ m., Chersidamas, a Trojan killed by 
Ulysses. 



CHI 204 CIN 

Chius, -a, -um, ac?/., o/, or relating to the island ofCeos^ now 
Zea, one of the most considerable of the Cyclades, situate twelve 
miles south-east of the promontory of Sunium. It was- said to 
have been once united to Euboea, from which it was torn by an 
earthquake. The inhabitants were noted for their sobriety and 
modesty. AppJicor ad oras Chion ielluris, I am brought to the 
coasts of the Chian land, i. e. to Ceos, iii. 7. 87. 

Chromis, -is, m.^ Chromis, a man who, at the marriage of 
Perseus {diss. ), killed Emathion. 

Chromius, -ii^ m., Chromius, one of the companions of Sar- 
pedon, who was slain by Ulysses at Troy. 

Chryse, -es., /*., Chrysa, a town on the western coast of 
Troas, in Asia Minor, where was the famous temple of Apollo 
Smintheus {diss.) This city was taken by Achilles during the 
Trojan war, xiii. 1. 174. 

Cilicia^ -ae,/"., Cilicia, a province in the south-east of Asia 
Minor, lying opposite to the island of Cyprus. It w^as bounded on 
the north by the range of Taurus, which separated it from Phry- 
gia and Cappadocia, on the east by Mount Amanus, which sepa- 
rated it from Syria, on the south by the Mediterranean, and on 
the west by Pamphylia. The western part of the province was 
called Cilicia Trachea, from the mountainous and ? ?/^^e<i charac- 
ter of the country ; and the eastern portion obtained the name of 
Cilicia Campestris, because it was more level and fertile. One of 
the most important towns of Cilicia was Tarsus, Tersoos, the na- 
tive city of St Paul, and the rival of Alexandria and Athens, as a 
school of philosophy and the polite arts. Tarsus, which is called 
Tarshish in the Bible, was famed at a remote period for the expert - 
ness of its seamen, who appear to have been the chief merchants 
in the early ages of the world. Their ships, which were built for 
distant voyages, were larger and stronojer than those in ordinary 
use, and are believed to have obtained for large ships of burden the 
name which is given to them in Scripture, '* ships of Tarshish." 

Cilix, -IciSjadj., of, or relating to Cilicia, Cilician. 

Cimmerii, -orum_, m., the Cimmerii, a people near Lake 
Avernus, in Campania, represented by the poets as dwelling in 
deep caverns, into which no ray of the sun ever penetrated. Hence 
the fable of Cimmerian darkness. Near this people Ovid places 
the abode of the god Somnus, xi. 10. 183. See Avernus. 

Cinyps, -ypis, & Cinyphus, -i, m.^ the Cinj/ps, now the 
Khahan, a small river in the north of Africa, which falls into the 
sea between the Syrtes. The country through which it flowed was 
remarkable for its fertility. 

Cinyphius, -a, -um^ adj., of, or relating to the Cinyps ; 
hence, Libyan, African. Cinyphium Jubam, African Juba, 
rv. 9. 11. 



CIT 205 COR 

Cithaeron, -onis, m., CtM^ron, now £'/a^ea, a ran^e of moun- 
tains separating Boeotia from Megaris and Attica, sacred to Bac- 
chus, and famous for the metamorphosis of Actaeon, and the death 
of Pentheus (diss.) Cithceron natus ad sacra, Cithaeron natu- 
rally adapted for the celebration of sacred rites, ii. 1. 223. Cithce- 
ron electtts adfacienda sacra, Cithaeron selected for the celebra- 
tion of sacred rites, iii, 7. 192. 

Clarius. -a, -um, adj., of, or relating to Claros, Clarian. 
Ad Clarium Deum, to the Clarian God, i. e. Apollo, xi. 10. 4. 

ClaroSj -i, /*., Claros, now Zilleh, a city of Ionia, in Asia 
Minor, famous for a temple and oracle of Apollo, and for a foun- 
tain whose waters inspired those who drank of them with pro- 
phetic fury. This city is said to have been built by Manto- a 
daughter of Tiresias, and early acquired celebrity as a place of di- 
vination. The tears which i\Ianto shed over the misfortunes of her 
country formed a fountain, or rather lake, where she first founded 
the oracle. Considerable vestiges of the former greatness of Cla- 
ros are still to be seen at Zilleh ; these consist of several sepul- 
chres, the prophetic fountain and cave, with marble steps leading 
down to it ; also remains of a large temple, a theatre, and several 
churches. From Claros Apollo was called Clarius. 

Clymene, -es, /., Clymene, the wife of Merops, king of 
iEthiopia, and mother of Phaethon. 

Clymeneius, -a, -um, adj.,, of, or relating to Clymene. 
Clymene'ia proles, the son of Clymene, i, e. Phaethon, ii. 1. 19. 

Clymenus, -i, m., Clymenus, one of the companions of 
Phineus {diss.), who was slain by Odites. 

Cceranos, -i, m., Coeranos, one of the companions of Sarpe- 
don, who was slain by Ulysses. 

Colchi, -orura, m., the inhabitants of Colchis, the Colchians. 

Colchis, -idiSjjT., Colchis, now Mingrelia, a country lying 
along the east coast of the Euxine Sea, celebrated in fable for the 
golden fleece, and the expedition undertaken to obtain it by the 
chief of the Grecian youth, under the command of Jason. See 
lason. 

Colchus, -a, -um, adj., of or relating to Colchis, Colchian. 
Colcha litora, the shores of Colchis, xiii. 1. 24. 

Corinthus, -i,/., Corinth, the chief city of Achaia, and the 
capital of a small but wealthy district. It was situated on the isth- 
mus of the same name, having the Corinthian Gulf on the one side, 
and the Saronic Gulf on the other. Hence orta Bimari Corin- 
the, sprung from Corinth situated between two seas, v. 6. 67. It 
existed under the name of Ephyre long before the siege of Troy, 
and, from the peculiar advantages of its situation, was considered 
as the key of the Peloponnesus. Corinth was the seat of opulence 
and of the arts while the rest of Greece was sunk in comparative 

M 



COR 206 CUR 

obscurity and barbarism, and continued to maintain its rank among 
the Grecian cities till it was burnt by the Romans under Mummius, 
B. c. 146. During the conflagration all the metals in the city are 
said to have melted, and, mixing together, to have formed that va- 
luable composition known by the name of " Corinthian brass." 
This city was rebuilt by Julius Caesar a short time before his death. 

Corycides, ~um,f., the Cort/ddeSy the nymphs who inha- 
bited the Corycian cave, said by some to be the daughters of the 
river Plistus, and by others supposed to be the Muses. They were 
worshipped by Deucalion and Pyrrha when they went to consult 
the oracle on Mount Parnassus. See Deucalion and Pyrrha. 

Corycium (Antrum), the Corycian cave, a cave or grotto on 
Mount Parnassus, not far from Delphi, sacred to the Corycian 
nymphs and to the god Pan, and surpassing in extent every other 
cavern with which the ancients were acquainted. It was so large, 
that on the approach of the Persians, the greater part of the m- 
habitants of Delphi took refuge in its capacious recess. 

Crocale, -es,y., Crocale, a Theban nymph, one of Diana's 
attendants. 

Croto, & Croton, -onis, m. &/., Croto, now Cotrone, a 
celebrated city on the Gulf of Tarentum, in the south of Italv, 
long the residence of Pythagoras, and the birthplace of Milo, the 
famous athleta. Gr Ace. -ona. See Milo. 

Cupido, -inis, m., Cupid, the god of love, was the son of 
Venus, and her constant attendant. He is represented as a naked 
infant with wings, armed with a bow, and carrying a quiver full ot 
arrows. Cupid possessed the power of inspiring with the tender 
passion whomsoever he chose, and through his influence Apollo 
was inflamed with love for Daphne, i. 10. 1., &c., and Pluto was in- 
stigated to carry off Proserpine, v. 6. 26., &c. 

Curalium, -11, n., coral, supposed by the ancients to be a 
sea- plant, which was soft while under water, but became hard 
when exposed to the atmosphere. According to Ovid, this hard- 
ness was first produced by Medusa's head, Perseus (diss.) having 
accidentally placed some twigs of the coral-plant under it, to pre- 
vent it from being injured by the sand on the beach, which were 
thereby converted into stone. The plant was afterwards propa- 
gated by the nymphs, who spread the seeds of it over every part 
of the ocean. Coral was well known to the ancients, but it was 
reserved for the moderns to discover its real nature. It has been 
ascertained to be the nest of a certain species of worms, which have 
the same relation to coral that a snail has to its shell. As an or- 
nament black coral is most esteemed, but the red is also very 
highly prized. Coral is found in very great abundance in the Red 
Sea, the Persian Gulf, in various parts of the INIediterrancan, and 
oc the coast of Sumatra, &c. It grows on rock, and on any soUd 



CUR 207 CYC 

submarine body, and it is necessary to its production thai it should 
remain fixed in its place. 

Curia, -ae, f.^ a huilding in ivhich the senate mety the senate" 
house. Anciently there were only three places where the senata 
used to be held, two within the city, and the temple of Bellona 
without it. When curia simply is used in reference to Rome, it 
is generally intended to denote the Curia Hostilia, built by TuUus 
Hostilius. It is also put (xv. 9. 58.) for the Curia Pompeia, in 
which Julius Caesar was murdered. A. R. A. 7. See Caesar. 

Cyane, -es, ,/'., Cyane, a Sicilian nymph, one of the attend- 
ants of Proserpine, who upbraided Pluto when he carried off her 
mistress, and endeavoured to prevent him from taking her to 
the infernal regions. She was changed by the god into a fountain, 
or small lake, now called Pisma, a few miles from Syracuse, which 
becomes a stream, and falls into the Anapis. Through this fountain 
Pluto disappeared with Proserpine. Est cequor medium Cyanes 
et PiscBcB ArethuscE, quod inclusutn angustis cornibus coit, there is 
a sea between Cyane and Pisaean Arelhusa, which being enclosed 
between two promontories, is contiaed to a narrow space, v. 6. 69. 
See Ceres, and Anapis. 

Cyaneae, -arum, f., the Cyanece, now Pavorane^ two small 
rugged islands at the entrance of the Euxine Sea, known also by 
the name of Symplegades (the Dashers), which, according to the 
fable, floated about and crushed to pieces every vessel which passed 
the straits, till Minerva guided the ship Argo through, and fixed 
them for ever. Montes qui dicuntur concurrere in mediis undis, 
mountains which are said to clash together in the midst of the 
waves, vii. 1. 63. 

Cyclades, -um,^*., the CycJades, now Dodekanisa, a group 
of islands in the iEgean Sea, so called because they surrounded the 
sacred island of Delos in the form of a circle. They were at first 
considered to be only twelve in number, but were afterwards in- 
creased to fifteen. 

Cyclopes, -um, m., the Cyclops, a race of giants, said to be 
the sons of Coelus and Terra, and to inhabit the east coast of Sicily, 
in the neighbourhood of Mount ^tna. They were three in num- 
ber, Arges, Brontes, and Steropes, with one eye in the middle of 
their forehead, whence their name, and are represented as the 
workmen of Vulcan, by whom they were employed in making 
thunderbolts for Jupiter (i. 7. 16.) They were destroyed by 
Apollo, because they had made the thunderbolts with which Jupiter 
killed his son ^sculapius. By some of the Greek poets they are re- 
presented as cannibals, an opinion which has been adopted by Ovid. 
Referre ritus Cyclopum, to revive the customs of the Cyclops, i. e. 
the eating of human flesh, xv. 2. 34. Telafabricata manihus Cy- 
clopum reponuntur^ the weapons fabricated by the hands of the 
Cyclops are laid aside, i. e. the thunderbolts, i. 7. 16. 



CYC 208 D^D 

Cycniis, -i, w., Cycnus, the son of Sthenelus, and king of 
Liguria, who, for lamenting the death of his friend and relation 
Phaethon, was changed into a swan. Cycnusfit nova avis, Cycnus 
becomes a new bird, — is changed into a bird till then unknown, 
ii. 3. 11. 

Cylla, -ae?/') Cylla, a town of the Troad, taken by Achilles, 
with the assistance of Ulysses. 

Cyllene, -es, /., Cyllene, now Zyria, a lofty mountain in the 
north-east of Arcadia, on the borders of Achaia, celebrated as the 
birthplace of Mercury, who had a temple on its summit. 

Cyllenis, -idis, /., of, or relating to Mercury, who was born 
on Mount Cyllene. Cyllenide harpe, with the falchion which he 
received from Mercury, v. 1. 119. 

Cyllenius, -ii, m., Cyllenius, a name given to Mercury, be- 
cause he was born on Mount Cyllene. Cyllenius dicturus talia. 
Mercury, when about to give utterance to such words as these, i. 
13. 25. 

Cyntnus, -i, m., Cynthus, now Cintio, a mountain of con- 
Eiderable height, in the Island of Delos, on which Apollo and 
Diana were born, and from which the former received the name of 
Cynthius, and the latter that of Cynthia. 

Cyprius, -a, -um, adj., of, or relating to the Island of 
Cyprus, Cyprian. 

Cyprus, -i, /., Cyprus, a large island in the eastern part of 
the Mediterranean, lying to the south of Cilicia, and to the west of 
Syria. It was celebrated in ancient times for the richness of its 
soil, and for its mineral treasures, particularly its copper mines, 
from which metal, according to some, the name is derived. It is 
celebrated in mythology as the birthplace of Venus, hence called 
Cypris, to whom the whole island was especially consecrated. 

Cythera, -orum, n., Cythera, now Ctrigo, an island in the 
i/Egean Sea, near Cape Malea, a proihontory of Laconia, particu- 
larly sacred to Venus, and to which she is said to have been con- 
veyed by a shellfish, immediately after she sprung from the foam 
of the sea. See Aphrodite. 

Cytherea, -se,/., Cytherea, a name given to Venus from the 
Island of Cythera. 

Cythnus, -i, /., Cythnus, now Thermia, an island in the 
iEgean Sea, one of the Cyclades. 

D 

Dsedalion, -onis, rw., Dccdalion, the son of Lucifer, and 
brother of Ceyx. He was so afflicted at the death of his daughter 
Chione, who was killed by Diana with an arrow, that he threw 



DAN 209 DAU 

himself from the top of Parnassus, and was changed by Apollo into 
a hawk. See Ceyx. 

Danae, ~es, f., Danae, the daughter of Acrisius, king of 
Argos, and Eurydice. In consequence of a declaration of the oracle 
that he should be killed by the son of Danae, Acrisius confined her 
within a stone wall, or, according to others, in a brazen tower ; 
but even here Jupiter found admission to her in the form of a showier 
of gold, and she became the mother of Perseus (dus.) She and 
her son were, by the orders of her father, exposed on the sea in a 
slender bark, which was driven by the wind to the Island of Seri- 
phus, where they were saved by some fishermen, and kindly treated 
by the king Polydectes. See Acrisius. 

Danaeius, -a, -um, adj-^ of, or relating to Danae. Uanaeius 
heros, the hero, the son of Danae, i. e. Perseus, v. 1. 1. See 
Acrisius. 

Danai, -orum, m., the Greeks, who were so called from Da- 
naus, a king of Argos. 

Danaus, -i, m., Danaus, the son of Belus, and twin-brother 
of iEgyptus, with w^hom he contended for the throne of Egypt. 
Being obhged to yield the kingdom to his brother, and dreading 
the effects of his revenge, he set sail with his fifty daughters in quest 
of a settlement, and at last established himself on the throne of 
Argos, in the Peloponnesus, about b. c. 1500. See Belus. 

Danaus, -a, -um_, adj., of, or relating to Danaus, hence 
Grecian. Danaam rem, the interest of the Greeks, xiii. 1. 59 
In Danaus classes, against the Grecian fleet, xiii. 1. 92. 

Daphne, -es,J'., Daphne, a beautiful nymph, the daughter of 
the river Peneus, the Salemhria, of whom Apollo became ena- 
moured. Resolved to avoid the approaches of the god, she fled, 
and being closely pursued by her admirer, she implored the assist- 
ance of her father, and v\as by his divine power changed into a 
laurel. Apollo crowned his head with the laurel, and ordained 
that that tree should for ever be sacred to his divinity. Cupitque 
connuhia Daphnes visce, and desires a marriage with Daphne when 
he had seen her, i. 10. 39. 

Dardanius, -a, -um, arf/., of, or relating to Dardanus, 
Dardanian, Trojan. Dardanio vate, the Trojan prophet, i. e. 
Helenus, xiii. 1. 335. Quod solum restut rnihi de Dardanio 
lulo, which alone remains to me from the Trojan lulus, xv. 9. 23. 

Dardanus, -i, m., Dardanus, the son of Jupiter and Electra, 
who, in consequence of having murdered his brother lasius to ob- 
tain the kingdom of Etruria, Tuscany, fled from Italy, and finally 
settled in Asia Minor. Here he built the city Dardania, and was 
considered as the founder of the kingdom of Troy. From him 
Troy w as called Dardania, and the Trojans Dardanidae. 

Daulius, -a, -um, adj., Daulian, of, or relating to Daulis^ 

M 2 



DEL 210 DEL 

now DauUa^ a very ancient city of Phocis, celebrated as the scene 
of the tragic story of Philomela and Procne. Ceperat Daulia 
(arva) Phoceaqve. ana Thre'icio milite, had seized Daulis and 
the country of Phocis with Thracian soldiers, v. 4. 27. 

Delius, -ii, m., Delius, a name given to Apollo, from the 
island of Delos, in which he was born. 

Delos, -i,./*., Delos, a celebrated island in the Mge<m Sea, 
nearly in the centre of the Cyclades. This island is said to have 
formerly floated about the ^Egean, and to have been fixed by Nep- 
tune as a resting-place for Latona, who here gave birth to Apollo 
and Diana. From the remotest times it seems to have been re- 
garded as peculiarly sacred. So early as the days of Homer it was 
the great rendezvous of the lonians, who met there to celebrate 
their national festival. It contained a temple of Apollo, in which 
the god delivered oracles free from any ambiguity or obscure mean- 
ing ; and so great was the veneration with which it was regarded, 
that the Persians, who profaned all the temples of Greece, offered 
no violence to the shrine of Apollo in Delos. After the Per- 
sian war, the Athenians established the treasury of the Greeks 
at Delos, where all meetings of the confederacy were subsequently 
held. 

Delphi, -Orum, m., Delphi, now Castri, one of the most 
celebrated cities of antiquity, was built in the form of an amphi- 
theatre, on the southern side of Mount Parnassus. The more an- 
cient name was Pytho, derived from the serpent Python, which 
was said to have been slain there by Apollo. Delphi was believed 
by the ancients to be the centre of the world, a fact which was said 
to have been proved by Jupiter, who let loose two eagles from op- 
posite quarters of the heavens, which there met and encountered 
each other. The oracle itself is said to have been discovered by 
accident. Some goats having strayed to the mouth of a cave, 
from which a gaseous vapour issued, were suddenly seized with con- 
vulsions, and the herdsmen likewise, on approaching che place to 
ascertain the cause, were affected in the same manner. The cir- 
cumstance was accordingly deemed supernatural, and the place was 
"egarded with such reverence that a temple was soon after built in 
Honour of Apollo. This temple was frequented by crowds from all 
parts of the world, anxious to supplicate the favour of the Pythian 
god. The priestess, who was called Pythia, sat on a sacred tripod, 
placed over the mouth of the cave, and, after being inspired by 
the prophetic vapour, pronounced her oracles in verse or prose ; ii 
in the latter, they were immediately versified by the poets, who 
were always retained for that purpose. The priestess could only 
be consulted on certain days, and never oftener than once in a 
month. There was, it appears, little difficulty in bribing or other- 
wise influencing the priestess, so as to obtain from her the answer 
required. It was customary for those who consulted the oracle 



DEL 211 DEU 

to make rich presents to the god, and hence the accumulated trea* 
sures of the temple became the source of frequent plunder. The 
goddess Tellus is said to have been the first who presided over the 
oracle of Delphi ; she was succeeded by Themis, who was con- 
sulted by Deucalion and Pyrrha as to the means by which the 
earth was to be repeopled. Recludam meos Delphos^ I will ex- 
plain my doctrines, which are as true as the responses of the Delphic 
oracle, xv. 2. 85. See Deucahon. 

Delphicus, -a, -um, adj., of, or relating to Delphi. DeU^ 
phica tellus^ the land of Delphi, i. e. the city of Delphi and the 
adjoining district, i. 10. 64. JDelphica templa, the temple of 
Delphi, xi. 10. 5. 

Dercetis, -is, y., Dercetis, the mother of Semiramis, called 
also Atergatis, a goddess worshipped by the Syrians and Assyrians, 
and by some supposed to be the same as Astarte. She was repre- 
sented as a beautiful woman in the upper part of her body, and 
with the lower part of it terminating in the tail of a fish. Baby- 
lonia Dercetiy quam Palcestini credunt celebrdsse stagna, figurd 
verad, squamis velantibus artus, Babylonian Dercetis, whom the 
Syrians believe to have inhabited the pools, with thy shape chang- 
ed, and with scales covering thy limbs, iv. 1. 45. 

Deucalion, -onis, m., Deucalion, the son of Prometheus 
(tris.), who married Pyrrha, the daughter of his uncle Epimetheus 
(4 sgl.) He settled in Thessaly, in the vicinity of Phthia, and 
afterwards extended his government over the whole of Lower Thes- 
saly. In his time there happened a great deluge, from which only 
himself and his wife Pyrrha were saved by means of a vessel, in 
which, by the advice of Prometheus, they took refuge. The ves- 
sel, after being tossed for nine days and as many nights, rested 
on Mount Parnassus, where they remained till the waters subsided. 
On consulting the oracle of Themis as to the means by which the 
human race was to be restored, they were told that this could be 
accomplished only by casting behind them the bones of their mo- 
ther. After some hesitation they agreed that this oommand re- 
ferred to the stones of the earth ; and accordingly the stones which 
were thrown by Deucalion became men, while those thrown by 
Pyrrha assumed the form of women. See Diluvium. 

Deus, -1, m., a god, a deity. The Greeks and Romans en- 
tertained very vague and indistinct notions of the Divine Being. 
By the name God they did not mean an all-perfect being, eternal, 
infinite, omnipresent, and omnipotent ; among them the word only 
imphedan excellent and superior nature, and, accordingly, the title 
was apphed to all beings of a rank or class higher and more perfect 
than men, especially to those who were supposed to be subordinate 
agents in the divine administration. Thus they believed that men 
might become gods after death, inasmuch as their souls might attain 
to a degree of excellence superior to that of which tkey were sus. 



DIA 212 DIA 

ceptible while in life. The gods of the Romans were very numerous^ 
and were divided into Dii majorum gentium^ or the Great Gods ^ 
and Dii minorum gentium^ or the Inferior Gods, in allusion to the 
division of the senators. The Dii majojnim gentium included the 
great celestial deities, who were twelve in number, Jupiter, Juno 
Minerva or Pallas, Vesta, Ceres, Neptune, Venus, Vulcan, Mars^ 
Mercury, Apollo, and Diana ; and the Dii selecti, or select deities, 
of whom there w^ere eight, Saturn, Janus, Rhea or Ops, Pluto, 
Bacchus, Sol, Luna, and Genius. The Dii minorum gentium 
were of various kinds, and included the Dii indigetes, who were 
heroes, or men who had been deified for their virtue or merit, as 
Hercules, Castor and Pollux, &c. ; the Dii pleheii, or Semones^ 
as Pan, Faunus, Hymen, &c. To this class also belonged the 
Virtues and Vices which the Romans personified, and to which 
they offered worship, as Pietas, Fortuna, Fama, Sec. The gods 
are represented as of gigantic stature, with large hmbs, and heavj 
bodies, to which Ovid alludes w^hen, speaking of Phaethon, he 
says that the chariot of the sun was unsteady in consequence of 
being deprived of its usual burden (solitd gravitate carehat) ; and 
their gait consisted of an undulating graceful movement, by which 
they were distinguished from human beings. Specto cultum, faci- 
"mque gradumque^ I examiife his dress, and appearance, and 
gait, — these being the characteristics of divinity, iii. 7. 99. Deus et 
melior natura dirernit hanc litem, God and a higher principle of 
nature put an end to this confusion (i. 1. 170> i^^ allusion probably 
to the system of Anaxagoras, according to whom the elements of 
the material world existed from eternity, and were arranged in 
their present form by the Divine IVIind {Mens Divina)^ which per- 
vades all things. Nee Deo de plehe, nor one of the inferior deities, 
one of the Dii plebeii, i. 11, 28. Summe DeUm, greatest of the 
gods, i. e. Jupiter, ii. 1. 280. 

Dia, -fe,/*., Dia, one of the ancient names of the island of 
Naxos. See Naxos. 

Diana, -se,f., Diana, the daughter of Jupiter and Latona, 
was born at the same birth with Apollo, in the Island of Delos. 
She obtained permission from her father to live in perpetual ceh- 
bacy (i. 10. 36.), and w^as therefore regarded as the protectress of 
virgins. She was the goddess of woods and hunting, and, shunning 
the society of men, she devoted herself to the chase, accompanied 
by a number of chosen attendants. She is represented as a beau- 
tiful virgin, somewhat masculine in appearance, with her clothes 
girt up (hence cincta ritu DiancB, girt after the fashion of Diana, 
3. 13. 7 ; and sacra succinctce. Diancs, sacred to the high-drt Diana, 
lii. 2. 26.), her legs bare, and her feet covered with buskins. On 
her shoulder she carries a quiver, and is taller by the head than any 
of her attendant nymphs (iii. 2. 52. ). Diana was supposed to be the 
> as Luna, the moon, and Proserpina or Hecate, and from this 



Die 213 DIL 

circumstance she was called Triformis. Nee forma nocturnce Dianm 
potest unquam esse par aut eadem, nor can the form of the noc- 
turnal Diana, i. e. the moon, ever be alike or the same, xv. 2. 137. 
From statues being erected to her at the junction of three roads, 
she was called Trivia. She received also other names ft*om the 
places where she was chiefly worshipped, as Delia from Delos, 
Cynthia from Mount Cynthus, &c. The most famous of her tem- 
ples was that at Ephesus, which was considered as one of the seven 
wonders of the world. 

Dictaeus, -a, -um^ Cldj., of, or relating toDicte, a mountain 
in the eastern part of Crete, Dictcean, Cretan. Tenehat Dictcea 
rura, had reached the Dictaean fields, i. e. Crete, iii. 1. 2. 

Dictys, -yos, w., Dictys, one of the Tuscan pirates who 
were changed by Bacchus into dolphins. 

Dies^ -iei, m. &/*•? a day. The Romans considered the day 

cither as civil or natural. The civil day extended from midnight 
to midnight, and was divided into the following portions; — 1. 
Media nox ; 2. MedicB noctis inclinatio, or de medid node ,• 3. 
Gallicinium, cock -crowing; 4. Canticinium, the time when the 
cock gives over crowing ; 5, Diluculum, the dawn ; 6. Mane, the 
morning ; 7. Antemeridianvm tempus, the forenoon ; 8. Meridies^ 
noon, or mid-day ; 9. Tempi/ s pomeridianum, aiiternoon ; 10. Solis 
occasus, sunset ; 11. Vespera, the evening ; 12. Crepusculum, the 
twilight; 13. Pn'wia /a.r, when candles were lighted; 14. Cowcm- 
hiaiiox, or a ijicuOium, bedtime; 15. Jntempesta nox, far on in 
the night; 16. Inclinatio ad mediam noctem, drawing towards 
midnight. The natural day was from the rising to the setting of 
the sun, and was divided into twelve hours, which varied in length 
at the different seasons. At the equinoxes the Roman hours would 
answer to our own in the following manner : — 

Roman, i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. vii. viii. ix. x. xi. xii. 

British, vii. viii. ix. x. xi. xii. i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. 
Days among the Romans were distinguished into three general di- 
visions, the Dies festi. Dies profesti, and Dies ititerdsi. The 
Diesfesti, holy days, were consecrated to religious purposes ; the 
Dies profesti were given to the common business of life ; and the 
Dies inter cisi were half-holidays, divided between sacred and 
ordinary occupations. 

Diluvium J -ii, w,, a deluge, an inundation of water. Tra- 
ditions of the great flood by which God punished the wickedness of 
the primitive world prevailed among all the nations of antiquity, 
and even those which modern discovery has made known to us, have 
been found to possess an indistinct knowledge of the same awful 
event. The traditions which prevail in these countries are some- 
times whimsical indeed in the circumstances, but are nevertheless 
decided as to the fact To this traditional knowledge, blended 



DIN 214 DIO 

with mythological details by the active fancy of the Greeks, we are 
indebted for the accounts of the deluges by which their country was 
said to have been inundated. Of these five are enumerated by the 
Greek writers, the two most remarkable of which took place in the 
times of Ogvges and Deucalion. By the first, which is said to have 
happened about B.C. 1764, Boeotia and Attica were so completely 
destroyed that they lay waste for 200 years. The flood of Deuca- 
lion, said to have happened about b. c. 1548, is that which has been 
embellished in so interesting a manner by Ovid, i. 7 and 8. From 
the manner in which this event is mentioned by the early Greek 
writers, and the allusions made to it by those who immediately fol- 
lowed them, there seems to be little reason to doubt that it origi- 
nated in a tradition of the great deluge, altered by the Greeks, and 
placed by them in the time of Deucalion, whom they regarded as 
the founder of their nation. The later writers represent it as local, 
and as confined to Thessaly and the adjoining country on the south. 
In proportion as we advance towards authors who approach nearer 
our own times, we find circumstances of detail added, which more 
resemble those related by Moses. Thus ApollodSrus gives to Deu- 
calion a great chest as a means of safety ; Plutarch speaks of the 
pigeons, by which he sought to ascertain whether the waters had re- 
tired ; and Lucian, of the animals of every kind which he had taken 
with him, facts obviously borrowed from the Scripture narrative. 
According to Ovid, Deucalion and Pyrrha, who alone survived the 
general catastrophe, made their escape in a small boat, which at 
last rested on Mount Parnassus. Here they consulted the oracle of 
Themis, and were directed to repair the loss of the human race by 
throwing behind them the bones of their mother, an injunction 
which, upon consideration, they discovered to refer to the stones 
of the earth. Accordingly, the stones thrown by Deucalion be- 
came men, and those thrown by Pyrrha became women. The 
whole of Ovid's description may be advantageously compared with 
the narrative of Moses. See Deucalion, Pyrrha, and Lycaon. 

Dindymus, -i, m., & Dindyma, -oriim, n., Dindymus, 
now Kapudag, a mountain of Mysia, in Asia Minor, on which 
Cybele had a temple, and from which she is supposed to have ob- 
tained the name of Dindymene. 

Diomedes, -is, m., Diomedes, the son of Tydeus (diss.), 
king of iEtolia, and one of the bravest of the Greeks at the siege 
of Troy. He fought with Hector and -^neas, and by his bravery 
in the field obtained great mihtary glory. Along with Ulysses 
he carried off the Palladium from the temple of Alinerva. mur- 
dered Rhesus, king of Thrace, and got possession of his horses. 
After the taking of Troy he settled in Apulia, a district in the south 
of Italy, and there built the town of Arpi. From his father he 
obtained the name Tydides. A^ihil est IHomede remoto, in the 
absence of Diomedes, or, except in conjunction with Diomedes, he 



DIO 215 DUL 

is nothing, xiii. 1. 100. Major pars sit Diomedis in illis, let Dio- 
medes have the larger share of them, xiii. 1. 102. See Ulysses. 

Diomedeus, -a, -um^ adj., qf^ or relating to Diomedes. 
uEneas fugerat Diomedeos enses, iEneas had escaped the sword of 
Diomedes, xv. 9. 62. 

Dirce_, -es^J"., Dirce, now Dirthe, a fountain near Thebes, in 
Bceotia, sacred to the Muses, and from which Pindar is sometimes 
called the Dircsean swan. According to the fable, Dirce was the 
wife of Lycus, king of Thebes, and was changed by the gods into a 
fountain, on account of her cruelty. 

Dis, ditis^ m., the god Pluto, the son of Saturn and Ops, 
and brother of Jupiter and Neptune. On the division of Saturn's 
kingdom among his three sons, he obtained as his share the king- 
dom of hell, and thereby became god of the infernal regions. His 
wife was Proserpine, the daughter of Ceres, whom he carried off 
while gathering flowers on the plains of Henna, in Sicily. Inania 
regna magni Ditis, the shadowy dominions of great Pluto, iv. 11. 
96. Percussit Ditem in cor hamata arundine, struck Pluto on 
the breast with a barbed arrow, v. 6. 44. See Ceres and Pro- 
serpina. 

Divus, -i, w., a god. See Deus. 

Dolon, -onis, W., Dolon, a Trojan, the son of Eumedes, who 
undertook to explore the Grecian camp, on promise of receiving 
the chariot and horses of Achilles, but was seized by Ulysses and 
Diomedes. In the hope of saving his life, he disclosed to them the 
situation and plans of his countrymen, but was put to death by 
Diomedes as a traitor. Interimo Dolona de Phrygid gente ausum 
eadem, qucB nos, I kill Dolon, a man of the Phrygian nation, who 
attempted the same thing as myself, i. e. to enter as a spy the ene- 
my's camp, xiii. 1. 244. Here Ulysses claims the merit of killing 
Dolon. Gr, Ace. -ona. 

Dorceus {diss.), -ei, & -eos, m., Quick -sight, or Doe- 
catcher, the name of one of Acteeon's dogs. 

Doris, -idis^y., Doris, a sea-goddess, the daughter of Oce- 
anus, and Tethys. She became the wife of her brother Nereus 
(diss.), by whom she had fifty daughters, who are called Nereides. 
Doris is often used for the sea itself. Gr. Ace. -ida. See Nereides. 

DromaSj -adis^^.. Runner, the name of one of Actaeon's dogs. 

Dryades, -um^ J]^ the Dryads, nymphs who presided over 
the woods. The name was derived from the Greek werd '^pvs 
which properly denoted an oak, but which also signified any tree 
See Nympha. 

Dlllicllius, -a, -urn, adj., of, or relating to Dulichium, an 
island in the Ionian Sea, at the mouth of the Achelous, which 
formed part of the kingdom of Ulysses. Hence it is applied con- 
temptuously to Ulysses by Ajax. JVegue Dulichius vertex sub 



£CH 216 ELB 

easside A chillis feret tanta pondera, neither will the head of the 
Dulichian, i. e. Ulysses, when under the helmet of Achilles, be able 
to bear so great a weight, xiii. 1. 107. 

E. 

Echidna, -se,/*., Echidna, a celebrated monster in the infer- 
nal regions, the daughter of Chrysaor, and mother of Cerberus, 
the Lernean Hydra, &c. Tisiphone used the poison of Echidna, 
when sent by Juno, to afflict Athamas with madness, iv. 11. 86. 
She is represented as a beautiful woman in the upper part of the 
body, but as a serpent below the waist. 

Echion, -onis, m., Echion, one of the men who sprung from 
the serpent's teeth which were sown by Cadmus, and. one of the 
five who survived the others. He assisted Cadmus in building 
Thebes, and received for his services his daughter Agave in mar- 
riage, by whom he had a son, Pentheus (diss.); hence Natus 
Echione, the son of Echion, i. e. Pentheus, iii. 7. 16. See 
Cadmus. 

Echiomdes, -se, m., the son of Echion, i. e. Pentheus. Pen- 
theus Echionides, Pentheus the son of Echion, iii. 7. 3. 

Echo, -US^ y*., Echo, a nymph remarkable for her loquacity, 
the daughter of Aer and Tellus. She was one of the attendants of 
Juno, and, for conniving at the immoral practices of Jupiter, was 
deprived by her of the power of narration, and permitted only to 
utter the last part of sentences which she had heard. She fell in 
love with Narcissus, and, on being slighted by him, pined away and 
was changed into a stone, which retained the power of reverberat- 
mg sounds. Vocalis nymphe, resonabilis Echo, qucB nee didicit 
reticere loquenti nee ipsa loqui prior, the talkative nymph, resound- 
ing Echo, who has neither learned to keep silent when another 
speaks, nor to speak first herself, iii. 5. 19. 

Electrum, -i^ n.. Amber, a carbonaceous mineral, found in 
Greenland, Prussia, France, Switzerland, and some other coun- 
tries. The greater portion of it is brought from the southern coasts' 
of the Baltic, where it is thrown up between Konigsberg and Me- 
mel. It is found in rounded masses, varj-ing from the size of coarse 
sand to that of a man's hand. It is tasteless, and without smell, 
except when pounded or heated, when it emits a fragrant odour. 
It is susceptible of a good pohsh, and when rubbed, becomes highly 
electrical. The subject of the origin of amber has been much dis- 
cussed. The ancients, according to Tacitus, believed it to be a 
resinous substance, exuded from trees ; and the investigations of 
modern chemists have tended to confirm this opinion. It ditfers 
from resins in some of its properties, yet agrees with them in so 
many others, that it may without impropriety be referred to them. 
Amber was highly prized by the Romans, who used it for orna- 
raents, and was considered equal in value to its weight in gold. 



ELE 217 EOU 

According to Ovid, amber was first produced from the tears shed 
by the sisters of Phaethon, on the banks of the Eridanus, /or the 
melancholy fate of their brother (See Eridanus), Electrum was 
also applied to a precious metal^ consisting of gold, with a fifth 
part of silver. 

Eleleus {tris.), -ei, & -eos^ m., Eleleus, a surname of 
Bacchus, derived from iXiXiu, the cry uttered by the BacchanaUans 
while celebrating his orgies. 

Elementa, -orum, «., Elements, the first or constituent prin- 
ciples, or minutest parts of any thing. In popular language, /ire, 
air, earth, and water, are called the four elements, because it was 
formerly supposed that these are the simple bodies of which the 
world is composed. Later discoveries prove air, earth, and water 
to be compound bodies, and fir^ to be only the extrication of light 
and heat during combustion. 

Eleus, -a, -um, ar//., of, or relating to Elis 

Elis, -is, & idis,/*., Elis, a province of the Peloponnesus, 
having Achaia on the north, Arcadia on the east, INIessenia on the 
south, and the Ionian Sea on the west. Its chief cities were Elis 
and Pisa. In this province also was the plain of Olympia on the 
Alpheus, so famous for the celebration of the Olympic games. 
These games were instituted at a very early period, and after being 
long neglected, were revived b. c. 776, and celebrated at tne end 
of every four years. 

Emathia, -ae,/!, Emathia, the most ancient name given to 
Macedonia by the Greek writers, denoting, in its limited sense, a 
district of country lying to the north of the Gulf of Salonica, in 
which were the cities of Edessa and Pella, but frequently applied 
to the whole of Macedonia. 

Emathides^ -um,/*., the Pierides, the daughters of Pierus, 
king of Emathia. See Pierides. 

Emathion, -oniSj m., Emathion, an old man killed by Chro- 
mis at the marriage of Perseus (diss.). 

Emathius, -a, -um, adj., of, or relating to Emathia, Etna- 
thian, Macedonian. Vel nos cedamus Emathiis campis ad ni- 
vosos Pctonas, or let us resign the Macedonian plains as tar as the 
snowy Paeonians, i. e. the Paeonians situate among the mountains, 
V. 5. 20. Fhilippi iterum madefacti (erunt) Emathia ccede, 
Philippi shall again be drenched with Thessalian blood, xv. 9. 80. 

Enipeus {tris.), -ei, & -eos, m., the Enipeus, now the 
Gura, a river of Thessaly, which rises in Mount Othrys, and after 
joining the Apidanus, falls into the Peneus. 

Ennomos, -i, m., Ennomos, a Trojan killed by Ulysses. 

Eous, -i, m., Eous (the morning), the name of one of the 
horses of the sun. 

N 



EPA 218 ERI 

Epaphus, -i, m,, Epaphus, the son of Jupiter Ammon and 
lo, was king of Egypt, and the founder of Memphis, and of some 
other cities in that country. His dispute with Phaethon respect- 
ing his birth, was the cause of the latter asking from his father the 
management of his chariot for a day. See Phaethon. 

Ephyre^ -es^y., Ephyre, the ancient name of Corinth. See 
Corinthus. 

Epimethis, -idis,/^ the daughter of Epimetheus (4 si/l.), a 
name applied to Pyrrha. See Pyrrha. 

Epopeus {tris.), -ei, m., Epopeus (the person whose duty it 
was to give time to the rowers), one of the Tuscan pirates who 
were changed by Bacchus into dolphins. Epopeus hortator uni- 
moruniy Epopeus who cheers their spirits, iii. 7. 109. 

Erebus, -i^ m., Erebus (darkness), an infernal deity, the son 
of Chaos, and brother and husband of Nox, by whom he had Fa- 
tum, Senectus, Mors, Somnus, &c. 

EridanuSj -i, m., the Eridanus, the name given by the Greeks 
to the stream into which Phaethon fell when killed by tlupiter, and 
which received the amber tears shed by his sorrowing sisters. 
As the Greeks added no local marks by which its identity with any 
particular river could be certified, it has by some geographers been 
supposed to refer to the Reddaune, a small stream which falls into 
the Baltic near Dantzic ; while others maintain that it was an an- 
cient name of the Rhine. The more general opinion refers it to 
the Po ; and as it seems more than probable that the north of Italy 
did formerly produce amber, there does not appear to be any good 
reason for depriving the Po of the honour which it has held so 
long. The Eridanus of Ovid is undoubtedly the Po. See Padus. 

Erinnys, -y OS, /., a Fury. The Erinnyes, called also Furia:^ 
or Dira'f and Eumenides^ were infernal deities, three in number, 
Alecto, Tisiphone, and Megaera; according to some, the daughters 
of Juno, and according to others, of Acheron and Nox, or of Pluto 
and Proserpine. They were supposed to be the ministers of the 
gods in executing vengeance, and to be employed by them in pu- 
nishing the guilty on earth, and also in the infernal regions ; and 
are therefore characterized as stern and inexorable. They are 
represented with snakes on their head instead of hair, and having 
a scourge in the right hand, and a torch in the left, in order to in- 
crease the terror o f their punishments. Their attendants were Grief, 
Fear, Terror, and Madness. They were probably the personifica- 
tion of the disquietude and anxiety of an evil conscience. Erinnys 
is frequently used to signify rage, fury . Fera Erinnys regnat, the 
cruel Furies reign, — to be considered here not as the goddesses of 
revenge, but as the instigators of men to acts of cruelty, i. 6. 79. 
Ohjtcit honiferam Erinnyn ocuUs animoque Argolicce pellicit;^ 
presented a dreadful Fury to the eyes and mind of the Grecian 



ERY 219 EUP 

mistress, i. 13. 37. Infelix Lrinnys ohsdtit ohseditque aditum^ the 
baneful Fury stood in the way, and blocked up the passage, iv. 1 1. 7.5. 

Erycina, -ae, /*., Erycina^ a name given to Venus from 
Mount Eryx. Erycina residens suo monte, Erycina sittins: on her 
mountain, i, e. on Mount Eryx, v. 6. 23. See Eryx and Venus. 

Erymanthus, -i^ tw., Erymanthus, now called Olonos, a 
mountain- chain in the north-west angle of Arcadia, in the Pelo- 
ponnesus, celebrated in fable as the haunt of the savage boar killed 
by Hercules. Also a river of the same name, now the Dogana^ 
which rises in this mountain, flows iiear the town of Psophis, and 
ioins the Alpheus on the borders of Elis. See Hercules. 

Eryx, -icis, m., Eryx, one of the companions of Phineus 
(diss.), whom Perseus (diss.) changed into stone by showing him 
the head of the Gorgon Medusa. 

Kryx, -icis, m., Eryx, now St Julian, a mountain in the 
north-west of Sicily, on the summit of which was the famous tem- 
ple of Venus, and from which the goddess received the name of 
Erycina. 

Ethemon, -onis, m.. Ethemoji, a native of Nabataea, in Ara- 
bia, who, in attempting to kill Perseus (diss.) at his marriage with 
Andromeda, struck at him w'ith his sword, which was shivered 
against a pillar, and a part of it transfixed his own throat. 

Euboea, -ae, /*., Euhcea, now Egripo, or Negropont, a large 
and celebrated island in the Archipelago, lying along the east 
coast of Greece, from which it is separated by a narrow strait 
called the Euripus. Over this strait a bridge has been thrown, 
connecting the island with the mainland. It is said to have derived 
its name from the passage of lo, who here gave birth to Epaphus. 
This island was exceedingly rich and fertile, and contained mines 
of copper and iron. From it the Athenians derived their chief 
supplies, so that, when their enemies wished to starve them, their 
first step was to take possession of Euboea. It is the largest island 
in the Archipelago after Crete, its greatest lenfTth being ninety- 
three miles, and its average breadth about ten. The principal town 
was Chalcis. 

Euboicus, -a, -um, adj., of, or relating to Euboea. Euio'i- 
cam Aulidem, Aulis a city opposite to Euboea, xiii. 1. 182. 

Euippe, -e^,f-, Euippe, a native of Paeonia, in Macedonia, 
and mother of the Pierides. See Pierides. 

Euphorbus, -i, m., EupJwrhus, the son of Panthous, a Tro- 
jan of distinguished bravery. He was the first that wounded Pa- 
troclus when he appeared before Troy in the arms of Achilles, and 
was himself afterwards killed by Menelaus. The Grecian hero, 
after his return from Troy, suspended the shield of Euphorbus in 
the temple of Juno at Argos. Pythagoras, who afi&rmed that his 
soul had at a former period animated the body of the Trojan, and 



EUP 220 FAT 

rtill recollected many of the exploits which he had then performed, 
pretended to prove the truth of the doctrine of metempsychosis, by 
pointing out the shield of Euphorbus in the temple at Argos. 

Euphrates, -is, rn., the Euphrates, one of the most important 
rivers in Asia, has two distinct sources, both bearing the same 
name, the northern one rising in Anti-Taurus in Armenia, not far 
from the borders of Pontus, and the southern one in Mount Abus, 
or Ararat. These two streams unite near the town of Sinerva, in 
Asia Minor, and form a great river, which, after separating Asia 
Minor from Armenia, and Syria from Mesopotamia, enters Baby- 
lonia, and, uniting its waters with those of the Tigris, flows into 
the Persian Gulf. Its general direction is south-east, and its total 
length is sopnewhat more than 1, 500 miles. On its banks stood the 
famous city Babylon. See Babylon. 

Europa, -sb, f, Europa, the daughter of Agenor, king of 
Phoenicia, and sister of Cadmus. Her extraordinary beauty at- 
tracted the admiration of Jupiter, who transformed himself into a 
bull of surprising whiteness, and mingled with her father's bullocks. 
Europa, who was gathering flowers in a meadow near the sea- 
shore, was attracted by the beauty of the bull, and, encouraged by 
his gentleness, ventured to caress him, and at last had the courage 
to mount on his back. The god taking advantage of her situation, 
approached the beach, and appearing at first only to put the soles 
of his feet in the water, afterwards plunged into the sea, and car- 
ried his prize to Crete. Here he assumed his real form, declared 
his passion for Europa, and had by her three sons, INlinos, Sarpe- 
don, and Rhadamanthus. From her Europe is said to have de- 
rived its name. In this fable, of which various explanations have 
been offered, there is probably an allusion to the settlement of 
Phoenician colonies on the coast of Europe. 

Eurotas, -oe, m., the Eurotas, now the Eure, or Basilico 
PotamOy rises in Arcadia, a little to the south-west of Tegea. 
After running for a short distance it loses itself under ground, and 
reappears on the borders of Laconia. It now becomes a consider- 
able stream, flows past Sparta, and empties itself into the Sinus 
Laconicus, the Gulf of Kolohythia. 

Eurus, -i, m., the east wind. See Ventus. 

Eurypylus, -i, m., Eurypylus, the son of Euoemon, from 
Ormenium, a city of Thessaly, who accompanied Agamemnon to 
the Trojan war with forty ships. 

Evan, -antis, m., Evan, a surname of Bacchus, derived from 
jt/av, an exclamation used by the Bacchanahans. 

F. 

Fatum, -i, W., the order and series of things appointed by the 
gods, fate, destiny. Fata signifies also the three inexorable deities, 
the Fates. A. R. A. 229. See Parcae. 



FAU 221 (JAL 

Faunus, -i^ m., a Faun. The Fauni were certam deities sup- 
posed to preside over the fields. They were not endowed with 
immortality, but were believed to die after having attained to a very 
advanced age. They are represented as having the legs, feet, and 
ears of a goat, while the rest of the body was human. The poets 
have assigned to them, two horns, and have encircled their head 
with a wreath of pine leaves. 

Fax, facis, f., a torch, which the ancients usually made of 
pine, or some other resinous wood, or of wood smeared with unc- 
tuous matter. From the circumstance of torches being used at 
weddings to light the bride home, fax is often employed to denote 
marriage, A. R. A. 413. See Taeda. 

Forum, -i, n., the market-place, a place in Rome to which the 
people constantly resorted, where they walked, 8cc. The Forum 
Romanum was a large oblong open space, 705 feet long, and 470 
feet wide, between the Capitoline and Palatine hills, formed by 
Romulus, and surrounded with porticos, shops, and buildings by 
Tarquinius Priscus. Here the assemblies of the people were 
usually held, justice was administered, and public business trans- 
acted. There was only one forum during the Republic ; Julius 
Cajsar added another, Augustus, a third, a fourth was begun by 
Domitian and finished by Nerva. But the most splendid forum 
was that of Trajan, which he adorned with the spoils he had taken 
in w'ar. Forum is sometimes used to denote a court of justice, 
and in this sense it is appUed by Ovid to the court of law in the 
infernal regions, iv. 11. 29. A. R. A. 490. 

G. 

Gallia, -36, y., Gaul. Ancient Gaul, or Gallia Transalpina, 
was bounded on the north and west by the Atlantic, on the south 
by the Pyrenees and the Mediterranean, and on the east by the 
Rhine from its source to the sea, which separated it from Germany. 
It thus contained, in addition to the modern kingdom of France, 
the small county of A'ice, the western half of Switzerland, and 
those parts of Germany and the Netherlands which lie to the west 
and south of the Rhine. It was called Gallia I'ransalpina, or 
Ulterior, in contradistinction to the northern part of Italy, which 
obtained the name of Gallia Ciaalpina, or Citerior. Gallia was 
originally divided among three great nations, the Celtae, Belgae, 
and Aquitani. The Celtae inhabited the middle of the country, 
and were separated from their northern neighbours, the Belgae, by 
the Seine, the Marne, and the Vosges JNlountains, and from the 
Aquitani on the south by the Garonne. The Celtae also possessed 
the south-eastern part of Gaul, which was first conquered by the 
Romans, and to which they gave the name of Provincia, whence 
the modern Provence. 



GAL 222 GNO 

GalllCUS, -a, -um, adj.^ of, or relating to Gaul, Gallic. 
GalUcus cams, a Gallic dog, — a species of greyhound, i. 10. 82, 

Ganges, -is, m., the Ganges, a great river in India, which 
divided that country, as known to the ancients, into India intra 
Gangem, or India west of the Ganges, and India extra Gangem, 
or India east of the Ganges. It has its source in the vast moun- 
tains of Tibet, flows in a south-eastern direction, and, after a 
course of 1 ,650 miles, falls into the Gangeticus Sinus, the Bay of 
Bengal. It is regarded by the natives with the most superstitious 
veneration, and pilgrims travel from the remotest parts of India 
to taste its waters, and even for the purpose of perishing in its 
stream. See India. 

Gargaphie, -es./., GargapMe, a valley with a fountain of the 
same name, not far from Plataea, in Boeotia, where Actaeon acci- 
dentally saw Diana bathing, in consequence of which he was changed 
into a stag. See Actaeon. 

Gigas, -antis. m., a giant. The Gigantes, or giants, are 
said by some mythologists to have sprung from the blood of Coelus, 
when wounded by his son Saturn, and by others to have been the 
sons of C(b1us and Terra, whom Terra produced from indignation 
at the defeat and imprisonment of the Titans by Jupiter. They 
were of enormous size and prodigious strength, with snakes instead 
of feet, and were furnished each with a hundred hands. Ovid, 
.who confounds the two fables of the Titans and the Giants, states 
that they attempted to dethrone Jupiter, and endeavoured to reach 
heaven by piling mountains upon each other, Pelion upon Ossa, 
and these two upon Olympus. The gods, alarmed by so formidable 
enemies, fled into Eg3rpt, and assumed the shape of different ani- 
mals to save themselves from their pursuers. Jupiter at last col- 
lected his forces, attacked them with his thunderbolts, drove some 
of them to Tartarus, and buried others under burning moun- 
tains. The chief of the giants were Epialtes, Typhoeus (tris.) (v, 
5. 28.), ^gaeon, Briareus (tris.), Tityos (iv 11. 42.), and En- 
celadus. The scene of the battle is called Phlegra, or the Phlegrean 
plains, which some place in Thessaly, some in Thrace, and others 
in Macedonia, in the peninsula of Pallene. The fable probably 
alludes to some great convulsion of nature, by which ]Mount Ossa 
was separated from Olympus at the gorge of Tempe, and the waters 
which, till that time, had covered the plain of Thessaly, found a 
passage to the sea by the river Peneus. Gr. Ace. -anta & -anta'i. 

GnossiuSj -a, -um, adj.^ of, or relati^igto Gnossns, Gnossian, 
Cretan . 

Gnossus, -i, /., Gnossns, now Macritichos, the capital of 
Crete, was situate in the northern part of the island, east from 
Cape Dium, and about two miles inland. It owed all its splen- 
dour to Minos, who fixed his residence there ; it was hither that 
Daedalus fled from Athens and here he is said to have con- 



GOR 223 GRiE 

structed the celebrated labyrinth which contained the Minotaur. 
It was also famed for the adventure of Theseus (diss.) and 
Ariadne. See Theseus. 

Gorgo, -omSjf', a Gorgon. The Gorgons were the daughters 
of Phorcys and Ceto, and were three in number, Stheno, Eu- 
ryale, and Medusa, of whom the last alone was mortal. They are 
described as having their hair entwined with serpents, with teeth 
as jarge as those of swine, brazen hands, and golden wings, and as 
having the power of converting into stones those on whom they fixed 
their eyes. According to Ovid, the Gorgons were three in num- 
ber, and of these Medusa alone had serpents in her hair ; and this, 
he states, proceeded from the resentment of Minerva, in whose 
temple she had gratified the passion of Neptune, who was ena- 
moured of her beautiful locks. Perseus (diss.), in his famous ex- 
pedition, arrived first at the abode of the Phorcydes, got possession 
of their common eye and tooth, and refused to restore them unless 
they directed him to the abode of the nymphs (iv. 15. 24.). The 
abode of the Gorgons has been variously placed by different authors. 
Ovid, following the more generally received opinion, represents 
them as hving in the interior of Africa, towards the extreme 
west, near the gardens of the Hesperides. Gorgo, in the singular, 
is generally applied to IMedusa, as being the most celebrated. 
Perseus svperator anguicomcB Gorgonis, Perseus, the slayer of 
the snake-haired Gorgon, i. e. of Medusa, iv. 14. 37. Concrevit 
Gorgone conspectd saxo ohorto, grew stiff at the sight of the Gor- 
gon, in consequence of the stone growing upon him, v. 1. 145. 
See Perseus, Medusa, and Phorcydes. 

Gorgoneus, -a^ -um, adj., of, or relating to the Gorgons, 
Crnentce guttce Gorgonei capitis cecidere, drops of blood from the 
Gorgon's head fell down, iv. 13. 15. G.rgoneasdomos,t\\Qdho&e 
of the Gorgons, iv. 15. 27. Gorgoneum crinem^ the hair of the 
Gorgons, iv. 15. 49. Gorgoneis viribus, by the power of the 
Gorgon's head, v. 1. 139. 

Gradlvus, -i, m., (9rac?ii;M.v, a surname of Mars. Et Gradi- 
ve genitor invicti Quh-ini, and thou, O Mars, the father of the 
invincible Quirinus, xv. 9. 119. See Mars. 

Graecia, -se^ f., Greece, a celebrated country of Europe, and 
the source of modern civilisation. The original name of the country 
was Hellas, the more modern designation having never been applied 
to it by the ancient inhabitants. The name Graecia was given to 
it b) the Romans, from the Graeci, an inconsiderable tribe in Epirus, 
with whom, owing to their proximity, they were first acquainted. 
Ancient Greece, in its most extended sense, was bounded on the 
north by Macedonia and lllyria, on the east by the i^gean Sea, 
on the south by the Mediterranean, and on the west by the Ionian 
Sea, and was divided into Thessalia, EpTrus, Grsecia Propria, and 
the Peloponnesus, the last two of which were subdivided into 



GRA 224 H.EM 

various provinces. It thus comprehended the modem kingdom of 
Greece, with parts of Rumelia and Albania. No country in Europe, 
with the exception of Switzerland, is so mountainous in its whole 
extent as Greece; it is traversed in every direction by several 
ridges, some of which nearly attain the height of perpetual conge- 
lation, and the intervening valleys are beautified by numerous 
mountain- streams. 

Graii, -orum, W., the Greeks, the inhabitants of Greece. 

Grains, -a^ -um^ ^idj., o/, or relating to Greece, Grecian, 

Gyarus, -i, /., Gyarus, now Ghioura, one of the Cyclades, 
lying to the south of Andros, off the coast of Attica. It is a bar- 
ren rock, the inhabitants of which were so poor, that they petitioned 
Augustus for a diminution of their taxes, which amounted to 150 
drachmae (£4 : 16 : 10^), stating that they were unable to raise 
more than 100. In later times it was used by the Romans as a 
place of banishment for their state criminals. 

H. 

Haemonia, -ae, /.^ HcBmonia, an ancient name of Thessaly, 
now part of Roumelia. Thessaly was bounded on the north by 
Macedonia, on the west by Epirus, on the south by Graecia Pro- 
pria, and on the east by the Jhigean Sea. Next to Boeotia it was 
the most fertile part ©f Greece, and abounded in corn, wine, and 
oil. The inhabitants were wealthy, but notorious for their vices, 
and proverbial for their treachery. They were also remarkably 
superstitious, and much addicted to witchcraft, incantations, and 
the study of magic. The ancients believed that Thessaly was once 
covered with water, till some convulsion of nature opened a pas- 
sage for the river Peneus, by rending Ossa from Olympus. See 
Gigas. 

Haemonius, -a, -um, adj., of, or relating to Hcemonia, 
Thessalian. HcEmonios arcu.s, the Thessahanbows, i. e. the con- 
stellation Sagittarius, into which Chiron, a Thessalian centaur was 
said to have been changed, ii. 1. 81. Fer tot Hctmonias et tot 
Achaidas urbes, through so many cities of Thessaly and Achaia, 
V. 5. 13. HcBmonii jiivenis, of the Thessahan youth, i. e. of Ja- 
son, vii. 1. 132. In JJcemoniam urbem, to a city of Thessaly, i. e. 
to Trachis, a city in Thessaly, of which Ceyx was king, xi. 10. 
243. 

HaemuSj -i, m., Hcemus, now called Emineh Daghy or Bal. 
kan, a lofty range of mountains which stretches round the north 
of Thrace, in a direction nearly parallel to the coast of the 
^gean. The ancients reo^arded this range of mountains as one of 
the highest with which they were acquainted, and asserted, that 
from its summit the Euxine, the Hadriatic, the Danube, and the 
Alps, could be seen. Modern discovery has ascertained that the 



HAL 225 HAft 

elevation cannot be considerable, as no summit of the chain is 
covered with pei petual snow. The name is said in fable to have 
been derived from Haemus, a king of Thrace. 

Haley one, -es, /., HaJcyone, the daughter of iEolus, king 
of the wmds, and wife of Ceyx (See Ceyx). She was with dif- 
ficulty prevailed upon to consent to her husband's visit to the 
oracle at Claros, and spent her time in lamenting his absence, and 
in supplicating the gods for his safe and speedy return. At length 
Juno, sympathizing with her grief, entreated Somnus to apprize 
her of the death of her husband. The god of sleep despatched Mor- 
pheus (diss.), who assumed the form of Ceyx, and placing him- 
self by her bed?ide, intimated to her, in the voice of her husband, 
his melancholy fate. In the morning she repaired to the sea-shore, 
and turning her eyes in the direction of Claros, discovered a body 
floating on the waters, which, when it approached nearer, she as- 
certained to be that of her husband. She then threw herself into 
the sea, and, by the compassion of the gods, the wife and husband 
were changed into birds, which bore her name — Halcyones, kiviga 
fishers. The ancients believed that the Halcyones built their nests 
on the sea, constructed in such a way that they floated on its sur- 
face, and that during the time of incubation the waters remained 
calm and serene. The name Halcyon days is apphed to seven 
days before and as many after the winter solstice. 

Halius, -il, m., Halius, one of the companions of Sarpedon, 
who was slain by Ulysses. 

Haraadryades, -um, /., the Hamadryads^ certain nymphs of 
the woods, who were supposed to come into existence when a tree 
was planted, and to die when it perished. See Nympha. 

Harmonia, -se, f., Harmonia, the daughter of Mars and 
Venus. She married Cadmus, the founder of Thebes, and was 
changed into a serpent along with her husband. See Cadmus. 

Harpalos^ -i, m.. Snap, the name of one of Actseon's dogs. 
Harpalos distinctus (secundum) Jiigram frontem ah albo medio. 
Snap with his black face marked by a white stripe down the mid- 
dle, iii. 2. 91. 

Harpyia {tris^., -8e_, f., Ravener, the name of one of Actaeon's 
dogs. 

Harpyiae {tris.), -arum, /., the Harpies, represented by 
Homer as goddesses who presided over the storms. By later poets 
they are described as winged monsters, having the face of a virgin, 
the body of a vulture, and their feet and fingers ai-med with sharp 
claws. They were the daughters of Thaumas and Electra, three 
in number, Aello, Ocypete, and Celaeno, and were sent by the 
gods to torment Phineus (diss.), king of Thrace, for his cruelty to 
his children (See Fhineus). They carried ofi" whatever food was 
placed upon his table, or so defiled it by their filth that it could no» 

m2 



HEB 226 HEL 

he eaten. Here they were found by the Argonauts, during their 
famous expedition, when they went to consult Phineus, and on con- 
dition of being assisted by his advice, Zethes and Calais expelled 
them from his dominions, and drove them to the islands called 
Strophades, where they were found by ^neas in his voyage from 
Troy. 

HebrUS. -i, m.y the Hehrus, now the Maritza, the principal 
river of Thrace, rises in the angle formed by the mountains Sco- 
mius, Haemus, and Rhodope, flows in a south-easterly direction, and 
after a course of 280 miles, enters the ^gean Sea at yEnos, opposite 
the island Samothrace. The Hebrus is associated in fable with the 
interesting and pathetic story of Orpheus (diss.) and f^urydice. 

Hecate, -es,/, Hecate, the daughter of Perses, king of Tau- 
rica, and Asteria, the sister of Latona. By the older mythologists 
she appears to have been regarded as a distinct goddess, and held 
in high estimation. She was afterwards confounded with Proser- 
pina, was invoked as the goddess of the infernal regions, and be- 
came the patroness of magic and incantations. She was called 
Luna in heaven, Diana on earth, and Proserpine or Hecate in hell. 
Hence she was said to have three bodies, and is called 'triformis 
Dea (vii. 1. 95.). Hecate is represented with three faces, those of 
a horse, a dog, and a sow. Offerings of dogs, lambs, and honey, 
were made to her in the highways and cross roads, whence she 
obtained the name of Trivia. See Proserpina. 

Hector, -oris, w., Hector, the eldest son of Priam and He- 
cuba, and the illustrious leader of the Trojans during the famous 
siege. In the many battles which took place under the walls or 
Troy, he signalized himself by his bravery beyond all his country- 
men, and showed how well qualified he was to discharge the im- 
portant oiRce with which they had intrusted him Taking ad- 
vantage of the absence of Achilles, he approached the camp of the 
Greeks, and attempted to set fire to their ships, but was compelled 
to retire without effecting his purpose (xiii. 1.7.). After many of 
his enemies had fallen by his sword, he was defeated and slain by 
Achilles. The Grecian chief gratified his revenge by fastening the 
body of his brave opponent to his chariot, and dragging it in 
triumph thrice round the walls of Troy He afterwards restored 
it to Priam on receiving a large ransom'. Gr. Ace, -ora. See 
^ Achilles. 

Hectoreus, -a, -um, adj., of, or relating to Hector. Hec- 
tor eis fammis^ to the fire brought by Hector, i. e. the fire with 
which ne attempted to burn the Grecian fleet, xiii. 1. 7. 

Helena, -ae,/!, Helen, the daughter of Tyndarus and Leda, 
and wife of Menelilus. According to the fable, Leda having been 
visited by Jupiter in the form of a swan, laid two eggs, from the 
one of which Castor and Clytemnestra were produced, and from 
the other Pollux and Helen The first two were considered mor- 



HEL 227 HEL 

tal as the children of Tyndarus, and the others immortal, as tlie 
offspring of Jupiter, Helen, from her infancy, was remarkable for 
her beauty, and, at the age of ten, was carried off by Theseus 
{di.ss.)y but was brought back by her brothers Castor and Pollux, 
who discovered the place of her concealment at Aphidnae in Attica. 
When arrived at years of maturity, she was sought in marriage by 
nearly all the most distinguished of the Grecian princes, as the 
two Ajaces, Ulysses, Patroclus, Menelaus, Philoctetes, &c. Tyn- 
darus was alarmed at the number of her suitors, and being ap- 
prehensive that the preference of one would bring upon him the 
displeasure of all the rest, prevailed upon them to bind themselves 
by an oath to abide by the decision of the princess, and unite in 
defending her if any attempt were made to carry her off from the 
arms of her husband. The rivals consented, and Helen decided in 
favour of Menelaus (See Menelaus). Soon after Paris, who had 
obtained from Venus the promise of the most beautiful woman of 
his age, at her instigation went to Sparta, and during the absence 
of her husband induced Helen to accompany him to Troy. The 
injured husband called upon the Grecian princes to fulfil their oath, 
and they collecting their forces encamped before that ancient city, 
and took it after a siege of ten years. After the death of Paris, 
she married his brother Deiphobus, whom she is accused of betray- 
ing to her former husband for the purpose of regaining his favour. 
Menelaus received her with kindness, and after wandermg for 
eight years returned with her to Sparta. See Menelaus and Paris. 
HelenuSj -i, m., Hehnus, one of the sons of Priam and He- 
cijba, who was celebrated for his skill in divination. In consequence 
of Helen being given in marriage to Deiphobus in preference to 
himself on the death of Paris, he quitted Troy, and retired to 
Mount Ida, where he was taken prisoner by Ulysses (xiii 1. 99 ). 
Induced by the entreaties of the Greeks, or the fear of punishment, 
he revealed to them the secret that Troy could not be taken 
while it remained in possession of the Palladium. After various 
adventures he became the husband of Andromache, the wife of 
Hector, and also king of Chaonia, in Epirus. From his know- 
ledge of futurity he is called Dardanius vates^ xiii. 1. 335. 

Heliades, -um, /, the Heliades, the daughters of Sol and 
Clymene, and the sisters of Phaethon. According to Ovid, they 
were three in number, the eldest of whom was Phaethusa, and one 
of the others Larapetie. After four months of excessive grief for 
the death of their brother, they were changed into poplar or alder 
trees, on the banks of the Eridanus, and the tears which they shed 
were converted into amber. The fable obviously alludes to the 
origin of amber, which the ancients believed to be a resinous sub- 
stance exuded from the bark of trees, an opinion which has been 
confirmed by the investigations of modern chemists. See Electrum. 

Helicon, -onis, W., Helicon^ now Zagora^ a mountain in 



HEN 228 HER 

the south-west of Boeotia, on the borders of Phocis, famous as the 
abode of Apollo and the Muses, who are thence called Heliconiades. 
On its summit, which is nearly as high as Parnassus, was the grove 
of the Muses, adorned with several statues; and a little below 
were the fountains Aganippe and Hippocrene. Virgineus Helicon, 
Helicon frequented by the muses, who were all unmarried, ii. 1.' 
29, and v 4 5. Deas colentes Helicona vici se, that the god- 
desses who inhabit Helicon, i.e. the Muses, were victorious, v. 12. 2. 

Henna, -ae, /., Henna, now Castro Giovanni, an ancient 
town in the centre of Sicily, the principal seat of tr.e worship of 
Ceres. The adjoining country was remarkable for its fertility, and 
on the -plains of Henna Proserpine was amusing herself in collect- 
ing flowers when she was carried off by Pluto, and became queen 
of the infernal regions. See Ceres and Proserpina. 

Hennaeus, -a, -urn, adj., of, or relating to Henna. Hand 
vrocf/l a HenncBis moenibits est lacus altcB aquce, nomine Fergus, 
not far from the walls of Henna is a lake of deep water, by name 
Pergus, V. 6. 45. See Pergus. 

Hercules, -is, m., Hercules, a celebrated Grecian hero, the 
son of Jupiter and Alcmena, the wife of Amphitryon, king of 
Argos. Jupiter having decreed that the first-born of the descend- 
ants of Perseus (diss.) should reign over Mycenjc, Juno, who was the 
enemy of all the children of her husband by other females, retarded 
the birth of Hercules, so that Eurystheus {tris. ). the son of Sthenelus 
and Micippe, was born first, and Hercules consequently became 
subject to him. The queen of the gods then attempted to destroy 
the infant, and for this purpose sent two serpents to kill him'in the 
cradle ; but Hercules, though only eight months old, caught the 
monsters by the throat and strangled them. He was early in- 
structed in the liberal arts, and, like most of his illustrious con- 
temporaries, was the pupil of the Centaur Chiron, under whose 
tuition he became the most brave and accomplished hero of his 
age. When still a young man, he is said to have been accosted in a 
solitary place by Virtue and Pleasure, under female forms, who 
both tried, by every argument, to obtain the preference ; but, after 
serious reflection, he chose Virtue. The hatred of Juno followed 
Hercules through life. At her instigation his cousin Eurystheus 
imposed upon him twelve difficult enterprises, commonly called the 
Twelve Labours of Hercules. The gods sympathized with him in 
the hardships which he was doomed to undergo, and armed him 
completely for his task. He received a coat of armour and a helmet 
from Minerva, a sword from Mercury, a horse from Neptune, a 
shield from Jupiter, a bow and arrows from Apollo, and from Vul- 
can a golden cuirass, a brazen buskin, and, according to some writers, 
a celebrated club of brass. The twelve labom-s of Hercules were, 
— l.^He killed a large lion which infested the wood of Nemea in 
Argolii ; 2. He killed the Hydra, or water-snake, of the Lake 



HER 229 HER 

of Lerna, in Argolis, which had seven, some say fifty, some an hun- 
dred heads. These heads he first attempted to demolish with his 
club, but- finding that two sprung up for every one which was re- 
moved, he burnt the root of the- head with a hot iron, and by this 
means succeeded. He then dipped his arrows in its gall, which 
rendered the wounds which he inflicted incurable. 3. He took 
alive, and brought to Eurystheus, a stag sacred to Diana, famous 
for its incredible swiftness, its golden horns, and its brazen feet. 4. 
He caught alive a wild boar which ravaged the neighbourhood of 
Erymanthus. 5. He cleaned in one day the stables of Augeas, 
king of Ehs, in which 3000 oxen had been confined for thirty-nine 
years. 6. He killed the carnivorous birds, StynipliaUdes^ which in- 
fested the lake Stymphalus, in Arcadia. 7. He brought alive to 
the Peloponnesus a prodigious wild bull, which ravaged the island 
of Crete. 8. He brought to Eurystheus the four mares of Dio- 
medes, king of Thrace, which fed on human flesh. 9. He took a 
beautiful girdle from Hippolyte, queen of the Amazons. 10. He 
slew the giant Geryon, king of Gades, and carried off his cattle 
which fed on human flesh. 11. He killed the dragon which kept 
the golden apples of the Hesperides, near I\lo\mt Atlas, in Africa, 
and brought the apples to Eurystheus. 12. He dragged the dog 
Cerberus from the infernal regions. Besides the Twelve Labours, 
Hercules performed many other exploits which are famous in an- 
cient mythology. He assisted Jupiter in his war against the giants. 
At the request of Atlas, he supported the heavens on his shoulders. 
He cleared Africa of wild beasts, then passed into Spain, subdued it, 
and fixed two pillars, or mountains, one on each side of the straits, 
called Abyla and Calpe. He accompanied the Argonauts in their 
expedition to Colchis, and on his way delivered Hesione, the 
daughter of Laomedon, king of Troy, from a sea-monster to which 
she was exposed. He slew the giant Antaeus in Libya ; he 
strangled the robber Cacus, and shot the eagle which preyed upon 
the hver of Prometheus {tris.). For attempting to plunder the 
temple of Apollo at Delphi, he was compelled by the gods to be- 
come the slave of Omphale, queen of Lydia, who, from admiration 
of his wonderful exploits, subsequently married him. Hercules had 
several other wives, the most celebrated of whom was Dejanira, 
daughter of OEneus (diss.), king of Cab" don in iEtolia. While on 
a journey with her, he was stopped by the river Evenus, then 
swollen with rain. He intrusted Dejanira to the Centaur Nessus, 
who offered to convey her safely across, while he followed by swim- 
ming, but being alarmed by the cries of his wife, whom Nessus 
' attempted to carry off, he shot an arrow and mortally wounded 
him. Nessus, when expiring, gave Dejanira his tunic, besmeared 
with blood, and infected with poison, telling her that it had the 
power of reclaiming a husband from illicit amours. Some time 
after he carried off lole, the daughter of Eurytus, king of (Echa- 
lia, who accompanied him to Mount CEta, where he went to offe? 



HER 230 HIP 

a solemn sacrifice to Jupiter. Having neglected to provide him- 
self with a proper dress, he despatched his servant to ask one from 
Dejanira, who, in a fit of jealousy, sent him the poisoned robe 
which she had received from Nessus. This had no sooner touched 
his skin than he felt the poison diflPuse itself through his veins, and, 
racked by the increasing torment, he caused a funeral pile to be 
erected, and spreading over it the skin of the Nemean lion, he laid 
himself on it as on a couch, leaning his head on his club, and then 
ordered the fire to be apphed. Jupiter observing the melancholy 
scene from heaven, raised to the skies the immortal parts of the 
hero. 

Herculeus, -a, -um. ac?/., of, or relating to Hercules, Her- 
culean^ Similes Herculeis (lacertis), equal in strength to the arms 
of Hercules, xv. 2. 172. 

Hesperides, -um, /., the Hesperides {Western Maids), 
nymphs who possessed a garden in which grew the golden apples 
given by Jupiter to Juno on the day of their marriage. The gar- 
den was intrusted to the care of a dragon, called Ladon. It was 
one of the labours of Hercules to procure some of these apples, 
which he accomplished by killing the dragon. The garden of the 
Hesperides is placed by Hesiod " beyond the illustrious Ocean," but 
is more generally said to have been in Africa, near Mount Atlas. 
T he Hesperides were the daughters of Hesperus, and were three 
in number, or, according to others, four. The apples were, a>> 
some suppose, the pomegranates of Spain and Africa, a fruit an- 
ciently unknown in Greece, and navigators may have invested them 
with all their wonders to excite admiration. 

HesperiHS^ -a, -um, adj.. of, or relating to Hespervs, Hes- 
perian., Western. Hesperios amnes. the western rivers, i. e. the 
Rhine, the Rhone, and the Po, ii. 1. 258. Constitit in Hesperio 
orbe, regnis Atlantis, halted in the western part of the world, in 
the kingdom of Atlas, iv. 12. 25. 

Hesperus, -i, m., Hesperus, the evening star, the name given 
to the planet Venus when it follows the sun, and appears some 
time after sunset ; but when it precedes the sun it i? called Lucifer. 
Hesperus is frequently used to signify the west. See Lucifer. 

Hippocrene, -es, /*., Hippocrene, a fountain near the top of 
Mount Helicon in Boeotia, sacred to the Muses. It is said to have 
first risen from the ground when struck by the foot of the horse 
Pegasus, whence it was called I'^'ttou x^nvn, the horse's fountain, 
(v. 4. 13.) See Pegasus. 

Hippotades, -ae, m., the grandson ofHippotes, i. e. jEoIus, 
king of the winds. Mo\\xs was the son of Jupiter and Segesta, 
the daughter of Hippotes, a Trojan, whence he is called Hippota- 
des. He is represented by the poets as keeping the winds confined 
in a cave in i^olia (the Lipari Islands), of which he was king. 



HOR 231 IAS 

Here he is said to have given to Ulysses in a bag all the winds which 
could obstruct him in his return to Ithaca. See Ulysses. 

Horae, -arum,/*.^ the Horce, or Hours, three goddesses, the 
daughters of Jupiter and Themis, who presided over the seasons. 
They were the servants of Sol, yoked his chariot, and stood before 
the gates of heaven, ready to open them when the god proceeded 
on his diurnal course. Imperat velocihus Horis pingere equos, he 
orders the swift Hours to yoke the horses, ii. 1. 118. 

Hyades, -um, /"., the Hi/ades, seven stars in the head of the 
Bull, whose rising with the sun portended rain. According to the 
fable they were the daughters of Atlas and iEthra, and were so 
disconsolate at the death of their brother Hyas, that they pined 
away and died. After death they were changed into stars, and 
derived their name from their brother. The Latins called them 
Sucillae, swine, because they were so ignorant of the Greek language 
that they believed the Greek name to be derived from Ig, a soiv. 

Hyale, -es, /*, Hyale, a nymph in the train of Diana. 

Hyanteus, & Hyantius, -a, -um, adj.. of, or relating to 
the Hyantes, an ancient name of the Boeotians, which they derived 
from a king Hyas, — hence Boeotian. Hijanted Aganippe, the 
Boeotian Aganippe, v. 5. 19. Hyantius, the Boeotian youth, i. e. 
Actaeon, iii. 2. 17. 

Hylactor, -oris, m,, Barker, the name of one of Actseon's dogs. 

Hylseus, -i, rn., Woodman, the name of one of Actaeon's dogs. 

Hymen, -inis, & Hymenseus, -i. vi., Hymen, sind Hymen- 
(BUS, the god of marriage, the son of Apollo and the muse Calli- 
ope, or of Bacchus and Venus. He is represented by the poets 
as crowned with flowers, particularly with marjoram, and holding in 
his hand a burning torch. Hymen was supposed to be always 
present at nuptials, otherwise the matrimonial connexions were 
fatal, *and ended in the most dreadful calamities. 

Hypseus {diss.), -ei, & -eos, m., i/ypsews, a man who killed 
Prothoenor, and was himself slain by Lyncides at the marriage of 
Perseus (diss.). 

I. 

Iacchus_, -1, m.. lacchus, a name of Bacchus, probably de- 
rived from lec, an exclamation of joy. See Bacchus. 

lapetionides, -ae, m., the son of Japet^is, a patronymic ap- 
plied to Atlas. See Atlas. 

lapetus, -i, m., Japetus, one of the Titans, the son of Ura- 
nus and Terra. He married his sister Cljinene, by whom he had 
Atlas, Prometheus (tris.)^ Epimetheus (4 syl.), and Menoetius. 
Safus Tapeto, the son of Japetus, i. e. Prometheus, i. 2. 61. 

lason, -onis, m.y Jason, the hero of the Argonautie expedi- 



IAS 232 IBI 

tion, was the son of -^son, kinf^ of lolcos, in Thessaly, and of 
Alcimede. When /Eson was oblip^ed to yield to the superior power 
of his brother Pelias, and was driven from his kingdom, Jason, who 
was still in infancy, was secretly conveyed by his mother to a 
village on Mount Pelion, and there intrusted to the care of the 
Centaur Chiron, by whom he was instructed in the art of war. 
After he had attained the age of twenty, he went to lolcos, in 
obedience to the command of an oracle, to claim the rights of his 
family. He appeared in the market-place, clothed in the skin of 
a leopard, and armed with two javelins, and with his long unshorn 
locks waving on his back. PeHas had been warned by the oracle 
to beware of a man who should appear with one foot shod and the 
other uncovered, and Jason having accidentally entered in this garb, 
the fears of Pelias were immediately excited. He boldly demanded 
the kingdom which Jupiter had given to his father; but Pelias 
prevailed upon him to proceed to Colchis, to get possession of the 
golden fleece, promising, on his return, to resign the kingdom in 
nis favour. Jason agreed to the conditions, procured a fifty-oar^d 
galley, to w^hich he gave the name of Argo, and, on consulting tne 
oracle, was directed to invite the greatest heroes of the age to share 
in the glories and dangers of the voyage. The bravest of the Grecian 
youth speedily assembled, among whom were Orpheus (r/m.), 
Zetes and Calais, Castor and Pollux, Telamon and Peleus {diss.)^ 
Hercules, Theseus (diss.), Laertes, ^Esculapius, Polyphemus, and 
others, to the number of fifty. After offering sacrifices to Jupiter, 
the Waves and Winds, &c., they sailed from the harbour of lolcos, 
met with many curious adventures, and arrived in safety at Colchis, 
on the east coast of the Black Sea. Jason lost no time m informing 
king iEetes of the cause of his visit, and in requesting him to re- 
sign the golden fleece. To this he procured the king's consent on 
tbe following conditions : — He was to force to the yoke two brazen- 
footed bulls, whose nostrils breathed flames, to plough with them a 
piece of land, and sow in it the serpent's teeth which ^Eetes pos- 
sessed, to whom INIinerva had given one-half of those which Cad- 
mus sowed at Thebes. These teeth were to produce armed men, 
ready to attack him. He was, besides, to kill a sleepless dragon 
rt^hich guarded the fleece. This task, which at first appeared to 
him insurmountable, he was enabled to accomplish by means of 
Medea, the king's daughter, who had conceived a sudden af- 
fection far him, and proffered her aid if he would swear to marry 
her and take her with him to Greece. By her assistance he 
fulfilled the conditions, to the astonishment of iEetes and his 
subjects, got possession of the golden fleece, and returned to his 
native country, accompanied by Medea, whom he afterwards mar- 
ried. The ship Argo was changed into a star, and the fleece was 
suspended in the temple of the gods. See Nephele and Medea. 

Ibis, -is, & -idis,^, the ibis, an Egyptian bird resembling a 
•tork. It was held sacred by the ancient Egyptians, either because 



ICE 233 ILL 

it devoured the serpents which infested the country, or because the 
marking of its plumage resembled one of the phases of the sun, or 
because it appeared with the rising of the JVile. 

Icelos^ -i, TW., Icelos, one of the sons of the god Somnus, who 
possessed the power of assuming the shape of wild beasts, birds, 
and serpents. He was called Icelos by the gods, and Phobetor by 
mortals. 

Ichnobates^ -se, W., Tracer, the name of one of Actajon's 
dogs. 

Ida, -3B, & Ide^ -es, f., Ida, now Kaz Dag, or Ida, a 
mountain, or rather a chain of mountains, in the Troad, in Mysia, 
where Paris was exposed, and where he adjudged the prize of 
beauty to Venus, in the contest of the three goddesses respecting 
the golden apple. Its highest peak was called Gargara, and af- 
forded an extensive view of the Hellespont and the adjacent coun- 
tries. For this reason it is said by Homer to have been the resort 
of the gods during the siege of Troy. Gr. Ace, -an. See Paris. 

Idas, -ae, mi., Idas, a man who was accidentally killed by a 
javelin at the marriage of Perseus (diss.). 

Idomcneus (4 sy/,), -ei, & -eos, m., Idomeneus, the son of 
Deucalion, king of Crete, and grandson of Minos. He accompanied 
the Greeks to the Trojan war with 90 ships, and distinguished him- 
self greatly oy nis valour during the siege. Being overtaken by a 
storm on his return from Troy, he vowed to sacrifice to ^ISeptune 
whatever creature first presented itself to him on his arrival at 
Crete. This proved to be his son, whom, in fulfilment of the vow, 
he immediately sacrificed. The inhumanity and rashness of the 
act rendered him so odious in the eyes of his subjects, that he left 
the island, and landing on the coast of Italy, founded three cities 
in Apulia. 

Ignigena, -ae, m., Ignigena (born in fire, son of fire), a name 
given to Bacchus, in allusion to the fable of his mother havmg been 
destroyed by hghtning before his birth. 

Iliacus, -a, -Um, adj., of, or relating to Ilium, Trojan. 
Mittor audax orator ad lUacas arces, I am sent a fearless envoy 
to the Trojan city, xiii. 1. 196. 

Ilium^ -ii, n.j Ilium, Trot/, a name given to Troy from Ilus, 
one of its early kings. Ilium seems to denote that part of the city 
where the fortifications lay, and Troja the parts built round about 
them, as several cities are divided into the old and new town. See 
Troja. 

Illyricum, -i, n., Illyricum, called also Illyris and Illyria, an 
extensive country lying on the north-eist coast of the Hadriatic, and 
extending from the small river Arsia and the Julian Alps, which 
separated it from Italy, to the river Drilo. Towards the north it 
touched on Noricum and Pannonia, and towards the east on Moeg a 



ILL 234 IND 

and Macedonia. It thus comprehended part of the Austrian pro- 
vinces of Illyria and Croatia, the whole of Dalmatia^ and part of 
Turkey. 

^ lllyricus, -a, -um, adj., of, or relating to lUyricum, JUy- 
rian. Contigit lUyricos fines cum profugd conjuge, reached the 
country of Illyricum with his wife in exile, iv. 12. 6. 

Inachkles, -ae, m., a descendant of Inachvs, hence it is ap- 
plied (i. 14. 6.) to Epaphus, who was his grandson by lo. It is 
also used to signify an Argive, because Inachus was the founder of 
the kingdom of Argos, and in this sense is apphed to Perseus 
(diss.), iv. U. 58. 

Tnachis. -idos,^., the daughter of Inachvs, lo. Vultus Tna- 
chidos, the appearance of the daughter of Inachus, i. e. lo, i. 11. 
44. 

Inachis, -idos, adj.,/.', of or relating to Inachus. Inachidas 
ripas, the banks of the Inachus, i. 12. 16. 

Inachus, -i, m., inachus, a son of Oceanus and Tethys, and 
father of lo, who founded the kingdom of Argos, about B.C. 1<'67. 
According to the fable, Inachus was, at hi? death, changed into a 
river of the same name, now called the Xera, of which he became 
the tutelary god. The source of this river was in INlount Lyrcseus, 
on the confines of Arcadia; but the poets, who delighted in fiction, 
imagined it to be a branch of a cognominal stream in Acarnania, 
which, after joining the Achelous, passed under ground and re- 
appeared in Argolis. To this Ovid probably alludes, i. 11. 16. 
The Inachus flowed past the Acropolis of Argos into the Gulf of 
Nauplia. It is usually dry (whence its modern name), but is sup- 
plied with casual floods after heavy rains and the melting of snow 
on the neighbouring mountains. 

India, -ae, /., India, an extensive country of x\sia, the limits 
of which have not been accurately defined by ancient geographers. 
It was divided by the river Ganges into India intra Gangem, which 
corresponds pretty nearly with the modern Hindostan ; and In- 
dia extra Gangem, which included India beyond the Ganges, 
Tibet, Assam, and nearly the whole of the Binnan Empire. It 
derived its name from the Indus, which formed its western bound- 
ary. 'The Greeks knew but little of India till the invasion of Al- 
exander the Great. The fabled expeditions which Bacchus and 
Hercules are said to have undertaken against it were invented, after 
they had attained a considerable knowledge of the country, by the 
later poets to flatter the vanity of the ^Macedonian hero. India was 
reckoned by the ancients among the most opulent of all the coun- 
tries of Asia. Its elephants were especially famed for their size 
and strength, and were much preferred to those of Africa ; it was 
also celebrated for its tigers and serpents, the last of which were 
magnified by the historians of Alexander into an enormous size. 



IND 235 ION 

The productions of tins country which were most highly valued 
were its perfumes, precious stones, gold, and ebony ; there is also 
some slight mention made of its indigo and sugar-cane. Quern de- 
bellata India colebat, whom conquered India worshipped, iv. 13. 2. 

Indus, -i, m., an inhabitant of India, an Indian. Indos 
posifos snb sidereis ignihus, the Indians placed under the violent 
neat of the sun, i. 14. 31. 

Ino, -US, y*., Ino, the daughter of Cadmus and Harmonia, 
wife of Athamas, king of Thebes, and maternal aunt and nurse of 
Bacchus. In consequence of her cruel treatment of her step- 
children Phryxus and Helle, her husband was rendered frantic bv 
Juno, and imagining Ino to be a lioness, and her children whelps, 
pursued them and killed her son Learchus. Ino, to escape from 
his fury, threw herself and her son Melicerta into the sea between 
Megara and the Isthmus of Corinth, and was changed by Neptune 
into a sea-deity, called by the Greeks Leucothee, and Matuta by 
the Romans. See Athamas. 

I nous, -a, -um, adj., of, or relating to Ino. Inoo ruptu, by 
the grasp of Ino, iii. 7. 212. 

lo, -US,/*., /o, the daughter of Inachus, king of Argos. Her 
beauty attracted the notice of Jupiter, who, to conceal his amour 
from Juno, changed his mistress into a beautiful cow. The queen 
of the gods perceiving the fraud, commended the beauty of the 
animal, and asked her as a present from her husband, a request 
with which he reluctantly complied. Juno committed her to the 
care of Argus, a shepherd with a hundred eyes (See Argus), 
whose vigilance subjected her to the greatest miseries. After she 
had been released by Mercury from the thraldom of her keeper, 
Juno, whose resentment was implacable, sent one of the Furies in 
the shape of a gadfly to torment her. Pursued by the Fury, she 
wandered over the greatest part of the earth, till she stopped at 
last on the banks of the ISile, and being, by the command of Jupi- 
ter, restored to her former shape, gave birth to Epaphus, married 
Osiris, king of the country, and became an Egyptian goddess, 
under the name of Isis. 

lolciacus, -a -um, adj.^^ of or relating to lolcos, now 
Boritza, a powerful and ancient city in the south of Thessaly, si- 
tuate at the head of the Pelasgicus Sinus, the Gidf of Volo, and 
celebrated as the birth-place of Jason. Victor tetigit cum conjnge 
lolciacos portus, victoriously reached with his wife the harbour of 
lolcos, vii. ]. 158. 

Ionium, -ii, n., the Ionian Sea, a name given to that part of 
the Mediterranean which washed the western shores of Greece, 
and lay between that coi ntry and Italy, The statements of tlie 
ancient writers respecting the situation and extent of the Ionian 
Sea are very uncertain. The name seems to have originally in- 



IPH 236 ISM 

eluded the whole of the Hadriatic. and to have extended to the 
south of the Peloponnesus ; but that part of it to the north of the 
Acroceraunian promontory was generally called by the Greeks 
lonius Sinus. The origin of the name is also involved in un- 
certainty. 

Iphigenla, -ae, J*., Jphigenia, the daughter of Agamemnon 
and Clytemnestra. While the combined forces of the Greeks were 
assembling at Aulis, previous to settmg sail for Troy, Agamemnon 
accidentally killed a favourite stag of Diana, and the goddess in 
revenge detained the fleet in the harbour by contrary winds. On 
consulting the oracle, the Greeks were informed that they must 
propitiate the gods by sacrificing Iphigenia to the offended goddess. 
Her father, struck with horror at the response, sternly refused his 
consent, and issued orders to the generals, each to conduct his 
troops home. Ulysses and the other generals interfered, and pre- 
vailed upon Agamemnon to immolate his daughter for the common 
cause of Greece. At their request Ulysses repaired to Mycenae, 
and persuaded Clytemnestra to intrust Iphigenia to his care, on 
pretence that her father had espoused her to Achilles. When the 
princess arrived at Aulis, and saw the bloody preparations for the 
sacrifice, she implored the forgiveness and protection of her father ; 
but tears and entreaties were unavailing. Calchas raised the knife 
in his hand, but as he was going to strike the fatal blow, Iphigenia 
suddenly vanished, and a beautiful stag appeared in her place for 
the sacrifice. This interposition of the goddess animated the 
Greeks, the wind suddenly became favourable, and the combined 
fleets sailed from the harbour of Aulis. 

Iphitldes, -ae, ?/?., the son of Jphitus, a patronymic applied 
to Caeranos, xiii. 1. 257. 

Iris, -is, /'., Iris, the daughter of Thaumas and Electra, was the 
goddess of the rainbow, and the messenger of the gods, particularly 
of Juno (nuntia Junonis, i. 7. 27.). She is represented by Ovid 
(xi. 10. 180.) as executing the orders of Juno, decked in robes of a 
thousand colours. Iris is frequently used to denote the rainbow it- 
self, and was believed by the ancients to possess the power of rais- 
ing water from the earth to the clouds. Hence she is described 
(i. 7. 28.) as supplying them with water to deluge the world. The 
seven colours of the rainbow are red, orange, yellow, green, blue, 
indigo, and violet. 

Ismarius, -a, -Um, adj., of, ov relating to Ismartts, Isma- 
rian ; used also as a general term, Thracian. J stnarios {nmnes), 
the Thracian rivers, ii. 1. 257. 

Isirjarus, -i, m., {Piu?\ -a, -orum, ??.,) Jsmarus, a town 
and mountain of Thrace, near the mouth of the Hebrus. The ad- 
joining country was famous for producing good wine. 

Ismenides, -um,f., the Thehan wovieny a name given to 



ISM 237 IXl 

them from the river Ismenus. Ismentdes colunt sanctas aras^ 
the Theban ladies honour the sacred altars, iii. 7. 223. 

Ismenis, -idos, adj..f., of, or relating to the Ismenus ; hence 
Theban. Ismenis Crocale doctior illis, the Theban nymph Cro 
cale being more skilful than they, iii. 2. 39. 

Ismenos, -l, m., the Ismenus, a small stream in BcBotia, which 
riows past Thebes, and falls into the Eurlpus. Modern travellers 
state that it contains no water except after heavy rain, when it be- 
comes a torrent. According to the fable, Ismenus was the son of 
the river Asopus by Metope. 

Ister, -tri, m., the Danuhe, the largest river in Germany, 
and in Europe, has its source in Mons Abnoba, the Black Forest, 
in the Grand Duchy of Baden, and after a course of 1,700 miles, 
generally in a south-easterly direction, enters the Pontus Euxlnus, 
the Black Sea, by several mouths. The Danube, after leaving 
Baden, flows through Wirtemberg, Bavaria, the Archduchy of 
Austria, and Hungary, enters the Turkish dominions at Belgrade, 
and in the rest of its course separates Walachia from Bulgaria. It 
receives in its course sixty navigable rivers, the largest of which is 
tlie Inn, and 120 smaller streams. The name Ister is said to have 
been applied to this river in the lower part of its course, after its 
junction with the Save ; but where the one name commenced and 
the other terminated is very uncertain. The two names are fre- 
quently confounded, or used indifferently, the Greeks generally 
calling the river Ister, and the Latins, Danubius. 

Ithaca, -^,J-, Ithaca, or Teaki, a celebrated island in the 
Ionian Sea, off the coast of Acarnania, forming part of the king- 
dom of Ulysses. This island, which lies five miles due south of 
Leucadia, is of inconsiderable extent, and derives all its celebrity 
from the praises bestowed upon it by Homer. Ithaca is one of the 
seven Ionian Islands. 

ItnacuSj -i, m., a native of Ithaca, the Ithacan, i. e. Ulysses, 
a name contemptuously applied to him by Ajax, xiii. ]. 98. and 103. 

lulus, -i, m., lulus, a surname of Ascanius, the son of .^neas 
and Creusa. He accompanied his father in his flight from Troy, 
shared in the dangers of the voyage, and, after his arrival in Italy, 
contributed by his valour to the success of the war which ^neas 
waged against the Latins. He succeeded his father in the king- 
dom of Latinus, and built Alba Longa, to which he transferred the 
seat of government. Here his descendants reigned upwards of 
400 years, till the building of Rome. Romulus traced his descent 
from Ascanius. 

Ixlon, -onis, IW., Ixion, the son of Phlegyas, and king of the 
Lapithae, a savage tribe in the south of Thessaly. Ixion was ad- 
mitted to the society of tne gods in Olympus, where he fell in love 
Kith Juno, To punish his audacity, Jupiter sent a cloud in the form 



JVB 2^8 JUN 

of his queen, which was embraced by Ixion, and produced the 
Centaurs. The king of the gods was so enraged at his conduct that 
he banished him from heaven, struck him with his thunder, and 
ordered Mercury to tie him to a four-spoked wheel in hell, which 
contmually whirls roimd. Ixion volvitur, et sequitnrque fvqitque 
se, Ixion turns on his wheel, and both follows and flies from him- 
self, iv. 11. 46. 

J. 

Juba, -ae^ m,, Juha, a king of Numidia, part of IMaurita- 
nia, Algiers, and part of Morocco. In the civil war between 
Caesar and Pompey, he espoused the cause of the latter, and gained 
a great victory over Curio, who commanded Caesar's forces in 
Africa. After the battle of Pharsalia he joined his forces with 
those of Scipio, and being defeated by Caesar in a battle at Thapsus 
(b. c. 46.}, caused himself to be put to death by Petreius, one of 
his companions in misfortune, 

Julius, -ii, m., Julius, the praenomen of the Julian gens, the 
most celebrated of whom was Caius Julius Caesar, the Dictator. 
Divus Julius, the deified Julius, i. e. Julius Caesar, xv. 9. 98. 
See Caesar. 

Juno, -onis,/, Juno, the daughter of Saturn and Ops, and 
the sister and wife of Jupiter. After her birth she was reared by 
Oceanus and Tethys, and had the seasons as her attendants. When 
Jupiter attained the sovereignty of the world, Juno shared in his 
honours, and became queen of the gods. Her character was dis- 
tinguished by] matronly dignity and strict correctness of conduct. 
She could ill iDrook the infidelities of her husband, and persecuted 
his mistresses with relentless hatred. Her severity to lo, Semele, 
and Latona, is frequently mentioned by mythological writers, and 
her resentment doomed Hercules to undergo his famous labours. 
In Homer Jupiter is represented as sometimes punishing her for 
her acts of opposition to him. On one occasion, when she had 
raised a storm, which drove Hercules out of his course at sea, Ju- 
piter suspended her from heaven, tying a heavy anvil to her feet, 
and when her son Vulcan approached to assist her, he took him by 
the foot and threw him down to the earth (See Vulcanus). Juno 
was believed to preside over marriage, and was the patroness and 
protectress of married women. She was the mother of Mars, Hebe, 
and Vulcan. The reason of her hostility to the Trojans, of whom 
she is represented as the implacable enemy, is not stated by Homer ; 
but later poets ascribe it to the decision of Paris, in assigning the 
golden apple to Venus in preference to herself (See Paris). The 
worship of Juno was universal. Her principal temples were at Argos, 
Samos, and Carthage ; Sparta and JMyceiu-fi were also places dear 
to her. Ewe-lambs and swine were the offerings presented on her 
altars ; and the dittany, the poppy, and the lily, were her favourite 



J UN 239 JCJP 

flotvers. Among birds, the hawk, the goose, and particularly the 
peacock, were sacred to her (See Argus). She is represented 
sitting on a throne, holding in one hand a pomegranate, the emblem 
of fecundity, and in the other a sceptre, with a cuckoo on its 
summit, 

Junonius, -a, -um, adj., of, or relating to Juno. Junonius 
custos, the keeper appointed by Juno, i. e. Argus, i. 12. 54. 

Jupiter, Jovis, m., Jupiter, the most celebrated of all the 
gods of the ancients, was the son of Saturn and Ops. His mother 
saved him from the cruel voracity of her husband (See Saturnus). 
and intrusted him to the care of the Corybantes, by whom he was 
reared in a cave in Mount Ida, in Crete, and fed on the milk of the 
goat Amalthaea, or, according to others, on honey. When grown 
up he drove his father from heaven, and divided the empire of the 
world with his brothers. For himself he reserved heaven and 
earth, to Neptune he allotted the sea and the waters, and to Pluto 
the infernal regions. He was not, however, allo\>ed to retain his 
dominions undisturbed. The Titans undertook to destroy him as 
he had done his father, declared war against him, and, by piling 
mountains on each other, endeavoured to ascend to heaven (see 
Gigas) ; but the king of the gods assailed them with his thunder, 
and asserted his supremacy. The character of Jupiter possesses none 
of the purity for which Juno was distinguished. He was the slave of 
vicious pleasures ; and every species of disguise was employed by 
him to accomplish his object. He transformed himself into a satyr 
to enjoy Antiope, into a bull to carry off Europa, into a swan to 
allure Leda, into a shower of gold to corrupt Danae, and into seve- 
ral other forms to gratify his passions. He had Bacchus by Semele, 
and Mercury by Maia. The worship of Jupiter was extensively 
diffused over the ancient world, and different names were assigned 
to him in the various places where his worship was estabUshed. 
At Carthage he was called Ammon, in Egypt Serapis, at Athens 
the Olympian Jupiter, and at Rome Capitolinus, who was the 
guardian and benefactor of the Romans. The most famous tem- 
ple of this god was at Olympia, in Elis, where, every fourth year, 
the Olympic games were celebrated in honour of him (See Elis). 
His great oracle was in an oak grove at Dodona in Epirus, where, 
from a very early period, his priests announced his will and futu- 
rity. The eagle was his favourite bird, and the oak his favourite 
tree. He is represented as the model of dignity and majesty oi 
mien ; his countenance grave but mild ; and is seated on a throne, 
grasping his sceptre and the thunder. The eagle is standing be- 
side the throne. Jupiter is frequently used to signify the air, or 
sky. Mundiis erat sub Jove, the world was under the govern- 
ment of Jupiter, i. 4. 2. Natus Jove^ the son of Jupiter, i. o. 
Mercury, i. 12. 49. 



LAB 240 LAE 

L. 

Labros, -i, m,, Worrier, the name of one of Actaeon's dogs. 
Lahros (natus) Dictceo patre, sed Laconide matre^ Worrier bred 
of a Cretan dog, but of a Laconian bitch, iii. 2. 93. 

Lachne, -es, /., Wool-hair, or Shag, the name of one of 
Aetaeon's dogs. Lachne hirsuta corpore. Wool-hair, a rough- 
bodied bitch, iii. 2. 92. 

Lacon, -onis, m., Lacon, or Spartan, the name of one of 
Aetaeon's dogs. 

Laconia, -ae, y*., Laconia, sometimes called Lacedaemon, ce- 
lebrated as the kingdom of Menelaus, was the largest province of 
the Peloponnesus, and occupied the south-east corner of the pen- 
insula. To the west it bordered on JNIessenia, to the north on 
A.rcadia and Argolis, and on the east and south it was bounded by 
the sea. Laconia was a rugged and mountainous country, natu- 
rally barren, and difficult of culture. The inhabitants were dis- 
tinguished for their courage and intrepidity, their love of liberty, 
and their aversion to sloth and luxury. They were inured from 
their youth to labour and hardship, and were taught by their laws 
to regard war as their profession. The capital of the country was 
Lacedaemon, or Sparta. See Sparta. 

LaconiSj -idis, adj.^ of, or relating to Laconia, Lacedcemo^ 
nian. Spartan, Nati Laconide matre, bred from a Spartan bitch, 
iii. 2. 93. 

Lactea Via, the Milky Way, is the name given by Ovid to the 
great road leading to the palace of Jupiter m Olympus, on the two 
sides of which he places the habitations of the other gods. This 
white luminous track, which appears to encompass the heavens like 
a girdle, is said to have been formed by the milk which fell from 
Juno's breast when the infant Hercules was applied to it by Jupiter 
while she was asleep. It is now called the Galaxy, from a Greek 
word signifying milk. The luminous appearance has been ascer- 
tained to be occasioned by a multitude of stars, so small as not to 
be distinguished by the naked eye. 

Ladon, -onis, m., the Ladon, a sandy stream of Arcadia, 
which falls into the Alpheus. On its banks the nymph Syrinx was 
changed into a reed. See Syrinx. 

Ladon, -onis, m., Ladon, or Harrier, the name of one of 
Aetaeon's dogs. Ladon gerens substricta ilia, Ladon having a thin 
or lank belly, iii. 2. i]6. 

Laelaps, -apis, m., Storm, the name of one of Aetaeon's dogs. 

Laertes, -ae, m., Laertes, a king of Ithaca, was the son of 
Arcesius, and husband of Anticlea. Anticlea, at the time of her 
marriage is said to have been pregnant by Sisyphus (xiii. 1. 32.), 
and eight months after gave birth to Ulysses. Laertes, however. 



LAE 241 LEM 

reared the child as his own son, and, at an early period of life, resigned 
the kingdom in his favour. He assisted in killing the Calydonian 
boar, and accompanied Jason in his famous expedition. 

Laertiades, -ae, m., the son of Laertes, a name given to 
Ulysses from his supposed father. Precaris LaertiadcB, quce me- 
ruit, wishest to the son of Laertes, i. e. Ulysses, what he deserves, 
xiii. 1. 48. 

Laertius, -a, -um, adj.^ of, or relating to Laertes. Laer- 
tius heros, the hero, the son of Laertes, i. e. Ulysses, xiii. 1. 124. 

Lampetie, -es, y., Lampetie, a daughter of Sol, one of the 
sisters of Phaethon, who, after the death of her brother, was 
changed into a poplar tree. See Heliades. 

Latinus, -a., -urn, adj., of or relating to Latium, Latin, 
Roman. Mittit gestanda Latinis nuribus, sends to be worn by 
the Latin ladies, ii. 2. 42. 

Latium, -ii, w., Latium, a small district of Italy, on the left 
bank of the Tiber, where that river falls into the Mediterranean. 
The limits of Latium were at first very circumscribed, but were 
afterwards extended over a considerable tract of country. To the 
west and north it bordered on Etruria, and the country inhabited 
by the Sabini, iEqui, and Marsi ; to the east, on Campania ; and 
on the south, it was washed by the Tuscan Sea. The name is said 
to have been derived from lateo, because Saturn concealed himself 
there from the pursuit of his son Jupiter ; but others deduce it 
from Latinus, a king of the country. Here Ascanius founded Alba 
Longa, and, 400 years later, Romulus laid the foundation of Rome 
See lulus and Roma. 

Latius, -a, -um, adj., of or relating to Latium, Latin, Ro- 
man. Tu aderis Latiis ducihus, thou shalt attend upon, shait 
adorn the Roman generals, i. 10. 109. 

Latona, -ae, f. Latona, a daughter of Coeus and Phoebe, and 
one of the wives of Jupiter, by whom she had Apollo and Diana. 
Juno, who was jealous of her husband's amours, sent the serpent 
Python to persecute Latona, having previously bound Terra by an 
oath not to give her a place on which to bring forth. Neptune at 
length had compassion on her, and by a stroke of his trident made 
the island of Delos stationary, where she gave birth to her children 
under a palm-tree. From his mother, Apollo is called Latous ; and 
Diana, Latois, and Latonia. 

Latonia, -ae,/!, Diana, the daughter of Latona. 

Learchus, -i, m., Learchus, the son of Athamas and Ino, 
whom his father in a fit of madness killed by dashing him against a 
rock, iv. 11. 103. See Athamas and Ino. 

Lemnos, -hf-^ Lemnos, now Stalimene, a fertile island in the 
northern part of the iEgean Sea, 35 miles to the south-east of the 
promontory formed by Mount Athos, and at an equal distance from 

O 



LEN 242 LET 

the mouth of the Hellespont. This island was sacred to Vulcan, 
and is said to have received him when he was thrown from heaven 
by Jupiter (See Jupiter). Here, accordingly, the forges of the 
god of fire were placed, — a fable which probably derived its origin 
from the volcanic character of the island, in the north-eastern part 
of which was Mons Mosychlos, the oldest volcano known to the 
Greeks. In the forum of Myrina, a town on the west coast, was 
the famous statue of an ox, on which the ancients affirm that 
Mount Athos threw a shadow at the time of the solstice (See Athos). 
The priests of Lemnos were famous for the cure of wounds, on 
which account Philoctetes was left there by the Greeks on their 
way to Troy (xiii. 1. 46.). The efficacy of their skill depended, 
it is said, on a species of red earth found in the island, called Lem,' 
nian earthy which was considered by the ancients a sovereign 
remedy against poison and the bites of serpents. The medicinal 
qualities of this earth are still valued highly by the Turks and the 
modern Greeks. See Philoctetes and Vulcanus. 

Lenaeus, -i, m., Lenceus, a surname of Bacchus, derived from 
X»voj, a wine-press. Et cum LencBO consitor genialis uvce, and 
along with Lenaeus, the planter of the genial grape, iv. 1.14. 

Leo, -onis^ m., the Lion, the fifth sign of the zodiac, deriving 
its name, it is said, from the Nemean lion, which, after being killed 
by Hercules, was changed into a constellation. Ora violtnti 
LeoniSj the mouth of the fierce lion, ii. 1. 81. See Zodiacus. 

Lerna, 'X,/', Lerna, or Muloi, a lake near Argos, in the 
Peloponnesus, celebrated for the fable of the Hydra slain there by 
Hercules. Adjoining the lake were rich pastures. Pascua Lern<B^ 
the pasture- grounds of Lerna, i. 11. 30. See Hercules. 

Lesbos, -i,/*.j Lesbos j now Mytilene, an island in the ^gean 
Sea, off the coast of IMysia, in Asia Minor. Lesbos was very fer- 
tile, and the wine which it produced was much esteemed by the an- 
cients. The Lesbians were celebrated for their musical skill, which 
was accounted for by the fable that the head of Orpheus {diss. ) 
after descending the Hebrus, floated to the shores of this island. 
The general character of the people was so dissipated that the 
epithet Lesbian was frequently applied to Ucentious extravagance. 
Mytilene, the capital, was a noble and splendid city, and was 
a long time celebrated for its commerce and learning. This island 
gave birth to Alcseus, Sappho, Theophrastus, and to others who 
are distinguished in Grecian history. 

Lethaeus, -a, -um, adj., of, or relating to Lethe ; also caus- 
ing forgetfulTief>s, or sleep. Postqnam sparsit hujic gratnine 
Lethcd succif after she had sprmkled him with herbs of Lethaean 
juice, i. e. with the juice of herbs which produced sleep, and 
caused forgetfulness, vii. 1. 152. 

Lethe, -es,f., LeMc, a river in the infernal regions, of which 



LEU 243 LIM 

the shades of the dead were made to drink for the purpose of obli- 
terating all recollection of the past. Rivus aqua Lethes^ a branch 
of the river Lethe, — a stream whose waters had the power of pro- 
ducing forgetfulness, xi. 10. 194. 

Leucon, -onis, m.. White, the name of one of Actaeon*s dogs. 

Leucothce, -es. f., Leucothee, the name given to Ino, the wife 
of Athamas, after she had been changed into a sea-goddess by 
Neptune. See Athamas and Ino. 

Liber, -eri, W., Liber, a name given to Bacchus from libfT 
(free), because wine frees the mind from cares. Novus Liber, a 
new, a hitherto unknown god, Bacchus, iii. 7. 10. 

Libycus, -a, -lim, adj,, of, or relating to Libya, Libyan, 
African. Quum victor penderet super Libycas arenas, while 
the conqueror, i. e. Perseus, was suspended over the Libyan sands, 
iv. 13. 14. 

Libye, -es, /., Libya, a name applied by the ancients, in a re- 
stricted sense, to that part of the north of Africa which lies be- 
tween Egypt and the Syrtis Major, the Gulf of Sidra, but fre- 
quently employed by them to denote the whole of Africa. Libya 
comprehended the pro\nnces of Marmarica and Cyrenaica, and in- 
cluded the modern country of Barca, with parts of Tripoli, and 
the Sahara. According to Ovid (ii. 1. 237.), the black colour 
of the Africans was produced by the conflagration of Phaethon, 
during which the blood was drawn to the surface of the body. 

LibySj -yos^ adj. m., of, or relating to Libya, Libyan, 
jifrican. 

Libys, -yos, m., Libys, one of the Tuscan pirates who were 
changed by Bacchus into dolphins. 

Ligures, -um, m., thei)ihabitants of Liguria, the Ligurians. 

Llguria, '^,f', Liguria, a country in the north-west of Italy, 
which extended along the Sinus Ligusticus, the Gulf of Genoa, 
from the boundary of Gaul, to the small river Macra, which sepa- 
rated it from Etruria; on the north it was bounded by the Po and 
Cisalpine Graul. Liguria contained the modern territory of (menoa, 
that part of Piedmont which is south of the Po, and part of the 
Duchy of Parma. 

Lilybaeum, -i, n., Lilybceum, now Cape Boeo, a promontory 
which forms the western extremity of the Island of Sicily, 80 miles 
distant from Cape Bon in Africa. According to Ovid (v. 6. 11.), 
when Typhoeus (tris.) was struck by the thunderbolt of Jupiter, 
and placed under Sicily, his legs were buried under this promontory, 

Limnate, -es,f., Limnate, a water-nymph, the daughter of 
the Ganges, and the mother of Athis. Limnate edita flumine 
Gauge, Limnate the daughter of the river Ganges, v. 1. 47. 



LIR 244 LYC 

Liriope, -es, /., Liriope, the daup^hter of Oceanus and Tethys, 
and mother of Narcissus, by the river Cephisus. CcbtuIu Lirio'pe, 
the grey-eyed Liriope, iii. 6. 4. 

Lucifer, -eri, m., Lucifer {the light-hringer), the morning' 
star, the name given to the planet Venus when it appears in the 
morning before the sun ; but when it follows the sun, and appears 
some time after its setting, it is called Hesperus. According to 
the fable, Lucifer was the son of Aurora, and the father of Ceyx and 
Daedalion. Dum Lucifer evocet ignes Aurora, till the mornmg- 
star should call out the fires of Aurora, iv. 13. 26. Quum Lucifer 
exit clarus albo eqvo, when the morning-star rises bright on'hia 
white horse, xv. 2. 130. See Hesperus. 

Luclna, -ae^ /., Ludna (she who brings to light), the goddess 
who was believed to preside over childbirth. Lucina is supposed 
by some to be a name of Juno, and by others a name of Diana. 

Luna, -ae, /*., Luna, the goddess of the moon, is by some 
mythologists said to be the same with Diana (See Diana). By 
Dthers she is said to have been the daughter of Hyperion and 
Thia, and to ride in a chariot drawn by horses, ii. 1 . 208. Luna 
had a temple at Rome on IMount Aventine. Qualia cornua divi- 
dufB LuncB sinuantur, just as the horns of the half-moon are bent, 
iii. 7. 172. 

Lyaeus, -l, m., Lyceus {who frees from care), a surname of 
Bacchus, probably derived from \vui I free. Lyaeus is frequently 
used to signify wine. 

Ly cabas, -ae, m., Ly cabas, an Assyrian who was killed by 
Perseus (diss.) at his marriage with Andromeda. Also, one of 
the Tuscan pirates who were changed into dolphins by Bacchus. 

LycseUS, -i, m., Lycceus, now Diaforti, a mountain in Arca- 
dia, where the Arcadians pretended that Jupiter was born, and 
where an altar was erected to that god. It was also sacred to 
Pan, who had a temple there. The rites performed in honour of 
him were called Lyciea, and being carried by Evander to Latium. 
were there solemnized under the name of Lupercalia. Pineta 
gelidi Lyccei, the pine groves of cold LycaBus, i. 6. 55. 

Lycaeus, -a, -um, adj., of, or relating to LyccBvs. Pan 
videt hanc redeuntem Lycceo colle. Pan sees her returning from 
Mount Lycaeus, i. 13. 10. 

Lycaon, -onis, m., Lycaon, the son of Pelasgus and IVIeli- 
boea, and king of Arcadia. He was noted for his cruelty, and had 
fifty sons, who, like himself, were impious and cruel. Jupiter, to 
satisfy himself of the truth of the reports which he had heard, 
visited Arcadia, and reached at twilight the palace of the king. 
The common people paid nomage to his divinity, but Lycaon re- 
solved to put it to the test. He first attempted to murder the 
god, and failing in this he killed a hostage, mixed his flesh with 



LYC 245 LYR 

that of the victims, and set it before his guest. The god, in in- 
dignation and horror at the barbarous act, destroyed the house 
with lightning, and changed Lycaon himself into a wolf. The 
deluge of Deucalion, which shortly afterwards occurred, is said to 
have been occasioned by the impiety of Lycaon and his sons. See 
Diluvium. 

Lycaonius, -a., -uni, adj., of, or relating to Lycaon, 

Lycia, -ae, /*., Lycia^ a small district in the south of Asia 
Minor, which ailjoined Caria on the west, Phrygia on the north, 
Pamphylia on the east, and was washed by the sea on the south. 
The Lycians, under the command of Sarpedon, assisted Priam m 
the siege of Troy. 

Lycisce, -es, f., Wolf, the name of one of Actaeon's dogs. 

Lycius, -a, -um, adj., o/, or relating to Lycia, Lycian. 

Lycornias, -ae, 772., the Ly cor mas, now the Fidari, a rapid 
river in the east of iEtolia, whose sands were of a golden colour, 
whence it is called Flavus Lycormas, the Yellow Lycormas. It 
was afterwards called Evenus, from Evenus, a son of Mars, and 
king of the country, who threw himself into it. 

Lycurgus, -i, m., Lycurgus, the son of Dryas, and king of 
the Edones, in Thrace. He opposed the introduction of the wor- 
ship of Bacchus into his kingdom, and caused the vines to be de- 
stroyed. For this contempt of his divinity he was infuriated by 
Bacchus, and taking in his hand an axe for the purpose of cutting 
down some vines, he killed his wife and his son, and cut himself in 
the foot ; hence he is called by Ovid Bipenniferum Lycurgum, the 
axe-bearing Lycurgus, iv. 1. 22. He was afterwards put to death 
by his subjects, who had been informed by the oracle that they 
should not taste wine while Lycurgus was alive. 

Lyncldes, -ae, m., Lynddes, an ^Ethiopian, who killed Hyp- 
seus (diss.) at the marriage of Perseus (diss.) and Andromeda. 
Petit gladio pectora LynadcB, strikes with his sword the breast of 
Lyncides, v. 1. 128. 

Lyrceus, -i, m., Lyrceus, a mountain of Argolis, on the 
borders of Arcadia, whence the river Inachus derived its source. 

Lyrceus, -a, -um, adj.^ of, or relating to Lyrceus, Lyrcean, 
Lyrcea arva consita arboribus, the fields of Lyrceus planted with 
trees, i. IL 31. 

Lyrnesius^ -a, -Um, adj., of or relating to Lymesus. Lyr^ 
nesia mcenia procubuisse solo, that the walls of Lyrnesus were 
levelled with the ground, xiii. L 176. 

Lyrnesus, -i,/., Lymesus, a city of Mysia, in Asia Minor, 
which was taken by Achilles during; the Trojan war. The female 
captive Briseis was assigned to Achilles as part of the spoil, and the 
dispute which arose between him and Agamjuenon respecting this 

02 



MJEA 246 MAN 

slave, was the cause of the prolongation of the famous sieffe. Sm 
Achilles 

M. 

Maeandros, -i, m., tha Mfrandp.r, now the Mendere^ a river 
of Asia Minor, which rises in the western part of Phrygia, formed 
the boundary between Lydia and Caria, and, after a western course 
of 180 miles, falls into the .^.^ean Sea, south of the island of 
Samos. The Mseander is celebrated for its innumerable windmgs, 
from which all sinuosities have received the name Maeanders ; it 
flows through a rich fertile country, and carries down with it so 
much mud as to have completely changed the face of the country 
towards its mouth, rendering those cities inland which once stood 
upon the seashore. The windings of this river are said to have 
furnished Dsedalus with the first idea of his famous labyrinth. 
M(Bandros qui ludit in recurvatis 7mdis, the INIaeander which 
sports in his winding stream, ii. 1. 246. 

Maenalus, -i, m., {Plur. -a, orum, n.), Ma-nalus, now 
Roino, one of the most celebrated mountains of Arcadia, in the 
south-eastern part of the province, was sacred to Pan, and con- 
isidered the favourite haunt of that rural deity. Its height is 
considerable ; it is covered with pine-trees, and intersected by 
glens and valleys, which are watered by numerous rivulets. Its 
woods were the retreat of bears, wild boars, and other animals of 
the chace. Mcenala horrenda latehrisferarum, Msenalus dreadful 
for the dens of wild beasts, i. 6. 64. 

Maeonia, -ae,/., McBonia, called also Lydia, a district in the 
west of Asia Minor, bounded on the north by Mysia, on the east by 
Phrygia, on the south by Caria, and on the west by the .Egean Sea. 
The Lydians were anciently brave and warlike, and were accounted 
the best horsemen in the world. They are said to have been the 
first who coined gold and silver, and exhibited public games. 

Maeonius, -a, -um, adj., of, or relating to Mceonia, Mceo. 
nian. Qucb celehrdrant carmine McBonias ripas, which had made 
famous by their songs the banks of the JNIaeonian river, i. e. the 
Cayster, a river in Maeonia, ii. 1. 252. Vertere Mceoniosnautas 
immergerequepelago, to transform the Maeonian sailors, and plunge 
them into the sea, i. e. the Tuscan sailors who carried ofi^ Bacchus 
from the island of Ceos, iv. 11. 8. The Tuscans were called 
Maeonians, because, at a very early period, some Lydians were said 
to have been driven from their country by famine, and to have set- 
tled in that part of Italy which was afterwards called Etruria. 

Manes, -ium, W., departed spirits, the spirits of the dead. . 
" According to the Roman poets, every man possessed a three- 
fold soul, which, after the dissolution of the body, resolved itself 
into the manes, the anima, or spiritus, and the umbra, to each of 



MAR 247 MAR 

which a different place was assigned. The manes descended into 
the infernal regions, to inhabit either Tartarus or Elysium " The 
former was believed to be the abode of the wicked, the latter that 
of the j]food, *' The anima ascended to the skies to mingle with 
the gods, while the umbra hovered around the tomb, as if unwil- 
ling to quit its connexion with the body, of which it was the wraith, 
or shadow." The INIanes were also worshipped as gods, and were 
objects of great terror to the ancients. The beneficent Manes 
were called Lares, and watched over and protected the families of 
their descendants ; while those which were believed to be hurtful 
were denominated LarvcB, or Lemures. They were supposed to 
be offended if expiatory offerings were withheld from them, and 
the greatest care was therefore taken to propitiate them. Blood 
was believed to be the most acceptable offering ; various animals, 
especially such as the deceased had been fond of, and in ancient 
times captives or slaves, were slaughtered at the funeral pile, and 
thrown into it. The warrior vowed to procure rest for the soul of 
his departed friend by the slaughter of his enemies, and thousands 
of gladiators were compelled to murder each other in the amphi- 
theatre at Rome to appease the manes of the noble Romans. To 
desecrate the ashes or bones of the dead was regarded by the Ro- 
mans as a heinous crime, and an oath by the Manes was peculiarly 
sacred. Manes is also used to denote the abode of the dead, the 
infernal regions. In antra propiora Manibus, into the caves 
which are near the abode of the Manes, i. e. Tartarus, ii. 1 . 303. 
Novique Afanes, and the manes recently arrived, iv. 1 1 . 23. 

Mars, -lis, m., Mars, the god of war, was the son of Jupiter 
and Juno. Ovid, followmg a later mythology, makes him the son 
of Jnno alone, who conceived him by touching a flower presented to 
her by the goddess Flora. During the Trojan war Mars inte- 
rested himself on the side of, the Trojans, encountered Diomedes 
in battle, and was wounded by the Grecian hero, and driven from 
the field through the assistance of INIinerva. This god was wor- 
shipped with particular veneration by the Romans, as the supposed 
father of Romulus, their founder, and by the Thracians, among 
whom he was supposed to reside. His priests were called Salii, 
and were intrusted with the care of the sacred shield {andle), 
which was said to have fallen from heaven in the time of Numa. 
Mars is represented with a fierce and warlike appearance, armed with 
a helmet, a shield, and a spear, riding in a chariot drawn by two 
horses, to which the poets have given the names of Fear and Terror. 
His usual attendants were the goddess of Discord, and Bellona, the 
goddess of war. Among animals, the horse and wolf were sacred 
to him ; and among birds, the magpie and vulture. The dog-grass 
was sacred to him, because it is said to grow in places fit for fields 
of battle, or where the ground has been stained with human blood. 
Mars was the father of Harmoniaby Venus, iii. 2. 2. Suo Martr, 
in battle with each other, iii. 1. 123. Sine MartCy without a 



MAR 248 MED 

struojgle, iii. 7. 30. Convertit Mar tern depuhvm a &c, diverted 
the battle from himself, and turned it, &c., vii. 1. 140. Quantum 
ego valeo feroci Marte^ as much as I excel in fierce warfare, xiii. 
I. 11. Nee ulla copia aperti Martis, and no opportunity was 
given us of open warfare, xiii. I. 208. 

Martius, -a, -um, adj., of, or relating to Mars, sacred to 
Mars, martial. Martius anguis, a serpent sacred to Mars, iii. 
I. 32. 

Mavors, -tis, rw., Mavors, a different form of Mars. 

Mavortius, -a, -um, adj., of, or relating to Mars, sacred 
to Mars. Mavortia proles, ye offspring of Mars, — sprung from 
the teeth of the serpent sacred to Mars, iii. T. 2\ 

Medea, -ae, f, Medea, the daughter of iEetes, king of Colchis, 
was famous for her skill in enchantment and magic. When Jason 
came to Colchis in quest of the golden fleece, his lofty bearing, and 
the intrepid nature of his enterprise, captivated the heart of iledea, 
and to her efforts he and his companions were chiefly indebted for 
their safety. She furnished him wdth a salve to rub his body, 
which rendered him invulnerable by fire and steel ; and by follow- 
ing her directions, he succeeded in yoking the bulls, in despatching 
the armed men who sprung from the serpent's teeth, and in kill- 
ing the dragon which guarded the golden fleece. After her ar- 
rival at lolcos, she restored ^Eson to youth by her magic power, 
although, from the infirmities of age, he had been unable to parti- 
cipate in the rejoicings which took place on the return of his son. 
This sudden change in ^Eson astonished the inhabitants of lolcos ; 
and the daughters of Pelias entreated her to perform the same ser- 
vice to their father. Medea, wishing to revenge the injuries which 
Jason had suffered from Pelias, increased their curiosity, and, by 
cutting to pieces an old ram, and converting it in their presence 
into a young lamb, determined them to try the same experiment on 
their father's body. They accordingly killed him, and boiled his 
flesh in a caldron, but as Medea refused to fulfil her promise, he thus 
perished by a miserable death. This action so much irritated the 
people of lolcos, that Medea and her husband fled to Corinth to 
avoid their resentment. See lason. 

Medon, -ontis, m., Medon, one of the Tuscan pirates who 
were changed into dolphins by Bacchus. 

Medusa, -ae, /, Medusa, the daughter of Phorcys and Ceto, 
the only one of the Gorgons who was subject to mortality. She 
was celebrated for her personal charms, and particularly for the 
beauty of her locks. JVeptune became enamoured of her, and ob- 
tained her favours in the temple of Minerva. This desecration of 
her temple so provoked the goddess, that she changed her beauti- 
ful hair into serpents. Perseus {diss. ) cut off Medusa's head, with 
which, in consequence of its possessing the power of converting 
into stone any object on which it looked, he performed many cele- 



MED 249 MEN 

brated exploits. The blood which flowed from the wound Is said 
to have produced the numerous serpents with which Africa abounds, 
and also Pegasus, the winged horse of the Muses. According to 
Ovid (iv. 14. 83.), coral was first produced by the head of Medusa 
being laid by Perseus on some marine plants which were on the 
beach. The head of Medusa was placed by the conqueror on 
the aegis of Minerva, which he had used in the expedition. See 
Perseus, Gorge, and Curalium. 

Medusaeus. -a, -um, adj., of^ or relating to Medusa. Quern 
dura ungula Meduscei prcepctis rupit, which the hard hoof of the 
winged horse that sprung from the blood of Medusa broke open, 
i. e. the fountain Hippocrene, q. v., v. 4. 8. Victce cedite Medu- 
scBO fonte, do you, if defeated, yield to us Medusa's fountain, i. e. 
Hippocrene, v. 5. 19. See Hippocrene. 

Melampus, -odis, m., Black foot, the name of one of Actae- 
on*s dogs. Melampus Spartand gente, Blackfoot of a Spartan 
breed, iii. 2. 78. 

Melanchaetes, -se, m., Blackhair, the name of one of Ac- 
taeon's dogs. 

Melaneus (tris.), -ei^ & -eos^ m., Black, the name of one 
of Actaeon's dogs. 

jVIelanthuSj -i, m.y Melanthus, one of the Tuscan pirates 
who were changed mio dolphins by Bacchus. 

iNIelas, -anis, & -anos, rw., the Melas {the Black river). 
Several rivers of this name occur in ancient geography. That 
mentioned by Ovid (ii. 1. 247.), was probably a river in Thrace, 
now called the Cavatcha, which gave the name of Melanes Sinu>, 
the GidfofSaros, to the north eastern corner of the iEgean Sea, 
into which it fell. The epithet INIygdonius, which he applies to it, 
refers to Mygdonia, a province of Macedonia, which originally in- 
cluded a considerable portion of Thrace. Some critics have sup- 
posed that Ovid here alluded to the Koremoz, or Karasou, a river 
of Cappadocia, in Asia Minor, which rises cm the northern side of 
Mount Argaeus, and flows eastward into the Euphrates. 

Melicerta, -se, m., McUcerta, the son of Athamas and Ino. 
When his father, in a fit of phrensy, was preparing to kill him by 
dashing him against a rock, as he had done his brother Learchus, 
Ino fled, with her son in her arms, and in this state threw herself 
into the sea. Neptune, pitying their misfortunes, changed them 
into sea-deities. Melicerta was called Palaemon by the Greeks, 
and Portumnus by the Latins. See Athamas and Ino. 

Menelaus, -i. m., AfeweZaM*, the younger of the sons of A treus 
(diss.), and brother of Agamemnon. On the death of Atreus, 
Menelaus and Agamemnon fled to the court of (Eneus (diss.), king 
of Calydonia, where they were treated with paternal kindness. They 
afterwards presented themselves at Sparta, among the other Gre- 



MEN 250 lilEN 

eian princes who solicited the hand of the beautiful Helen, and the 
youthful princess being allowed to ji^ratify her choice, selected Me- 
nelaus, his rivals having previously bound themselves by an oath to 
protect her against any person who should attempt to carry her off 
from her lawful husband. Tyndarus soon after resigned the crown 
to his son-in-law, and Meneiaus became king of Sparta, where he 
lived for three years, with every appearance of conjugal happiness. 
In the end of the third year, Paris, who had received from Venus 
the promise of the most beautiful woman in the world, arrived at 
Sparta for the purpose of carrying off Helen ; and Meneiaus, who 
was ignorant of the intentions of his guest, being under the neces- 
sity of going to Crete, afforded him an opportunity of effecting his 
purpose. Meneiaus did not quietly submit to this indignity. He 
reminded the Grecian chiefs of their oath to protect his wife, and 
called upon them to avenge the injury which had been done to him. 
Accompanied by Ulysses, he went to Troy to demand her restora- 
tion, and this being refused by Priam, a numerous armament was 
immediately assembled, with which they laid siege to Troy. During 
the war, Meneiaus behaved with great bravery, and but for the 
interposition of Venus, would have inflicted merited vengeance 
upon Paris by killing him in battle. In the tenth year of the war, 
Helen is said to have obtained the forgiveness of her husband by 
betraying into his hands De'iphobus, whom she had married after 
the death of Paris. Meneiaus having thus recovered his wife, re- 
turned with her to Sparta after a voyage of eight years, and spent 
the remainder of his life in the greatest happiness. See Atridae, 
Agamemnon, and Helena. 

Mensis, -is, m., a month. Romulus called the first of the 
ten months into which he divided the year Martins, March^ from 
Mars, his reputed father ; the second Aprilis, April, from ape- 
rio, because the trees and flowers then open their buds ; the third 
Maius, May, from Maia, the^nother of Mercury ; and the fourth 
Junius, June, from the goddess Juno, The others were named 
from their number, Quintilis, Sextihs, September, ( )ctober, No- 
vember, December. Quintilis was afterwards called Julius, from 
Julius Cagsar, and Sextilis was named Augustus, in honour of the 
emperor Augustus. JuUus Caesar, when assigning the number of 
days to the several months, ordered that the first, third, fifth, 
seventh, ninth, and eleventh months, that is January, March, May, 
July, September, and November, should have each thirty-one days, 
and the other months thirty, excepting February, which, in com- 
mon years, should have twenty-nine, but every fourth year thirty 
days. This order was interrupted to gratify the vanity of Augus- 
tus, by giving to the month bearing his name as many days as July, 
which was named after his predecessor. A day was accordingly 
taken from February and given to August ; and in order that three 
months of thirty -one days might not come together, September and 



MER 251 MER 

November were reduced to thirty days, and thirty-one were given 
to October and December. The Romans divided their months into 
three parts, by Kalends, Nones, and Ides. The first day of each 
month was called Kalendoi, from a priest calling out (calandj) to 
the people that it was new moon ; the fifth day Nonce, because, 
counting inclusively, the Nones were nine days from the Ides ; the 
thirteenth IduSy the Ides, from the obsolete verb iduare^ because 
the Ides nearly divided the month. In March, May, July, and 
October, the Nones fell on the seventh, and the Ides on the fifteenth. 
The other days were numbered in reference to these divisions, — 
thus, in January the first day was called the Kalends ; the second 
was then viewed with reference to the approaching Nones, and was 
denominated the fourth before the Nones ; the third was called the 
third before the Nones ; the day after the Nones was the eighth be- 
fore the Ides ,* the day after the Ides, the nineteenth before the 
Kalends of February, The day before each of the principal divi- 
sions was called Pridie ; thus the fourth was denominated Fridie 
NonaSf the day before the Nones. See Annus and Dies. 

Mercurius, -ii, m., Mercury, called by the Greeks Hermes, 
was the son of Jupiter and INJaia, one of the daughters of Atlas. 
He was born on the top of Cyllene, a mountain in the north of 
Arcadia, from which he obtained the name Cyllenius, i. 13. 25. 
According to the later mythologists, Mercury was the messenger 
of the gods and particularly of Jupiter, the god of commerce, of 
wrestling, and all the exercises of the palaestra ; of eloquence, of 
thieving, in short of every thing relating to gain or requiring art 
and ingenuity. His name, according to Festus, is derived a 
mercibus, because he was considered by the Romans as the god of 
merchandise. On the day of his birth he gave an early proof of his 
dexterity and craft by stealing fifty of the cows of Admetus, king of 
Pherae, which had been placed under the care of Apollo. While 
on his way to Thessaly, he met a tortoise, which he instantly killed, 
took out the flesh, adapted reeds and strings to the shell, and formed 
from it the lyre, on which he immediately played with perfect skill. 
This lyre he afterwards gave to Apollo to appease his anger for the 
theft which he had committed, and received in return the caduceus, 
or staff, which he used in conducting the souls of the dead to the 
infernal regions. He was frequently employed by the king of the 
gods to aid him in his amours, and was set to watch over the jea- 
lousy and intrigues of Juno. By his orders he kille^ Argus, and 
liberated lo, i. 12. (See Argus). Mercury is usually represented 
with a cloak neatly arranged on his person, with his petasus, or 
winged hat, and the talaria, or wings, at his heels, i. 12. 47., &c« 
In his hand he bears his caduceus, or staff, with two serpents en- 
twined round it, which possessed the power of producing sleep (i. 
12. 48.), and is armed with a short sword, called harpe (i. 13. 29.), 
which he lent to Perseus {diss.). Statues of Mercury, square 



MER 252 MIN 

pillars with a rudely carved head on them, were erected where seve- 
ral roads met, to point out the way, because he was considered the 
god of travellers. The animals sacred to him were the dog, the 
goat, and the cock. 

Meriones, -ae, w., Meriones, the son of Molus, a Cretan 
prince, and Melphis. He was the friend^and charioteer of Idome- 
neus (4 syl. ) king of Crete, and one of the bravest of the Greeks 
at the siege of Troy ; hence he is said by Homer to be equal in 
courage to Mars. 

Merops^ -opis, m., Merops, a king of Ethiopia, the husband 
of Clymene, and the supposed father of Phaethon. To mortify 
the vanity of Phaethon, Kpaphus reproached him with his spurious 
descent, as being the son of Merops, and not, as he pretended, the 
son of Sol, i. 14. 4., &c. Cupiens did (filius) Meropis, wishing 
to be called the son of Merops, ii. 1. 184. See Phaethon. 

Milon, -onis, m., Alilo, a celebrated athleta, was a native of 
Crotona, in the south of Italy, and one of the disciples of Pytha- 
goras. He was a man of prodigious strength, which he had partly 
increased by early accustoming himself to carry the greatest bur- 
dens, and by cultivating athletic exercises, to which the inhabitants 
of Crotona paid great attention. Remarkable instances of his 
strength are recorded by the ancient writers. He killed a bull 
with only his hand, and carried it away ; and on another occasion 
he astonished the assembled multitudes at Olvmpia by entering the 
stadium with a live ox on his shoulders. He was seven times 
crowned at the Pythian games, and six times at Olympia. On 
presenting himself a seventh time, no one was found bold enough 
to enter the lists with him. To his uncommon strength Pythago- 
ras and his scholars were on one occasion indebted for their safety. 
The pillar which supported the roof of the school suddenly gave 
way, but Milo supported the whole weight of the building, and al- 
lowed the philosopher and his disciples time to escape. Confidence 
in his strength, however, at last proved fatal to him. When tra- 
velling alone through a wood he observed a tree which had been 
cleft by wedges, and attempting with his hands and feet to tear it 
asunder, the wedges fell out, and the divided parts violently closing 
upon his hands, fastened him to the spot, where he became the 
prey of wild beasts. Milan senior Jiety Milo, now an old man, 
weeps, XV. 2. 170. 

Mimas, -antis, m., Mimas^ now Karaburun, a high moun- 
tain in the peninsula of Erythrae, in Lydia, a province on the west 
coast of Asia Minor. This mountain was full of wild beasts, and 
covered with wood, and from it the Bacchanals, who celebrated 
their orgies there, were called Mimrllonides. 

Minerva, -se,f., Minerva, the goddess of wisdom, of war, 
of the arts and sciences, of the useful arts, and of industry. She 
is said to have sprung, full-grown and, completely armed, from the 



MIN 253 MIN 

brain of Jupiter, upon the skull of that god being split by Vulcan 
with a stroke of his axe. In consequence of her wisdom she was 
immediately admitted into the number of the gods, and occupied 
the place next to Jupiter. She disputed with Neptune the honour 
of giving a name to the city which had been built by Cecrops, 
upon which it was agreed, that whichsoever of them produced 
what was most useful to mankind, should have the preference. 
Neptune, with a stroke of his trident, produced a horse ; and jMi- 
nerva caused an olive to spring from the ground. The latter was 
judged the most useful as being the symbol of peace, and Minerva 
gave to the city the name of Athenae, from her Greek name A^r,v'/iy 
and became the tutelary goddess of the place. She obtained from 
her father permission to live in a state of celibacy (v. ti. 35.), and 
refused to unite herself with Vulcan, though earnestly solicited by 
the god of fire. She assisted the gods in the war against the 
giants, changed Arachne into a spider, deprived Tiresias of sight 
(See Tiresias), and changed Medusa's beautiful locks into snakes 
(iv. 15. 49.). As goddess of war she is opposed to Mars, the wild 
war-god, and is the patroness of just and scientific warfare; hence 
she espoused the cause of the Greeks at the siege of Troy, and as- 
sisted them against the Trojans. She is said to have been the first to 
discover oil, and the method of working in wool, and was therefore in- 
voked as the patroness of spinning, painting, embroidery, weaving, 
&c. The worship of Minerva prevailed over all Greece, and was also 
extensively cultivated in Italy. Her favourite city was Athens, 
where she had a splendid temple on the citadel, called the Parthe- 
non, in allusion to hor celibacy ; and in Rome, her temple was under 
the same roof with that of Jupiter, on the Capitol (See Capitolium). 
Minerva is represented with a serious and thoughtful countenance* 
large and steady eyes, with her hair hanging in ringlets on her 
shoulders, a helmet on her head, a long tunic and mantle, and 
bearing on her breast, or on her arm, her aegis, with the head of 
the Gorgon on its centre. The owl among birds, and the olive 
among trees, vrere sacred to her. Minerva is frequently used to 
denote the various parts of female industry. Turb antes Jest a in- 
tempestivd Minerva, profaning the festival by ill-timed industry, 
i. e. by weaving, iv. 1. 33. Penetrale signum Phrygi(B Minervce, 
the statue of the Phrygian Minerva placed in the interior of her 
temple, i. e. the Palladium, q. v. xiii. 1. 337. Fat ale sign Jim Mi- 
nervce, the fatal statue of Minerva, i. e. the Palladium, on which the 
fate of Troy depended, xiii. 1. 381. 

Minyae, -arum, m,, the Minycp,, a name given to the Argo- 
nauts, because, according to Hyginus, the mothers of most or of 
many of them were daughters of Minyas ; or because Alcimede, 
the mother of Jason, was a daughter of Minyas. But the rea?on 
why this appellation was given to them has not been clearly 
ascertained. Minycs jam secahant fretum Pagasced ptfppe the 



MIN 254 MOL 

Argonauts were now cutting the sea in a ship from Pagasse, vii. 1 
1. See lason. 

MinvaSj -ae, m.. Mini/as, a king of Thessaly, whose daughter 
Aleimede was the mother of Jason ; also a son of Orchomenos, and 
father of Alcithoe, Leuconoe, and Arsippe, who from him were 
called Minyeides. 

Minyeias, -adis, /*., a daughter of Mini/as. Minye'ias AU 
cithoi\ Alcithoe, the daughter of Minyas, iv. 1. 1. 

Minyeides, -um,/., the daughters of Mini/as, The Miny- 
eides refused to recognise the divinity of Bacchus, ridiculed Ik 
orgies, and were transformed by the god into bats. It is difficult 
to determine who the Minyeides were, as the patronymic is ap- 
pUcable to the daughters, granddaughters, or even more remote 
descendants of Minyas. Under Minyas they have been stated 
to be his daughters. They were three in number, and of these 
Ovid mentions two, Alcithoe and Leuconoe. The third is called by 
Plutarch, Aristippe, and by iElian, Arsippe, a variation which has 
probably been occasioned by the carelessness of the copyists. 
Triplices Minyeides, the three daughters of Minyas, iv. 11. 10. 

Minyems, -a^ -um^ adj.^ of or relating to Minyas, Miny- 
e'la proles, the offspring of Minyas, i. e. his three daughters, iv. 
10. 1. See Minyeides. 

Mithridates^ -is^ m.) Mithridates, surnamed Eupater, and 
also the Great, was king of Pontus, a country in the north-east of 
Asia Minor, and one of the most remarkable men of the age in 
which he lived. He was distinguished for his cruelty and bound- 
less ambition ; and suspecting that the retainers of his court had a 
design upon his life, he fortified his constitution against poison by 
drinking antidotes, which, according to the Latin writers, rendered 
him invulnerable even by the most active poisons. His career was 
one of extraordinary success, attended by reverses not less signal. 
He is said to have conquered twenty-four nations, whose different 
languages he spoke with the same ease and fluency as his own. 
After proving one of the most formidable enemies which the Ro- 
mans et any period of their history encountered, he was obliged at 
last t0:yield to the superior power of Pompey, and finding himself 
deserved by his troops, he attempted to stab himself. Failing to 
accomplish his object, he requested a Gaul to repeat the blow, and 
died about b. c. 64. 

^ Mithridateus^ -a, -um, adj., of or relating to Mithridates. 
p07itum tumentem Mithridateis nominibus, Pontus proud of the 
.jgjkme of Mithridates, xv. 9. 11. 

I Mnemonides, -um, J!^ the Mnemonides, a name given to the 
J^Iuses, as being the daughters of Mnemosyne, the goddess of 
jinemory. Gr, Ace. -das. See Musse. 
t Molossis, -idis,/., Molossis, a district in the south-east of 



MOL 255 MVS '^ 

EpTrus, having the Ambracius Sinus, the Gulf of Arta, on the k' 
south, Thessaly on the east, and Thesprotiaon the north. In this fff 
country was the river Acheron (See Acheron), and Dodona, the» 
most ancient oracle in Greece, and inferior in celebrity only to thejl', 
shrine of Apollo at Delphi (See Jupiter). Molossis was famousv,; 
for its dogs, which were called Molossi by the Romans. 

Molossus, -a, -um, adj., of or relating to Molossis, Molos- 
sian, De Molossd gente, from the country of the Molossi, i. 6. 
64. 

Molpeus {diss.), -ei, & _eos, m., AfoZpeM-v, one of the com- 
panions of Phineus (diss.), who was wounded in the leg by Per- 
seus (diss.) at his marriage with Andromeda. He was a native of 
Chaonia. See Chaonia. 

Morpheus {diss.), -ei, & -eOS, m,, Morpheus, a son of the 
god Somnus, and god of dreams, deriving his name from the Greek 
word f/,o£(pyi, form, from the phantastic images presented in dreams. 
He could assume only the human form, and could imitate with ex- 
actness the persons, gestures, and words of mankind. He was 
sent to Halcyone, at the request of Juno, in the form of her hus- 
band, to intimate to her his untimely death. Morpheus, along 
with Icelos and Phantasos, held the highest rank among the sons 
of Somnus, and were sent only to kings and generals. He is 
usually represented in a recumbent posture, crowned with poppies. 
Morphea artifcem simulator emque figures, Morpheus a skilful 
artist, and one who could assume any shape, xi. 10. 226. Gr. 
Ace, -ea. See Halcyone. 

Mulciber, -eris, & -eri, m., Mulciher, a surname given to 
Vulcan from mulceo, because fire softens iron and makes it ductile. 
Mulciber is represented by Ovid as the constructor ,df the palace of 
the sun, ii. 1. See Vulcanus. 4 

Musae, -arum, /., the Muses, virgin-goddessel, who were sup- 
posed to preside over poetry, music, and all the liberal arts. Homer 
does not mention in the Iliad the number of the IV|jfises. The opi- 
nion more generally received is that of Hesiod, ^Jio makes them 
nine, the daughters of Jupiter and Maemosyne,\the goddess of 
memory. The names of the Muses ate. Calliope^ . Clio, Melpo- 
mene, Euterpe, Erato, Terpsichore, Urania, Thalia, and Polym- 
nia. Pieria in Macedonia is said to have been the bli|N|f)lace of 
the Muses, and they received various names from mountains, grot- 
toes, and wells, chiefly in that country, and in Thessaly and Bgbo- 
tia, such as Pim^a, Pindus, Helicon, Hippocrene, Aganippe, 
Libethrus, Parnas^ns, Castalia, and the Corycian cave. From 
these they received^the names of Pimpliades, Heliconides, Hippo- 
crenides, Libethrides, &c. The Muses, like the other gods and 
goddesses, possessed the power of inflicting summary punishments 
upon those who insulted their divinity or attempted to encroach 



MXJT 25t) NAB 

upon their prerogative. The Pierides, the nin3 daughters of 
Pierus, proud of their number, challenged them to sing ; and the 
IVIuses, though unwilUng to contend with singers so inferior, did 
not decUne the contest. The Nymphs were chosen as judges. 
One of the Pierides sang the war of the gods and giants, and stu- 
diously exalted the giants and depressed the gods. CaUiope was 
chosen by her sisters to reply, and sang ihe story of the rape of 
Proserpine, and of Ceres searching for her all over the world. The 
Nymphs decided in favour of the Mu^es ; and when their adversa- 
ries, dissatisfied at the award, vented their rage in abusive lan- 
guage, the goddesses exerted their divine power, and changed them 
into magpies (v. 5.). See also v. iv. See Pierides. 

Mutina, -ae, /*., Mutina, now Jfodena, a Roman colonial ri 
m Cisalpine Gaul, often mentioned in history, and particuiar.v 
during the stormy period which intervened between the death of 
Caesar and the reign of Augustus. Mutina was situated in a fertile 
plain, near the Scultenna, now the Panaro, one of the southern 
tributaries of the Po. It sustained a severe siege against the troops 
of Antony Cb. c. 43.). Decimus Brutus, who defended the place, 
being apprized of the approach of Hirtius and Pansa, by means 
of carrier-pigeons, made an obstinate defence; and Antony, after 
being defeated in two battles by these generals, assisted by Octa- 
vianus, was forced to raise the siege. Alcenia MntincB obsesses 
aiupiciis illius victa petent pacein^ the city of Mutina, besie^red 
under his auspices, being conquered, shall sue for peace — in allu- 
sion probably to the siege by Antony, and the general subjugation 
of Italy by Augustus, xv. 9. 73. 

jMycale, -es,/*., Mycale, now Sanson, a chain of mountains 
in Lydia, a province in Asia Minor, which extends for some dis- 
tance along the right bank of the Maeander towards the east, and 
to the west runs out into the sea, opposite to the island of Samos. 
It was celebrated for the Panionium, or solemn assembly of the 
Ionian states, which was held m a temple situate at its foot ; and 
also for the great victory gained by the Greeks over the Persians 
(b. c. 479.), the same day that ^lardonius was defeated at Plataeae. 

Mygdonius, -a, -urn, adj., of, or relating to Myjdonia, 
Mygdonian, Thracian. See Melas. 

N. 

Xabatasa, ^^,f-, Sabatfsa, aname given to the north-western 
portion of Arabia, which touched upon Eg^-pt and Syria. Its ca- 
pital was Petra, from which the country is more commonly caile 1 
Arabia Petraea. The principal tribe was the IS'abataei, who a 
supposed to have derived their name from Nebaioth, the son 
Ishmael. The Nabataei were a very powerful people, and acquir 
considerable importance by transporting the merchandise of *.. 
southern country through their territory to the Mediterranean. 



^AB 257 NAX 

XabataeuSj -a, -um, adj., of, or belonging to Nahatcea, Na- 
batcean^ eastern. NabatcBa regna, the country of Nabataea, i. e. 
Arabia, 1. 2 30. Nahatcevs hthe^mon, Ethemon from ^vabataea, 
i. e. from Arabia, v. 1. 106. 

Naias, -adis, & -ados,jr^ a Naid, nsed for any nvmph, i. 
13. 'A. 

Xaides, -Ulllj/., the Naids, certain inferior deities, or water- 
nymphs, who presided over rivers, brooks, and springs. The 
Xaides generally inhabited the country, and frequented the wood^ 
or meadows near the stream over which they presided, and were 
held in great veneration by the ancients. Their name appears to 
be derived from vas/v, to How. They are represented as young and 
beautiful virgins, each bearing an urn, from which flows a streari> 
of water. Sacrifices of goats and lambs were offered to them, with 
libations of wme, honey, and oil. They sometimes received offer- 
ings of milk, fruit, and flowers. IS aides is also applied to the 
daughters of the river- gods. Naides, the Naids, i. e. the other 
daughters of Tnachus, i. 12. 18. Sorores Na'ides planxere, his 
sisters the Naids beat their breasts, i. e. the daughters of the 
Cephisus, iii. 6. 105. 

Nais, -idis, & -idos, /., a Naid, or water-mjmph, who in- 
habited an island in the Red Sea, and turned into flshes all those 
who approached her residence. She was herself turned into a fish 
by Apollo, iv. 1. 51. 

Nape, -eSj/*., Forester, the name of one of Actaeon's dogs. 

Narcissus, -i, m., Narcissus, the son of the river Cephisus 
and the nymph Liriope. He was a youth of remarkable beauty^ 
and the gods being consulted respecting the length of his life, re- 
plied that he would hve until he should see himself, iii. 5. 10. He 
slighted many of the nymphs of the country who courted him, and 
caused Echo to pine away till she became a mere sound, by refusing 
to bestow upon her his affections (See Echo). Returning one day 
fatigued from the chase, he stopped to quench his thirst at a clear 
foui.tain, and seeing his shadow in the water, became so much ena- 
moured of it, that he languished and died. The gods, in compas- 
sion for his fate, changed him into a flower, which bears his name. 

Naupliades, ae, m., NavpUades, the son of Naupiius, a 
patronymic appHed to Palamedes from his father NaupUus. Nau- 
pliades ret exit commenta timidi animi, the son of JSauplius, i. e. 
Palamedes, laid open the devices of his cowardly soul, xiii. I. 3ts. 
See Palamedes. 

Naxos, & Naxus, -i, /., Naxus, now Naxia, an island in 
the ^gean Sea, the largest and most fertile of the Cyclades, hes 
to the south of Delos, and is about sixty miles in circumference. 
It was anciently called Dia, Dionysias, Strong) le, Sec, and re- 
ceived the name by which it is most generally known from Naxus, 



NEB 258 NEP 

the leader of a colony of Carians, who settled there. Naxus was 
famous among the ancients for the excellence of its wine, which, 
modern travellers state, still retains its pristine celebrity. The 
plains and valleys prodiice oil, cotton, silk, wheat, and barley, 
and the higher grounds afford pasture for cattle. Naxos was the 
favourite residence of Bacchus, and it was to this island that he 
requested to be conveyed when he was found asleep by the Tuscan 
pirates on the coast of Ceos, iii. 7. 126. The ruins of his temple 
are still visible on the south coast, and various relics attest the 
prevalence of his worship. Its modern inhabitants amount to 
10,800, and are said to maintain the character of devoted votaries 
of Bacchus. 

Nebrophonos, -i, m., Kill-buck, the name of one of Actaeon's 
dogs. 

Nephele, -es,/, Nephde, the first wife of Athamas, king of 
Boeotia, and mother of Phryxus and Helle. She was divorced by 
her husband on pretence of being subject to fits of insanity, but 
really to enable hmi to marry Ino, the daughter of Cadmus. Ino 
became jealous of Nephele, and resolved to destroy her children, 
because, by their seniority, they were entitled to their father's 
thi*one in preference to her own. To save them from this cala- 
mity, Nephele procured from Neptune a celebrated ram, on whose 
back they eff'ected their escape to Colchis. It was to obtain the 
fleece of this ram, that Jason and his companions undertook the.r 
famous expedition. See Athamas and lason. 

Neptunus, -i, tw., Neptune, the god of the sea, was the son 
of Saturn and Ops, and the brother of Jupiter, Pluto, and Juno. 
His mother, as soon as he was born, concealed him in a sheep-fold 
in Arcadia, and deceived his father by substituting a colt, which 
the voracious god devoured instead of his son. When the kingdom 
of Saturn was divided among his sons, the sea was assigned to 
Neptune as his portion; but this being deemed by him not equiva- 
lent to the empire of heaven and earth, which Jupiter had reserved 
for himself, he formed a conspiracy with the other gods to dethrone 
his brother. The conspiracy, however, was detected, and Nep- 
tune was condemned to build the walls of Troy for Laomedim. In 
the same spirit of contention, he disputed with Minerva the honour 
of giving a name to the city which was built by Cecrops (See 
Minerva), and also for the honour of being worshipped at Troezene ; 
and with Apollo he had a dispute for possession of the isthmus of 
Corinth. Neptune married Amphitrite, by whom he had Triton 
(See Triton). By Phoenlce he had Proteus (diss.) (See Pro- 
teus); by Canace, Nereus {diss.); and by Thesea, Phorcys (See 
Phorcys). The worship of Neptune was established in almost 
every part of the ancient world, and the Libyans in particular re- 
garded him as the first and greatest of the gods. The Greeks 
celebrated the Isthmian games in honour of him ; and among the 



NER 259 NES 

Romans, the Consualia were observed with the greatest solemnity. 
As god of the sea, Neptune enjoyed more power than any of the 
other gods except Jupiter. He not only held the ocean, rivers, and 
fountains, under his control, but could also cause earthquakes at 
his pleasure, and raise islands from the bottom of the sea with a 
stroke of his trident. Besides his residence on Olympus, Neptune 
had a splendid palace beneath the sea at --Egse, a small town on the 
east coast of Euboaa. He is represented, like Jupiter, with a serene 
and majestic countenance, with a trident in his right hand, and 
a dolphin in his left, seated in a large shell drawn by sea-horses, 
and attended by the sea-gods, Palaemon, Glaucus, and Phorcys, 
and the goddesses Thetis, Melita, and Panopaea, besides a long 
train of tritons and sea-nymphs. . The bull and the horse were sa- 
crificed on his altars ; and the Roman soothsayers always offered 
to him the gall of the victims, which in taste resembles the bitter- 
ness of the sea-water. 

Nereides, -um,/., the Nereids, sea-nymphs, the daughters 
of Nereus (diss.), and Doris. They were fifty in number, and 
their duty was to attend on the more powerful sea-deities, and to 
execute the orders of Neptune. The best-known of them are 
Amphitrite, Thetis, Galatea, Cymothoe, &c. The Nereids, like 
all other female deities, were conceived to be of a beautiful form, 
with a skin of delicate whiteness, and long flowing hair. They 
are represented sitting on dolphins, and holding Neptune's trident 
in their hands. Altars were erected to them on the seashore, 
where offerings of milk, oil, and honey, and sometimes the flesh of 
goats, were presented to them. ' Grave numen Nereidum, the 
enraged majesty of the Nereids, v. 1. 17. 

Nereius^ -a, -um, adj.^ of, or relating to Nereus, or the 
sea. Genitrix Nere'ia prcBscia venturi leti, his mother, i. e. 
Thetis, a daughter of Nereus, foreseeing the death that would be- 
fall him, xiii. 1 . 162. See Thetis. 

Nereus {diss.), -ei, & -eOS, m., Nereus, a sea-deity, the 
son of Pontus and Terra, who married Doris, and had by her fifty 
daughters, called Nereides ( See Nereides). Nereus was distin- 
guished for his knowledge, and his love of truth and justice ; the 
gift of prophecy was also assigned to him. When Hercules went 
in quest of the apples of the Hesperides, he was directed by the 
nymphs to consult Nereus. He found the god asleep, and seized 
hmi. Nereus, on awaking, endeavoured to escape by changing 
himself into a variety of forms, but was obliged to instruct the hero 
how to proceed, before he would release him (See Hercules). He 
was generally represented as an old man, with a long beard, and 
hair of an azure colour. Nereus is often put for the sea: as, Qud, 
Nereus circunisonat totum vrhern, where the sea roars around the 
whole world, i. 6. 25. 

Nestor, -oris, m., Nestor, the son of Neleus (diss.) and 



ML 260 NIL 

Chloris, and king of Pylos, a town on the west coast of Messenia, 
in the Peloponnesus. He early distinguished himself by his bra- 
very in the field, and participated in all the remarkable events of 
his time. He was present at the battle between the Centaurs and 
Lapithae, w^hich took place at the marriage of Pirithbus, and also 
at the hunt of the Calydonian boar. As king of Pylos, he led his 
subjects to the Trojan war, where he acquired great celebrity by 
his eloquence, wisdom, justice, and uncommon prudence. His 
character, as drawn by Homer, is the most perfect of all his heroes. 
After the Trojan war, Nestor returned to Greece, where he en- 
joyed, in the bosom of his family, the peace and tranquillity neces- 
sary for his advanced age. The time and manner of his death are 
unknown. He is said to have lived three ages, — a period which, 
by some, is computed at 300 years ; and by others, with greater 
probability, at ninety. 

Nileus {diss.), -ei, & eos, m., Nileiis, an ^^gyptian, who 
pretended to be the son of the river-god JNilus, and who bore on 
his shield a representation of that river. He was changed into 
stone by Perseus (disa.) at his marriage with Andromeda. 

Nilus, -i, m., the Nile the river of Egypt ^ was the longest 
river with which the ancients were acquainted. It rises about 23 
degrees south of the Mediterranean, from two sources, the more 
eastern of w^hich, called by the ancients Astapus, now Bahr-el- 
Azergue, or the Blue River, was that visited by Bruce, the British 
traveller. The western branch, now called Bahr-eL-Abiad, or 
the White River, is much more important, and, from its being the 
true Nile, preserved among the ancients the original name Nilus. 
Of the latter source, the ancients, like the moderns, knew but lit- 
tle; and, from the proverbial expression, " NiU caput quaerere," 
which they used to express an impossible or difficult undertaking, 
they appear to have considered the discovery of it impracticable. 
Ptolemy says, that it rises in the JMountains of the Moon, a lofty 
chain which crosses the interior of Africa, from east to west ; and 
modern discoveries go far to confirm the truth of his conjecture. 
These two streams unite in Nubia, about the 18th degree of north 
latitude, and the river keeping a course nearly due north, loses 
itself in the Mediterranean. Its length may be estimated at 2,700 
miles. The Nile, in ancient times, fell into the Mediterranean by 
seven mouths; (hence Nihts discretus inseptem ostia, the Nile di- 
vided into seven mouths, V. i^. 31.); but of these two only now 
remain, the Ostium Bolbitlnum, which enters the sea near the 
modern town of Rosetta ; and the Ostium Phatniticum, which dis- 
charges its waters near JDamietta. These two streams encompass 
the celebrated Delta. Of the other five scarcely any distinct ves- 
tiges are now traceable. 1 he most interesting phenomenon con- 
nected with the Nile is its annual inundation, upon which Egypt 
entirely depends for its boasted fertiUty. The river begins to 



NIN 261 NUM 

swell about the summer solstice, and continues ^adually to rise 
till the autumnal equinox, when it overflows its banks and covers the 
whole valley. It remains stationary for some time, and then gra- 
dually subsides till towards the winter solstice, when it has again 
reached its ordinary level, which it maintains till the summer of 
the succeeding year. The cause of this inundation, which the 
ancients in vain endeavoured to discover by conjecture, has of late 
years been ascertained to arise from the rains which fall in the tro- 
pical regions from June to September. When the inundation has 
retired, the whole soil is found coverei with a thick black slime, in 
which the principles of vegetation are fully contained, and to which 
Ovid alludes, i. 9. 10., kc. The average rise of the Nile was, in 
ancient times, and still is, sixteen cubits, or twenty-four feet. 
Septemfluus Nilus, the seven-streamed Nile, i. e. which divides 
itself into seven mouths, i. 9. 8. Xile, restahas ultinius immenso 
labori, you, O Nile, remained as the farthest boundar}- of her long 
wandering, i. 13. -iO. Xilusfugit perterritu.^ in extremum orhem^ 
the Nile fled in alarm to the most remote part of the world, ii. 1, 
254. Per septemtina fumina papyriferi Xili, through the seven 
streams of the Nile which produces the papyrus, xv. 9. 9. See 
iEgyptus. 

Ninus, -i. vi., Xinyis, the son of Belus, who built the city 
Nineveh, and founded the Assyrian monarchy, about b. c. 2059. He 
extended his conquests fi'ora Egypt to the extremities of India and 
Bactriana, and reigned 52 years. He is probably the same with 
Ninus, the son of Nimrod, who enlarged and beautiiied the city 
Babylon, and who was succeeded in the government by his wife 
Semiramis. See Babylon. 

Noemon, -onis, m., Xoemon^ one of the companions of Sar- 
pedon, who was killed at Troy by Ulysses. Gr. Ace. -ona. 

Xonacrlnus, -a, -um. adj. of, or relatbigto Xonacris, a dis- 
trict and town (now Xankria) of Arcadia, Arcadian. Inter Hama' 
dryadas Xonacrinas^ among the Hamadryads of Nonacris, i. e. 
the Arcadian Nymphs, i. 13. 2. 

Notus, -i, m., the south wind, which ^.s represented by the 
ancients as exceedingly stormy, and as producmg violent rains. 
Jupiter employed this wmd when he resolved to bring the deluge 
upon the earth, i. 7. 21. Notos denotes the same wind as Auster, 

O. F. 

Numidae, -arum, m., the inhabitants of Xumidia, the Xu- 
midians. 

Numiclia, -ae, /., Numidia, a country in the north of Africa, 
comprehending the modern province of Algiers, and the south- 
western part of Tunis. The Numidians were a hardy and athletic 
race of warriors, and remarkable for the practice of attacking their 
enemies by night ; they rode without either saddle or bridle. Nu- 

p2 



NYC 262 CEBA 

midia was the kingdom of Masinissa, Jugurtha, and the elder and 
younger Juba, See Juba. 

Nyctelius, -ii, m., Nyctelius, a surname applied to Bacchus, 
because his orgies were celebrated by night. The name is deri ed 
from yy|, night, and rsXea/, I accomplish. 

Nympha. -ae, & Nymphe, -es,/., a nymph, a young wo- 
man. The nymphcB were certain female deities, who were sup- 
posed to enjoy longevity, but not to be immortal. They were 
divided into two classes, the Nymphs of the land and the Nymphs 
of the sea. The nymphs of the land were the Oreades, who pre- 
sided over mountains ; the NapcBCB, who presided over valleys ; the 
Dryades and the Hamadryddes (q. v.), who presided over forests 
and groves. The sea-nymphs were the Oceanitides, or nymphs of 
the ocean; the Nereides (q. r.), or nymphs of the sea; the 
Ndides {q. v.), or nymphs of the fountains ; and the LimniddeSj 
or nymphs of the lakes. The nymphs were worshipped by the an- 
cients, but not with the same solemnity as the superior deities. 
They had no temples, and the only offerings presented to them 
were milk, honey, and oil, and sometimes the sacrifice of a goat. 
They are represented as young and beautiful virgins. 

Nyseus {diss.), -ei, & -eos, m., Nyseus, a surname given 
to Bacchus from Nysa, a town or mountain in India, where he is 
said to have been brought up and educated. See Bacchus. 

O. 

OditPS^ -9&, ???., Odites, one of the chiefs of the Cephenes, 
who was killed by Clymenus, at the marriage of Perseus (diss. ) 
and Andromeda. Odites was next in rank to the king. Odites 
primus Cephenumpost re gem, Odites, first of the ^Ethiopians, and 
next to the king in rank, v. ]. 82. See Cephenes. 

CEagrius, -a, -um, adj., of, or relating to (Eagrus, a king 
of Thrace, who, by some mythologists, is said to have been the fa- 
ther of Orpheus {diss.) ; hence Thracian ; relating to Orpheus, 
Orphean. H(Emus nondum (Eagrius, Hsemus not yet celebrated 
on account of the death of Orpheus, or, not yet under the govern- 
ment of (Eagrus, ii. 1. 219. 

(Ebalius, -a, -um, adj., of, or relating to (Ebalus, a king of 
Sparta, or Lacedaemon, and the father of Hyacinthus ; hence 
Spartan, Lacedcemonian. Hyacinthus was ayouth of extraordi- 
nary beauty, and was at the same time the favourite of Apollo 
and Zephyrus, the latter of whom he incensed by his coldness and 
indifference. Zephyrus resolved to punish his rival, and accord- 
ingly, when Apollo and his favourite were playing at quoits, he 
blew the quoit, as soon as it had been thrown by Hyacinthus, back 
upon his head, and killed him by the blow. Apollo changed 
him after death into a flower of the same name, on which 



CETA 263 OLY 

was inscribed the interjection «/, expressive of his sorrow. A si- 
milar honour was conferred upon Ajax, xiii. 1. 398. From CEba- 
lus, Sparta obtained the name of (Ebalia. Qui priusfnatus'fuerat 
de CEbalio vulnere, which had formerly sprung from the wound of 
the Spartan youth, i. e. Hyacinthus, the son of (Ebalus, xiii. 1. 
396. See Ajax. 

CEta, -ae, & QEte, -es, m., &/., (Eta, now Katavothra Vouno, 
a range of mountains in the south of Thessaly, bordering on Doris, 
Phocis, and the Opuntian Locrians, so lofty that the ancients feigned 
that the sun, moon, and stars set behind it. Here Hercules, 
unable to endure the pain inflicted by Dejanira's poisoned tunic, is 
said to have erected a large funeral- pile, on which his mortal parts 
were consumed (See Hercules). OEta was a spur of Pindus, and 
extended eastward to the JVIalaic Gulf, and the celebrated defile of 
Thermopylae. 

GEtaeus, -a, -um^ adj., of, or relating to Mount (Eta, (EtcB- 
an, and because the chain of (Eta was in the south of Thessaly, 
Thessalian. Phocis separat Aonios ab (EtcBis arvis, Phocis se- 
parates the Aonians, i. e. the Boeotians, from the (Etaean fields, 
i. c. from Thessaly, i. 8. 1. 

OleniuSj -a, -um, adj,^ of, or relating to Olenus, a city in the 
south-west of iEtolia, Olenian. Amalthaea, the goat which is 
said to have suckled Jupiter while in the Dictaean cave in Crete, 
was kept for some time at Olenos; hence the epithet Olenia is 
apphed by Ovid to the constellation of the goat, into which Am- 
althaea was changed by Jupiter. Pluviale sidus Olenice capellce, 
the rainy constellation of the Olenian goat, i. e. of Amalthaea, iii. 
7.84. 

Olympus, -ij m., Olympus, now Ehjmho, a lofty mountain 
in the north of Thessaly, forming the eastern extremity of the 
Cambunian range, which separated that country from Macedonia. 
Olympus was famous in Grecian mythology from the fable of the 
giants, who attempted to reach heaven by piling Pelion and Ossa 
upon it (See Gigas) ; and was supposed by the ancients to be so 
lofty as to exceed the flight of birds, and to touch the heavens with 
its summit ; hence they made it the court of Jupiter and the resi- 
dence of the gods. The calmness and serenity which reigned on its 
summit were never broken, neither clouds nor wind ever interrupted 
the perpetual spring. Modern travellers dwell with admiration on 
the colossal magnificence of Olympus, which seems to rise at once 
from the sea, and to hide its snowy head among the clouds. The 
oak, the beech, and the plane-tree, are seen in great abundance 
along the base and skirts of the mountain ; and towards the sum- 
rait of the first ridge forests of pine spread themselves along the 
acclivities, still preserving that character which is so often alluded 
to by the ancient poets. The top, which reaches an elevation of 



OPII 2()4 ORO 

6250 feet, is covered with snow during nearly the whole year. 
Olympus is very often used to signify heaven: as, Delahor snmmo 
Olympo, I descend from the top of Olympus, i. e. from heaven, i. 
6. 50. Rector vasti Olympi qubqne, the king of the vast Olym- 
pus even, i. e. Jupiter, the king of heaven, ii. 1. 60. 

Opheltes, -ae, m., Opheltes, the chief of the crew of Tuscan 
pirates, who seized Bacchus when asleep on the coast of the island 
of Ceos, and when carrying him off were changed by the god 
into dolphins. 

Oresitrophos, -i, m.. Mountain-reared, or Rover, the name 
of one of Actseon's dogs. Oresitrophos hcesit in anno, Rover 
fixed upon his shoulder, iii. 2. 103. 

Oribasus, -i, m., Mountain-ranger, the name of one of Ac- 
tseon's dogs. 

Orion, -onis, & -onis, m., Orion, a celebrated giant who 
sprung from the urine of Jupiter, Neptune, and INJercury. Accord- 
ing to the fable, these three gods, while travelling in Boeotia, were 
hospitably entertained by Hyrieus [tris.], a peasant of the country, 
who, on discovering their divinity, welcomed them with the volun- 
r.ary sacrifice of an ox. The gods, pleased with his piety, promised 
to grant him whatever he should ask, and the old man, who had 
lately lost his wife, and had come under a promise to her not to 
marry again, requested, that, as he was childless, he might have a 
son without a second marriage. The gods consented, and ordered 
him to bury in the earth the skin of the ox he had sacrificed, into 
which they had all three made water. At the end of nine months, 
Hyrieus dug up the skin, and found it to contain a beautiful child, 
whom he named Urion, as indicative of his origin. Orion attained 
a gigantic stature, and soon acquired great fame. He was rendered 
blind by (Enopion, king of Chios, whose daughter he sought in 
marriage, but recovered his sight by visiting the temple of the sun. 
He was taken by Diana as one of her companions, and was killed 
by the bite of a scorpion, sent by Tellus to punish him for his pride. 
According to others, he was killed by the arrows of Diana for of- 
fering violence to one of her nymphs ; or, as Horace says, to the 
goddess herself. After his death he was changed into a constella- 
tion. Nitidum ensem Urionis, the bright sword of Orion, — the 
constellation of Orion consisted of seventeen stars, and was sup- 
posed to resemble a man holding a sword, xiii. 1. 294. 

Orontes, -ae, & -is, m., the Orontes. now the Aanzi/, a river 

in Syria, which rises in the angle formed by Mount Libanus. and 
Ant''- Libanus and after a northerly course of 225 miles, enters the 
IVIediterranean, opposite to the island of Cyprus. It is said to have 
been formerly called Typhon, from a' giant of that name, who being 
struck by the thunderbolts of Jupiter, sought refuge under the 
«arth, which caused the bursting forth of the river. It was also 



ORP 265 PAD 

called Axius by the Greeks. The Orontes is a large and rapid 
river in winter, but a very small stream in summer. 

Orphne, -es, /*._, Orphne {darkness), a nymph of the infernal 
regions, and mother of Ascalaphus by Acheron. 

Ortygia, -ae,/*., Ortygia^ a small island in the Bay of Syra- 
cuse, on which the Corinthian colony under Archias first settled, 
B. c. 732, when they founded Syracuse. It afterwards formed one 
of the four parts of that great city. In this island was the cele- 
brated fountain Arethusa. See Syracusae and Arethusa. 

OrtygiuSj -a, -um, adj.. Ortygian, of, or relating to Orty- 
gia, one of the ancient names of Delos, the island on which Apollo 
and Diana were born. Colehat Ortygiam deam studiis ipsdqne 
virginitate, she imitated the Ortygian goddess, i. e. Diana, in her 
pursuits (hunting, &c.), and even in her virginity, i. 13. 6. See 
Delos, Apollo, and Diana. 

Ossa, -ae, /., sometimes m., Ossa, now Kissovo, a lofty 
mountain in Thessaly, on the right bank of the Peneus, which 
extends along the coast of ]Magnesia. Ossa was supposed to have 
been once joined to Olympus, but to have been separated from it 
by an earthquake, which, according to the fabulous account, hap- 
pened about B. c. 1885. Between these two mountains lay the 
famous vale of Tempe. Around Ossa was the residence of the 
Lapithae. See (dyrapus and Tempe. 

Othrys, -yos, m., Othrys, now known by the names of TIeK 
luvu and Gura, a range of mountains m Thessaly, which, branch- 
ing off from the chain of Pindus, closed the great plain of Thessaly 
to the south, and divided the waters which flowed northwards into 
the Peneus, from those received by the Sperchius. This moun- 
tain is celebrated in antiquity- as the residence of the Centaurs. 

P. 

Pachynum, -i, n., & Pachynus, -i, /., Pachymim, now 
Cape Passaro, a promontory at the south-eastern corner of Sicily, 
under which, according to Ovid, the left hand of the giant Typho- 
eus (tris.) was buried by Jupiter. Lceva (subjecta est) tihi, 
Parhyjie, his left hand was placed under you, Pachynum, v. 6. 11. 

Padus, -i, m., the Po, called anciently Eridanus and Bodincus, 
the largest river in Italy, rises in Mount Viso, in the range of the 
Maritune Alps, flows eastward through the great plain of Lom- 
bardy, and after a course of 370 miles, enters the Hadriatic by 
seven mouths, about thirty miles south of Venice. It receives in 
its course the waters of more than thirty rivers from the Alps and 
Apennines, and is navigable for nearly 250 miles from its mouth. 
The Po is famous as the scene of Phaethon's death, and the meta- 
morphosis of his sisters into poplar trees. Its sands were said to 
be mixed with gold dust, a«d were therefore carefully examined 
by the natives. See Phaethon and Eridanus. 



P^A 266 PAL 

Paean, -anis, m,, Pcean {a physician) y a name given to Apollo 
as god of physic. 

Paeones, -um, m., the PcBones, ot Pceonians, the inhabitants 
of Pa^onia, a name which appears to have included the greater 
part of Macedonia, and even a considerable portion of what is more 
properly called Thrace ; extending along the coast of the iEgean Sea 
as far as the Euxine. It was more strictly applied to the northern 
part of that country, in the neighbourhood of Mount Scardus, and 
towards the borders of Illyria. Nivosos P(2onas, the snowy i aeo- 
nians, i. e. the Paeonians inhabiting the lofty mountains, v. 5. 20. 
Paeonis, -idis, adj., of, or relating to Pcponia ; also a Pcbo- 
nian woman. Euippe Pcconis, Euippe from Paeonia, a Pajonian 
woman, v. 5. 10. See Paeones. 

Pagasa, -ae, & Pagasae, -arum, /!, Pagasce, now known as 
the Castle of Volo, a town in the south-east of Thessaly, situate 
near the north-east corner of the Pagasaeus Sinus, the Gulf of 
Volo, from which the Kjulf received its ancient name. Here the 
ship Argo was built, and from this harbour the Argonauts set sail 
for Colchis. See lason. 

Pagasaeus, -a, -um, adj., of or relating to Pagasa:, Pagas- 
(juan. Intravit Colcha litora Pagasccu carina, entered the shores 
of Colchis in a Pagasaean ship, i. e. sailed with Jason in the Argo- 
nautic expedition, xiii. 1. 24. See vii. J. 1. 

Palaemon, -onis^ m., PalcBmon^ ^ sea-deity. His original 
name was Mehcerta, but he assumed the name of Palaemon when 
he was changed into a god by Neptune. Dixit Deum Pal(Emona 
cum matre Leucothee, called him the god Palaemon, and his mo- 
ther the goddess Leucothee, iv. 11. 127. Gr. Ace. -ona. See 
Melicerta. 

Palaestina, -ae,y., Palestine, or the Holy Land, a country in 
Asia, which derived its name from the Philistaei, or Philistines, 
who inhabited the coast. It was bounded on the north by Phoe- 
nicia and Syria, on the east and"a«ruth by Arabia, and on the west 
by the Mediterranean. This country possesses a sacred interest as 
the promised inheritance of the seed of Abraham, and as the scene 
of the birth, sufferings, and death of our blessed Saviour. At the 
time of the events recorded in the New Testament Palaestina wa> 
divided into five principal part?, — Galilaea, Samaria, and Judaea, 
on the west of the Jordan ; and Batanaea or Bashan, and Peraea, 
on the east. The fertihty is described by Moses in the most glow- 
ing terms, and the small portions of the country which are now 
under cultivation bear ample testimony to its great natural re ■ 
sources. Palaestina, in later times, formed a part of the provmce 
of Syria, and is used by Ovid to denote that country. 

Palsestini, -orum, rw., the inhal^tants of Palestine, the Sy. 
rians, iv. I. 46. See Palaestina. 



PAL 267 PA) 

Palamedes, -is, m., Palajnedes, a Grecian chief, the son of 
NaupHus, king of Euboea, and Clymene. He was sent by the 
Grecian princes to bring Ulysses to the camp, when the crafty king 
attempted to avoid going to the Trojan war by pretending insanity, 
and imposed on his friends by often yoking different animals to the 
plough, and sowing salt instead of barley. Palamedes soon dis- 
covered the cheat. He found that his only reason for pretending 
insanity was his unwillingness to be separated from Penelope, whom 
he hud lately married; and to put the truth of his suspicion to the 
test, he took Telemachus, whom Penelope had recently born, and 
laid him before his father's plough. Ulysses turned the plough in a 
different direction to avoid his child, and having thus shown that 
he was not insane, was obhged to drop the disguise, and to join his 
countrymen in their expedition against Troy (xiii. 1. 39.). He 
resolved, however, to be revenged on Palamedes, and embraced 
every opportiiP ly to thwart and distress him. When all other 
means failed, he bribed one of his servants to dig a hole in his 
master's tent (xiii. 1. 60.), and there conceal a large sum of money 
furnished by himself. He afterwards forged a letter from Priam 
to Palamedes, in which the king urged him to deliver the Grecian 
army into his hands, in fulfilment of the terms agreed to when he 
received the money. This letter, by another stratagem of TTlysses, 
came into the hands of the Grecian chiefs, and Palamedes was 
summoned before them : his solemn protestations of innocence were 
in vain, the money was jc'^7:?pvered in his tent, and the accusation 
was supposed to be ^thereby proved. He was accordingly found 
guilty, and stoned to death.' Palamedes is said to have completed 
the Greek alphabet of Cadmus ; and to him is likewise ascribed 
the invention of dice and backgammon, and the introduction of 
some important improvements in the art of war. Gr. Ace. -en. 
See Ulysses. 

Palatium, -ii, n., a palace, the residence of a monarch or 
prince. The term palatium is said to have derived its origin from 
the Mons Palatinus, the Palatine Alount, where Evander resided 
when iEneas landed in Italy, and on which Romulus founded the 
city Rome. Here Augustus had his house, and also the succeed- 
ing emperors. From this circumstance Palatium came to signify 
the residence of the emperor, and is applied by Ovid to the palace 
of Jupiter. Palatia magni coeli, the palace of great heaven, i. 6. 14. 

Palici, -OYUm, m., the Palici, twin-brothers, and the sons 
of Jupiter by the nymph Thalia, or, according to ^Eschylus, by 
.^tna. The- nymph having become pregnant by Jupiter, is said 
to have implored his protection against the resentment of Juno, 
and to have been, at her own request, concealed by the god in the 
bowels of the earth. When the time of her delivery arrived, the 
earth opened and gave birth to two children, who received the 
name Palici, from the Greek words tcx.Xiv hjcuv, because they re- 



PAL 268 PAL 

turned to the light of day. They afterwards received divine honours 
Jrom the Sicihans, and had several hikes or pools of great depth 
which were considered sacred to them. At the town of Palica, 
now Pahigoniay on a cognominal lake, in the south-east division 
of the island, they had a temple and an oracle, which was consulted 
on great emergencies, and rendered the truest and most unequivo- 
cal answers. It was usual for those who had controversies or 
quarrels to decide, to swear by this lake, and those who violated 
their oath were immediately punished in a supernatural manner, 
while those whose oaths were sincere departed unhurt. From the 
circumstance of some of the Sicilian lakes being sacred to the Pa- 
hci, Ovid uses Stagna Palicorum for the lakes of Sicily generally. 
Stagna Pallconim olentia sulfure, ferventia ruptd ^erra, the pools 
of the Palici, i. e. the lakes of Sicily, smelling of sulphur, and 
boiling up where the earth had burst open, v. 6. 65. 

PalLidium, -ii, /?., the Palladium, an image or statue of 
Pallas at Troy, which was said to have fallen from heaven in the 
reign of Ilus, the grandfather of Priam. Ilus, after building the city 
which he had been ordered by the oracle to found, prayed to Ju- 
piter to give him a sign, and the following day found the Palladium 
lying before his tent. The image was three cubits, or, according 
to some, three ells long, with its legs joined, holding in one hand 
an elevated spear, and in the other a distaff and spindle. This 
miraculous event excited great surprise among the inhabitants, and 
on consulting the oracle of Apollo, they were informed that the 
city should remain uninjured so long as it contained the sacred 
symbol. It was accordingly preserved with the greatest care in 
the temple of Minerva, on the citadel. The ancient writers give 
different accounts of the materiaw of which the Palladium was 
made, but agree as to the fact, that on it dependj-d the preservation 
of Troy. Of this the Greeks, during the Trojan war, were well 
aware, and therefore Ulvsses and Diomedos were commissioned to 
steal it (xiii. 1. 99. and 345.). They effected their object, it is 
said, by the assistance of Helenus, who betrayed his country in 
revenge for an injury which he believed was done to him, when 
Helen, on the death of Paris, was given in marriage to his brother 
Dei'phobus in preference to himself (See Helenus). Some authors, 
however, maintain that the true Palladium was not carried away 
from Troy by the Greeks, but only one of the statues of similar 
shape and size, which had been placed near it to deceive any sacri- 
legious persons who might attempt to steal it. According to them 
the Palladium was safely conveyed from Troy to Italy by /Eneas, 
and was preserved by the Romans with the greatest veneration in 
the temple of Vesta. On it was supposed to depend the destiny of 
Rome, and several others were made exactly like it to prevent it 
from being stolen. See Vesta. 

Pallantias. -adis, f,, the daughter of Pallas, a name given 



Pal 269 PAN 

to Aurora, who, by some mythologists, was said to be the daughter 
of Pallas. This patronymic probably denotes the cousin or relation 
of Pallas, Hyperion the father of Aurora, and Crius the father of 
Pallas, being brothers, the sons of Coelus and Terra. Quum 
Pallantias prcevia luci inficit orbem tradendum Fhcebo, when the 
daughter, or cousin of Pallas, i. e. Aurora, who precedes the light, 
tinges the world which she is to deliver up to Phcebus, xv. 2. 131. 

Pallas, - adis, & -ados,/., Pallas^ a name given to Minerva as 
the goddess of war. This name, which is very often employed by the 
poets, is probably derived from the Greek craXAo/, 1 brandish a 
spear ; or from cra>-Xa|, a maiden, in allusion to the promise of 
celibacy which the goddess obtained from her father (v. f). 35.). 
Cum raptd Pallade, and the stealing of the Palladium, xiii. 1. 99. 
Gr. Ace. -ada. See Minerva and Palladium. 

PamphagUS^ -i, W., Glutton, the name of one of Actaeon's 
dogs. 

Pan, Panis, m., Pan, was the god of the mountains, of 
shepherds, and of cattle. The parentage of this god is much dis- 
puted by mythologists. He is said to be the son of Mercury and 
the nymph Dryops, of Jupiter and Thymbris, and of Mercury and 
Penelope, whose love he gained under the form of a goat, as she 
was tendmg, in her youth, the flocks of her father on Blount 
Taygetus. The worship of this god seems to have been at first 
confined to Arcadia, where he gave oracles on iMount Lycseus, but 
was afterwards extended over the rest of Greece. His festivals, 
called by the Greeks Lycaea, were brought into Italy by Evander, 
and were celebrated at Rome under the name of Lupercalia. Pan 
is said to have taught Apollo the art of prophecy, and to have been 
the inventor of the pipe consisting of seven reeds, which he called 
Syrinx^ in honour of a beautiful nymph of the same name to whom 
he offered violence, and who was changed into a reed (See Sy- 
rinx). The worship of Pan is supposed to have been introduced 
from Egypt, where he was held in the greatest veneration. The 
ancients had two modes of representing this god. By some artists 
he was represented with horns, with a ruddy face, a flat nose, 
his legs and thighs rough with hair, and having the tail and feet of 
a goat. By others he is portrayed as a young man with short horns 
on his forehead, bearing his crook and his syrinx, and is either 
naked or clad in a light cloak. » 

Panope^ ~es,f.y Panope, now Agios Blasios, a town of Pho- 
cis, in Greece. Arva Panopes, the fields of Panope, iii. 1. 19. 

Panthoides, -ae, m., the son of Panthous, a patronymic ap- 
plied to Euphorbus ; and also to Pythagoras, who, in proof of his 
doctrine of the transmigration of souls, pretended that his soul 
had animated the body of Euphorbus. See Euphorbus and Py« 
thagoras. 



PAN 270 PAH 

Panthous, -i, m., Panthous, a son of Othrys, who was the 
father of Euphorbus, and priest of Apollo in the citadel of Trov. 

Parcse, -arum,/., the ParccBy or Fates, powerful goddesses 
who were t^lieved to preside over the life and death of mankind. 
They were three in number, Clotho, Lachesis, and Atropos, and 
were the daughters of Erebus and Nox, or of Jupiter and Themis. 
Their Roman names were Nona, Decima, and INIorta. The Fates 
were invested with unlimited power, and even Jupiter himself could 
not annul or modify their decrees. As the arbiters of life and death, 
they divided out to men whatever good or evil befell them in the 
world, which they were believed to do by spinning. When they 
intended a long or happy life to any man, they were supposed to 
spin a white thread, and if the contrary, a black one. Clotho held 
the distaff, Lachesis spun the thread, and Atropos cut it. These 
offices are well expressed in the following verse : — 

Clotho colum retinet^ Lachesis net, et Atropos occat. 

The worship of the Fates prevailed extensively over Greece and 
Italy, and resembled that of the Furies ( See Erinnys). They were 
represented as three old women, with chaplets made of wool, and 
were covered with a white robe. One of them held a distaff, another 
a spindle, and the third was armed with scissors. The number was 
probably suggested by the past, the present, and the future, which, 
according to Apuleius, they were said to denote. 

Paris, -idis, m., Paris, called also Alexander, one of the sons 
of Priam and Hecuba. His mother, during her pregnancy, dreamed 
that she had given birth to a torch, and the soothsayers, on being 
consulted, declared Ikat the future child would prove the destruc- 
tion of his country. To prevent the evil which this prediction 
threatened, Priam ordered one of his slaves to destroy the child as 
soon as he was born. The slave, at the request of Hecuba, exposed 
him on Mount Ida, where he was kindly treated by the shepherds, 
and reared by them as one of their own sons. Paris, though 
educated among shepherds, gave early proofs of courage and intre- 
pidity, and by his prudence and discretion, acquired great celebrity 
in settling disputes. He was frequently called upon to act as judge, 
and was appointed by the gods to decide the famous dispute between 
Juno, Venus, and Minerva, respecting the golden apple (See Peleus). 
The goddesses accordingly appeared before him, each anxious to 
obtain the prize. Juno promised him a kingdom, Minerva wisdom, 
and Venus the most beautiful woman of her day. The youthful 
shepherd decided in favour of the goddess of love, and thereby 
brought the resentment of her competitors upon his family anJ 
country. By the skill which he displayed in manly exercises, he 
afterwards attracted the notice of Priam, and being recognised as 
his son, was acknowledged as one of the princes of Troy. On 
pretence of redeeming his aunt Hesione whom Hercules ^, See Her- 



PAR 271 PEG 

cules) had given in marriage to Telamon, he equipped a fleet, and 
sailing from Troy, landed at Sparta, where he was hospitably en- 
tertained by Menelaus (See Menelaus). The real object of his 
voyage was to get possession of Helen, whom Venus had promised 
to him, and, in the absence of her husband, who was obliged to go 
to Crete, Paris prevailed upon her to elope with him, and brought 
her to Troy. During the siege of Troy by the Greeks, which fol- 
lowed soon after, Paris displayed but little courage, and would 
have fallen in single combat with Menelaus, had not Venus inter- 
fered and rescued him from his antagonist. He killed Achilles in 
the temple of Apollo, where the Grecian hero had gone to receive 
the hand of his sister Polyxena, and is said to have himself fallen 
by the hand of Pyrrhus or Philoctetes. Gr, Ace. -in. 

Parius, -a, -um^ odj., of, or relating to Paros, Parian. Pa- 
ros, now Paro, is an island in the ^gean Sea, one of the Cyclades, 
and highly celebrated for its excellent marble. The Parian marble is 
of a beautiful white colour, hardens by exposure to the atmosphere, 
and consequently possesses the power of resisting decomposition 
through a series of ages. Ut signum formatum e Pario murmore, 
Uke a statue made of Parian marble, iii. 6. 1 8. 

Parnassius, -a, -um, adj., of, or relating to Parnassus. 
Parnassia Themis^ Themis who dwelt on Mount Parnassus, iv. 
13. 40. Petebamus Parnassia templa^ we were makmg for the 
temples (of Apollo and Bacchus) on Mount Parnassus, v. 4. 29. 

Parnassus, -i, m., Parnassus, now Lyakoura, a mountain 
m Phocis, which extends from the country of the Locri Ozolse in a 
north-easterly direction through Phocis, and joins the chain of 
Qi^ta. Parnassus is the highest mountain in central Greece, and 
is covered with snow during the greater part of the year. This 
mountain has attained a high degree of classic celebrity in con- 
nexion with the oracle of Apollo, and the worship of the Muses. 
Parnassus was remarkable for its two summits (hence called Biceps 
Parnassus, the two-topped Parnassus, ii. 1. 22].), the one of 
which was sacred to Apollo and Diana, and the other to Bacchus. 
From these elevated crags the Delphians hurled culprits and sacri- 
legious criminals, and in this manner the unfortunate -^sop was 
barbarously murdered. In this mountain was the Corycian cave 
(bee Corycium), the Castalian fount descended from the chasm be- 
tween the two summits (See Castahus), and on the southern side, 
towards its base, was situate the celebrated city of Delphi. Jbi 
mons duobus verticibus arduus petit astro, nomine Parnassus, 
there a mountain with two tops rises aloft towards the stars, by 
name Parnassus, i. 8. 4. Umbrosd arce Parnassi, on the shady 
top of Parnassus, i. 10. 16. See Delphi. 

Patara and Patarsus. See page 324. 

Pegasus, -i, m., Pegasus, a winged horse or monster, said to 
have been the son of Keptune and Medusa, or to have sprun^j. 



PEL 272 PEL 

alon? with his brother Chrysaor, from the blood of the Gorgon, 
when her head was cut off by Perseus (diss.). According to 
Hesiod, he received his name from being born near the sources 
i'^Tiyat) of the sea. He was caught by Bellerophon while drinking 
at the fountain Pirene in Corinth, and, by the stroke of his hoof, 
produced the fountain on Mount Helicon, called Hippocrene. He 
became the favourite horse of the Muses, and was used by Belle- 
rophon in conquering the Chimsera. Bellerophon afterwards at- 
tempted to fly to heaven on his winged steed, but being thrown 
down, Pegasus continued his flight, and was placed by Jupiter 
among the constellations. Gr. Ace. -on. 

Pelasgi, -orum, m., the Pelasgi, an Asiatic race who, at a 
very early period, established themselves in Greece, subsequently 
in Italy, and probably in other parts of Europe. From the nume- 
rous settlements which they formed in Greece, the inhabitants of 
that country are often, by the Latin poets, called Pelasgi. From 
them, too, the Peloponnesus was called Pelasgia, and a district of 
Thessaly, Pelasgiotis. 

Pelasgus, -a, -um, adj., of, or relating to the Felasgi, Pe- 
lasgi an, Grecian 

Peleus {diss.), -ei, & -eos. m., Peleus, the son of JEacus and 
Plndeis, and the grandson of Jupiter. Having been accessory, 
along with Telamon, to the murder of his brother Phocus, he re- 
tired, according to Ovid, to the court of Ceyx, king of Trachis, in 
Thessaly, and after being purified of his murder, married Thetis, 
one of the Nereids, by whom he had Achilles, who was called after his 
father, Pelides. The nuptials of Peleus and Thetis were celebrated 
with the greatest solemnity, and were attended by all the gods and 
goddesses, who made each of them very valuable presents. The 
goddess of Discord was the only one of the deities who had not 
been honoured with an invitation, and punished the neglect by 
throwing into the midst of the assembly a golden apple, with the 
inscription Detur pidchriori. This apple afterwards excited the 
rivalry of Juno, Minerva, and Venus. See Paris. 

Pelias^ -adis, adj., of, or relating to Mount Pelion. Pelias 
hasta, the spear cut from lilount Pelion, i. e. the spear of Achilles, 
xiii. I. 109. 

Pelion^ -ii, w., Pelion, now Plesnid, a chain of mountains on 
the south-east coast of Thessaly, whose principal summit rises be- 
hind lolcos and Ormenium, and extends from the southern extre- 
mity of the lake Boebeis, where it unites with one of the ramifica- 
tions of Ossa, to the extreme promontory of Magnesia. Pelion is 
famous in the wars of the gods and giants (See Olympus), and as 
the ancient abode of the Centaurs, before they were expelled by 
the Lapithae. The cave of the celebrated Chiron occupied the 
highest point of the mountain. Pelion, hke the other mountains 
of Thessaly, is covered with forests of pine, oak, chesnut, and 



PEL 273 PEN 

beech, and produced the huge spear of Achilles, and the timber of 
which the ship Argo was built. Excussit Pelion Osscb snhjecto, 
threw down Pelion from Ossa, which was placed under it, i. 5. 5. 
Pella, -as:, f., Pella, novf Allahkilissia, one of the most ancient 
and celebrated cities of Macedonia, was situate on a lake formed by 
the river Ludias, 120 stadia from its mouth. Pella was the birth- 
place of Philip and his son Alexander the Great, and from their 
time was the constant residence of the kings of Macedonia. Under 
the Romans, Pella was made the chief city of the third region of 
Macedonia. 

Pellaeus, -a, -um, adj., of, or relating to Pella, Pellcean. 
Dives Pieros genuit has in Pellceis arvis, rich Pieros begot them 
in the fields of Pella, i, e. in Macedonia, v. 5. 9. 

Peloras^ -i, m., & Pelorum^ -i, n., Pelorum, now Cape Pe~ 
Im'o^ or FarOi one of the three great promontories of Sicily, and 
forming the north-east corner of the island, said to have received 
its name from Pelorus, the pilot of the ship which conveyed Han- 
nibal from Italy, whom he murdered there, under the impression that 
he had been deceived by him. On this cape was a celebrated temple 
of Neptune, and under it, according to Ovid, the right hand of the 
giant Typhoeus (tris.) was buried when he was killed by the thun- 
derbolts of Jupiter. See Typhoeus. 

Penates^ -um, & -ium, m., the Penates, certain inferior 
deities among the Romans, who presided over houses and the do- 
mestic affairs of famihes, and were supposed to be the dispensers 
of wealth and prosperity. Every master of a family was at liberty 
to choose his Penates, and accordingly Jupiter and the other supe- 
riorgods were often invoked as patrons of domestic affairs. The 
Penates were either public, as presiding over a country or city, or 
private as presiding over a particular family. Their images were 
made of wax, ivory, or silver, according to the affluence of the 
worshipper, and were kept in the innermost part of the house, which 
was called penetralia, and offerings of wine, incense, and fruits, 
were there presented to them. The Penates were of divine origin, 
and differed in this respect from the Lares, who were human. 
Penates is frequently used to denote a house, i. 6. 12. 

Peneis, -idos, /., the davghter of the Peneus, a patronymic ap- 
plied to Daphne, who was changed into a laurel to escape from the 
pursuit of Apollo. Deus fixit hoc in nymphd Pene'ide, the god 
fixed the latter in the nymph, the daughter of the Peneus. i. 10. 
21. Nympha, Pejie'i, O nymph, daughter of the Peneus, i. 10. 
52. Voc. -e'i. 

Peneis, -idos, adj., of or relating to the Peneus. Spectans 

Pene'idas undas, looking upon the waters of the Peneus, i. 10. 93. 

PeneiUS, -a, -um, adj., of or relating to the Peneus 



PEN 274 PEN 

Daphne Pene'ia (fuit) primus amor Phcebij Daphne the daughter 
of the Peneus was the first love of Phoebus, i. 10. 1. Peneia 
(puella), the daughter of the Peneus, i. e. Daphne, i. 10. 74. 

Peneus, & PeneOS, -i, m., the Peneus^ now the Salemhria^ a 
river of Thessaly which rises in Mount Pindus near the sources 
of the Achelous, and after a winding course of 110 miles through 
the middle of the great Thessalian plain, during which it receives 
the waters of several tributaries, empties itself into the ^gean Sea 
a httle below Tempe. The Peneus is celebrated for the fable of 
Daphne, who is said to have been changed into a laurel on its banks 
when pursued by Apollo, a tradition arising from the great number 
of laurels which grow near the river. The plain of Thessaly is 
supposed to have been originally a lake, till an earthquake separated 
Ossa from Olympus, opened an outlet for the Peneus, and formed 
the beautiful vale of Tempe. This tradition was preserved in the 
name Araxes (from aoetffffu, I strike), which is also given to the 
Peneus. Ovid describes the Pen .us as flowing through the vale of 
Tempe with great rapidity, dashing from rock to rock, covering 
the trees on its banks with spray, and stunning the neighbourhood 
with its noise ; while modern travellers represent it as a smooth and 
tranquil stream. See Hasmonia and Tempe. 

Pentheus (diss.), -ei, & -eos, m., Pentheus, a king of 
Thebes, the son of Echion and Agave, and grandson of Cadmus. 
Notwithstanding the warnings of the prophet Tiresias, he refused 
to acknowledge the divinity of Bacchus, and persisted in opposing 
the introduction of his worship into his kingdom. When the 
Theban women, disregarding his prohibition, left the city to cele- 
brate the orgies of the new god, Pentheus, contrary to the advice 
of his grandfather, ordered his servants to seize the god ; and Bac- 
chus, who had assumed the form of Acoetes, allowed himself to be 
taken and brought before the king (See Acoetes). The story of 
the Tuscan pirates, which he related, did not alter the resolution 
of Pentheus ; he ordered the god to be imprisoned a-nd instantly put 
to death as an impostor. While preparations were making to 
carry his orders into execution, the doors of the prison opened of 
their own accord, and allowed Bacchus to escape, which still far- 
ther irritated the king. Bacchus resolved to punish his impiety, and 
inspired him with an ardent desire of witnessing the celebration 
of his orgies. Pentheus accordingly concealed himself in a grove 
on ]Mount Cithaeron, from which he could see the ceremonies unob- 
served. Here his curiosity soon proved fatal to him ; he was seen 
by the Bacchanals, who all rushed upon him. His mother was 
the first who attacked him, her example was instantly followed by 
his two sisters, Ino and Autonoe, and his body was torn to pieces. 
Mater prima violavit suum Penthea thyrsomissOy his mother first 
wounded her son Pentheus by throwing the thyrsus at him, iii. 7. 
202. See Agave. Gr, Ace, -ea. 



PEN 275 PER 

PentheUS, -a, -um, adj., of, or relating to Pentheus. Pen^ 
thed ccede, by the murder of Pentheus, iv. 11. 14. 

Pergamus, -i, m., more frequently Pergama^ -orum,.?^., 
the citadel of Troy, often used for the city Troy. It was situated 
in the highest part of the city, and contained the temple of Mi- 
nerva, in which the Palladium was deposited. See Troja. 

PergUS, -i, m., Pergus, now Goridan, a lake in Sicily, on 
the edge of which the town of Henna was situate. Pergus was 
reckoned the Umbilicus of Sicily, being midway between Gela and 
the northern coast, and nearly so between the promontories Lily- 
baeum and Pelorum. See Henna. 

Perseis, -idos^/., the daughter of Per ses, a patronymic ap- 
plied to Hecate. Hecates Perse'idos, of Hecate the daughter of 
Perses, vii. 1. 74. See Hecate. 

Persephone^ -es,/.^ Persephone, the Greek name of Proser- 
pine. Ostendit zonam Persephones in summis undis, showed 
Proserpine's girdle on the surface of her waters, v. 8. 9. Gr. 
Ace. -en. 

Perseus {diss.), -ei, & -eos, m., Perseus, was the son of 
Jupiter and Danae, whom the king of the gods is said to have im- 
pregnated by means of a shower of gold. Acrisius, who had been 
warned by the oracle that he should be killed by this daughter's 
son, finding that the means which he had taken to prevent her 
from becoming a mother were unsuccessful, ordered her and the 
infant to be put into a chest, and exposed on the sea ( See Acrisius 
and Danae). By the direction of Jupiter, this slender boat was 
conveyed to the island Seriphus, where the mother and her child 
were found by a fisherman named Dictys, and carried to Polydectes 
the king. They were treated with kindness, and Perseus was in- 
trusted to the care of the priests of Minerva. The spirit and 
manly daring displayed by the youth greatly alarmed the king, who 
intended to force a marriage with Danae, and he accordingly re- 
solved to get quit of him by a stratagem. He invited his friends, 
and among them Perseus, to a splendid entertainment, specifying 
as a condition, that his guests should each present him with a beau- 
tiful horse. Perseus attended, and, acknowledging his inability to 
make the requisite present, promised to bring to the king the head 
of the Gorgon Medusa. The ofi'er was doubly acceptable to the 
king, as it removed him from his court, and the difficulty of the 
enterprise rendered it highly probable that he would perish in the 
attempt. The gods, however, had compassion on his innocence. 
Pluto furnished him with a helmet, which rendered him invisible ; 
IMmerva gave him her buckler, which rejected the images of objects 
hke a looking-glass ; and from Mercury he received the talaria, and 
a harpe or falchion. Thus armed, he set out on his expeditioa, 
and traversing the air arrived at tlie abode of the Gorgons. The 



PER 276 PER 

surrounding ground afforded numerous proofs of the power :)f the 
Gorgons, but his celestial armour enabled him to approach thera 
without molestation. He found them asleep, and with one stroke 
of his falchion severed the head of Medusa from her body, and bore 
it off in triumph (See Gorgo). The conqueror now commenced 
his return, and from the blood which dropped from Medusa's head 
sprung the winged horse Pegasus (See Pegasus), and his brother 
Chrysaor, and also the innumerable serpents which have ever since 
infested the sandy deserts of Africa. He arrived at sunset at the 
palace of Atlas kmg of jMauritania, and announcing himself as the 
son of Jupiter, claimed his hospitality. This the king not only 
refused but even offered violence to his person. Perseus finding 
himself unequal to his powerful enemy, showed him the head of the 
Gorgon, and instantly changed him into a mountain (See Atlas). 
Next morning he resumed his flight, and on reaching the coasts of 
^Ethiopia, discovered the naked Andromeda exposed to a sea- 
monster (See Andromeda). The beauty of the princess, and her 
imminent danger, roused his sympathy, and he offered to her father 
Cepheus {diss.)) to deliver her from death on condition of receiving 
her in marriage. Cepheus consented, and Perseus, poising himself 
in the air, darted like an eagle upon the monster as he was advanc- 
ing to seize his prey, plunged his dagger into the right shoulder, 
and destroyed it. The nuptials were then celebrated amidst great 
rejoicings; but Phineus {diss.), to whom Andromeda had been 
previously betrothed, entered the palace with a number of armed 
men, and attempted to carry off the princess (See Phineus). The 
fath(!r and mother of Andromeda interfered, but in vain ; a bloody 
battle ensued, in which Perseus must have fallen had he not de- 
fended himself with the head of Medusa. Warning his friends of 
its fatal power, he turned it towards his enemies and converted 
them into stones. Soon after this memorable adventure, Perseus 
returned to Seriphus, and arrived at the very moment when his 
mother had fled for refuge to the altar of ]Minerva, to avoid the 
pursuit of Polydectes. By the aid of Medusa's head he changed 
the king and his associates into stones, and placed his friend and 
preserver Dictys on the throne. He now^ restored to the gods the 
armour with which they had furnished him, and presented the head 
of Medusa to Minerva, to whose assistance and protection he was 
chiefly indebted for his success, and the goddess placed it in the 
middle of her shield. Soon after this he returned with his wife and 
mother to the Peloponnesus, and went to Larissa to attend funeral 
games which king Teutamias was celebrating in honour of his 
father. While displaying his skill in throwing the quoit, he acci- 
dentally killed an old man, who was discovered to be his grand- 
father Acrisius, and thus fulfilled the prediction of the oracle. 
Persea, quern Dana'c conceperat pidvio auro, esse (filium) JoviSy 
that Perseus, whom Danae had conceived from a shower of gold, 
was the sun of Jupiter, iv. 13. 7. Perseus 7iatus Jove et ilhU 



PER 277 PHA 

auam clausam Jupiter implevit fecundo auro^ Perseus, the son of 
jupit»ir, and of her whom, when shut up in prison, Jupiter impreg- 
nated with a shower of fruitful gold, iv. 14. 35. Gr. Ace. -ea. 

Persis,-idos,y!, Persia^ a small but celebrated country in 
Asia, was bounded on the east by Carmania, on the north by Me- 
dia, on the west by Susiana, on the south by the Sinus Persicus, 
the Persian Gulf, and corresponded generally with the modern pro- 
vince of Fars. Prior to the time of Cyrus, it is called Elam in the 
Bible, from Elam, the son of Shem, who settled there : subse- 
quently to the reign of Cyrus, the name Persia or Paras, is also 
found in Holy Writ. Its principal river was Choaspes, the Kenahy 
the waters of which were so pure, that the kings of Persia would 
drink of no other ; and on it was situate Susa, now Sus, the capi- 
tal, called in Scripture Shushan. This was Persia in its limited 
sense, or Persis Propria, and is not to be confounded with the 
mighty Persian empire founded by Cyrus, which extended from the 
Indus to the Mediterranean, and from the Caspian and Euxine 
Seas to the Persian Gulf and the Ocean. The name is said in 
fable to have been derived from Perses, the son of Perseus {diss. ) 
and Andromeda, who settled there. Gr. Ace. -ida. 

Phaethon^ -Ontis, m., Phaethon (shining), an Ethiopian, 
the son of Phoebus or Sol and Clymene. He was honoured by the 
attention of Venus, and intrusted by her with the care of one of 
her temples. To check his vanity, Epaphus, the son of Jupiter, 
disputed his celestial origin, alleging that his mother Clymene had 
deceived him in pretending that he was the son of Sol. At her 
instigation he visited the palace of the Sun, and finding the god 
vvilling to bear testimony to his parentage, extracted from him an 
unwary oath that he would grant him whatever he asked. The 
ambitious yOuth instantly demanded permission to drive his chariot 
for one day. Sol, who was aware of the consequences, remon- 
strated, but to no purpose. Phaethon persisted, and the god, 
bound by his oath, which was inviolable, reluctantly committed the 
reins to his hands, warning him of the dangers of the road, and in- 
structing him how to avoid them. Phaethon mounted the chariot, 
and grasped the rems ; the fiery horses sprung forward, but soon 
finding that they were not directed by the well-known hand, they 
left the beaten tract, guided only by their own impetuosity. Phae- 
thon repented when too late of his rashness ; the world was set on 
fire, and a total conflagration would have ensued, had not Jupiter 
at the prayer of Tellus launched his thunder, and hurled the terri- 
fied youth from his seat. His body fell into the Eridanus, and 
being found by the nymphs of the place, was honoured with a de- 
cent burial. Phaethon satus Sole, Phaethon, the son of Sol, i. 
14. 4. Gr. Ace. -onta. See Eridanus and Heliades. 

Phaethusa, -ae, /., Phaethusa {shining), one of the sisters 



PHA 278 PHI 

of Phaethon, who was changed into a poplar tree, on the banks of 
the Po. E guts Phacthusa maxima sororum, of whom Phaethusa 
the eldest of the sisters, ii. 2. 22. See Heliades. 

Phantasos, -i, tw., Phantasos, one of the sons of Somnus, who 
had the power of assuming the form of inanimate objects. Est 
etiam tertius diverscd artis Phantasos^ there is also a third pos- 
sessing skill of a different kind, namely, Phantasos, xi. 10. 233. 

Pharsalia, -ae. /., Pharsalia, a large plain in Thessaly adjoin- 
ing the town of Pharsalus, famed for the great battle fought there 
between Julius Caesar and Pompey (b. c. 48), which consummated 
the downfal of the senatorial party, and obtained for the forme* 
the empire of the world. Pharsalia sentiet ilium, Pharsalia shall 
feel his power, xv. 9. 79. See Pharsalus. 

Pharsalus, -i,/., sometimes m., Pharsalus, now Sataldge 
or Pharsala, a town of Phthiotis, the southern division of Thes- 
saly, situate near the river Enipeus {tris.), not far from its junc- 
tion with the Apidanus, one of the tributaries of the Peneus. 

Phasis, -idis, & -idos, m., the Phasis, now the Phaz, a calm 
and gentle river in Colchis, which rises in the mountains of Arme- 
nia, and flows westward into the Black Sea, famous for the expe- 
dition of the Argonauts, who entered it after a long and perilous 
voyage. The Phasis was remarkable for the beautiful birds which 
frequented its banks, some of which are said to have been brought 
by the Argonauts to Greece, and called (pocffietvoi, whence phea- 
sants, after the name of the river. Rapidas undas limosi Phasi- 
dos, the rapid waters of the slimy Phasis, vii. 1. 6. 

Phiale, -es,y.^ Phiale, a nymph, one of the attendants of 
Diana. 

Philippi, -orum, rn., Philippi, now Filihah, a town in the 
eastern part of Macedonia, opposite to the island of Thasos, which 
was founded by the Thasians, and by them called Crenldes, from 
being surrounded by numerous springs. Philip, king of Macedon, 
subsequently increased it, and named it Philippi after himself. 
Philippi is celebrated in history, from the great victory gained there 
by Antony and Octavianus over the forces of Brutus and Cassius 
^B. c. 42), by which the repubUcan party was completely subdued, 
the tw^o leaders, Brutus and Cassius, each falling by his own hand. 
It is rendered still more interesting from being the first place in 
Europe where the gospel was preached by St Paul (a. d. 60), and 
from the church to which he addressed one of his epistles. 

Philoctetes, -as, m,, Philoctetes, the son of PoBas, king of 
Meliboea, in Thessaly, and the friend and companion of Hercules, 
He set fire to the funeral pile by which the hero of the twelve la^ 
hours >*a3 consumed or Mount CEta, and received from him the 



PHI 279 PHI 

arrows which had been dipped in the blood of the Hydra, under a 
solemn promise not to discover the place where his ashes were de- 
posited (See Hercules). After performing the last offices to Her- 
cules he returned to Meliboea, and subsequently visited Sparta, where 
he became one of the suitors of Helen. He embarked along with 
the other Grecian princes in the expedition against Troy ; but in con- 
sequence of the offensive smell from a wound in his foot, occasioned 
by the bite of a serpent, or by the fall of one of the poisoned ar- 
rows, he was, at the instigation of Ulysses, left on the island of 
Lemnoj* (xiii. 1. 46.). This wound is ascribed by some mytholo- 
gists TO a violation of his oath in discovering to the Greeks the 
place where Hercules was buried. Here he was allowed to remain 
till the death of Achilles in the tenth year of the war, and sup- 
ported himself by shooting birds. At last the Greeks, finding 
that Troy could not be taken without the arrows of Hercules, sent. 
Ulysses and Diomedes to bring him to the camp. Philoctetes, re- 
collecting the bad treatment which he had received from the 
Greeks, and particularly from Ulysses, at first refused to accom- 
pany them, but was at last persuaded by the manes of Hercules 
to repair to the camp, where he would be cured of his wound, and 
put an end to the war. He accordingly obeyed, and being restored 
to his former health by Machaon, killed many of the Trojans, and 
among others Paris, with the poisoned arrows. On the conclusion 
of the war he settled in Italy, and built a town in Calabria, to 
which he gave the name of Petilia, now Strongoli. 

Phineus {dLss.), -ei, & -eos, m., Phineus, a son of Belus, 
and brother of Cepheus (diss.) king of ^Ethiopia, to whom his 
niece Andromeda was betrothed before her father was compelled 
to expose her to a sea-monster to appease the wrath of Neptune. 
From this perilous situation Andromeda was rescued by Perseus 
(diss.)f and given in marriage to her dehverer. Phineus persisted 
in asserting his claim, and with a number of armed attendants, 
made an unsuccessful attempt to carry off the princess during the 
celebration of the marriage- ceremony. The interference of Ce- 
pheus was in vain ; a violent struggle ensued, in which Phineus 
and his companions either fell by the sword, or were changed into 
stones by means of the Gorgon's head. Phineus himself was 
changed into stone in the humiliating posture in which he was 
praying for his life. See Cepheus, Andromeda and Perseus. 

Pllineus {diss.), -ei, & -eos, m., Phineus, a son of Agenor 
or Neptune, and king of Thrace, or as some mythologists main- 
tain, of Arcadia, was celebrated for his skill in augury. He mar- 
ried Cleopatra, the daughter of Boreas, by whom he had two sons. 
After the death of Cleopatra he married Idaea, the daughter of 
Dardanus. Jealous of her step-children, Idaea maligned them to 
their father, who believing the slander, deprived his sons of sight. 
To punish him for this act of cruelty, the gods struck him blind 



PHL 280 PHCE 

and sent the Harpies (See Harpyiae) to torment him by carrying 
off his food or rendermg it unfit for use. The Argonauts came to 
consult him about their future course, and he promised to direct 
them on condition of their delivering him from the Harpies, which 
his two brothers-in-law, Zethes and Calais undertook to do. 
Phineus being freed from his tormentors, instructed the Argo- 
nauts in the nature of their future voyage, and by his directions 
they succeeded in passing between the Symplegades (See Cyaneae), 
and landed in safety on the shores of Colchis. See lason. 

Phlegethon, -ontis, m., Phhgethon (burning), one of the 
rivers in the infernal regions, deriving its name from the Greek 
verb (pXiyi6a)y to burn. 

Phlegethontis, -idis, adj.,f., of, or relating to Phlegethon. 
Sparsum caput Phlegethontide lymphd vertit in rostrum et plu- 
mas et grandia lumina, sprinkling his head with water from Phle- 
gethon, she changed it into a beak and feathers and large eyes, v. 
8. 83. 

Phlegon, -otitis, m., Phlegon {burning), the name of one of 
the horses of the Sun, derived from the Greek verb (p>.iyu, to burn. 

Phlegyae^-arum, m., the Phlegyce, a powerful predatory tribe 
from Thrace, who settled in Boeotia, in the vicinity of Orchome- 
nos. Under the command of Phorbas they plundered the temple 
of Apollo at Delphi, and rendered the oracle of the god inaccessi- 
ble. In consequence of their sacrilegious conduct they were de- 
stroyed by lightning, earthquakes, and pestilence. Profanus Phor- 
bas cum Phlegyis faciebat Delphica templa invia, the profane 
Phorbas and the Phlegyse rendered the temple of Delphi inaccessi- 
ble, xi. 10. 5. 

Phobetor, -oris, m., Phobetor {the terrifier), one of the sons 
of the god Somnus, who was called by the gods Icelos. Mortale 
vulgus nominat Phobetora, the race of mortals call him Phobetor, 
xi. 10. 231. Gr, Ace. -ova. See Icelos. 

Phoceus, -a, -um, adj., of, ot relating to Phocis. Phocea 
rvra, the country of Phocis, v. 4. 27. 

Phocis, -idis, & -idos,/., Phocis, a district of Greece, bounded 
on the east by Boeotia, on the north by the Locri, on the west by " 
Doris and the Locri Ozolse, and on the south by the Corinthian 
Gulf. The most interesting feature of Phocis is jMount Parnais- 
sus (See Parnassus), with the city of Delphi (See Delphi), famous 
for the oracle of Apollo. Towards the Corinthian Gulf was the 
plain of Crissa, where the Pythian games were celebrated in ho- 
nour of Apollo. See Pythia. 

Phoebe, -es, J^, Phcebe, the sister of Phoebus ; a name given to 
Diana, as indicative of her brightness. JEmida innuptce Phoebes, 
an imitator of the unmarried Diana, i. 10. 25. This name is also 
applied to her as goddess of the moon, i. 1. 7. 



PH(E 281 PHO 

Phcebeus, -a, -um, adj., of, or relating to Phcebus. Jus- 
sam Phueheis sortibus, by order of the oracle of Apollo, iii. 1. 130. 
Phceheos iynes, the fires of Phcfibus, i. e. the Sun, v. 6. 49. 

Phcebus, -i, m., Phoebus, aname given to Apollo, or the Sun, 
expressive of his brightness, and of his vivifying influence. Litora 
jacentia sub utroque Phcebo, the shores lying under both suns, the 
rising and setting sun, i. e. the east and west, i. 8. 26. Repercusso 
Phoebo, by reflecting the rays of the sun, ii. 1. 110. Phoebus dis- 
tat idem utrdque terra, Phcebus is equally distant from ooth lands, 
i. e. from the east and west, iii. 2. 21. Draconem prcebentem 
liventia terga Phoebo, a snake turning up his livid back to the sun, 
iv. 14. 53. 

Phoenices, -ura, m.., the Phoenicians^ the inhabitants of 
Phoenicia. Gr. Ace. -as, 

Phoenicia, -se^J'., Phoenicia, a small tract of country in Asia- 
tic Turkey, between Mount Libanus and the sea, corresponding 
with the modern Pachalic of Acre, and the southern part of the 
Pachalic of Tripoli. It extended from the river Cherseus {diss.) 
on the south to the Eleutheros on the north ; being bounded on the 
north and east by Syria, and on the south by Palestine. The 
name, according to some etymologists, was derived from the num- 
ber oi palm-trees (ipoiviKis) which grew in the country, while others 
deduce it from Phoenix, the son of Agenor, who, Hke his brothers 
Cadmus and Cilix, went in quest of his sister Europa, and being 
unsuccessful, settled there. The principal cities were Sidon and 
Tyre, which are frequently mentioned in Scripture. The Phoeni- 
cians were distinguished among the ancients for commercial enter- 
prise ; they sent out colonies to all parts of the Mediterranean, and 
visited for the purposes of trade the Cassiterides (See Britannia), 
and the western coasts of Africa. They were the first who in- 
vented arithmetic, and steered ships by the stars ; and, according to 
the Greeks, Cadmus, a Phoenician, was the inventor of letters. 
They excelled all the nations of antiquity in ingenuity, and in their 
elegant and beautiful manufactures ; and so great was their fame 
in the time of Solomon, that he employed Tyrian artists to super- 
intend the building of his magnificent temple. See Sidon and 
Tyrus. 

Phorbas, -antis, m., Phorbas, the leader of the Phlegyae, who 
plundered the temple of Apollo at Delphi, and rendered the ap- 
proach to it inaccessible, and is therefore denominated by Ovid 
profanus. He is described as a fierce and cruel robber, who com- 
pelled all whom he met to fight with him, and put to death those 
whom he defeated. He even ventured to challenge the gods, and 
was defeated and killed by Apollo. See Phlegyae. 

Phorcydes, -urn, /., the Phorcydes, the daughters of Phorcys 
and Ceto, and sisters and guardians of the Gorgons. They were 
gray-haired (yoa/ai) from their birth, and thereby obtained the nauce 

q2 



PHO 282 PHR 

GraeJE. The accounts which the ancient mythologists have ^!ven 
of the Gorgons and the Graeae are very confused and contradictory. 
They appear to bf» often spoken of as the same persons, and the 
description which some poets have given of the one, is apphed by 
other poets to the other. It seems, however, to have been the 
general opinion that the Graeae were only two in number, Pe- 
phredo and Enyo, and that they had only one eye and one tooth, 
which they used by turns. Of these Perseus (diss.) contrived to 
get possession while they were passed from the one to the other, 
and consented to restore them only on condition of their directing 
him to the abode of the Gorgons (iv. 15. 24.). Geminas sorores 
Phorcydas, partitas usvm unius lumi?ns, two sisters, daughters of 
Phorcys, who shared between them the use of one eye, iv. 15. 22. 
Gr. Ace. -das. 

Phorcynis, -idis, & -idos,/!, the daughter of Phorcys, i. e. 
INIedusa. Imponit ora MeduscB Phorcynidos, lays upon them the 
head of Medusa, the daughter of Phorcys, iv. 14. 81. Gr. Ace. -ida. 

Phorcus, -i, & Phorcys, -yos, m,, Phorcys, a son of Nep. 
tune, or of Pontus and Terra, who is said to have been king of 
Corsica and Sardinia. He was defeated in battle by Atlas, king of 
Mauritania, and being afterwards drowned, was worshipped by 
his subjects as a sea-deity. He married his sister Ceto, by whom 
he had the Gorgons and the Phorcydes, or Graeae. 

Phoronis, -idis, & -idos,/., PAorom.?, a patronymic applied 
to lo, from Phoriineus (tris.), who, according to some mytholo- 
gists, was the father, and, according to others, the son of Inachus. 
See lo and Inachus. 

Phrygia, -ae, /!, Phrygia, a province in the interior of Asia 
Minor, of which the natural limits were very irregular. To the 
north it bordered on Bithyniaand Galatia ; to the east, on Galatia 
and Cappadocia ; to the south, on Cilicia, Pisidia, and Lycia ; and 
to the west, on Caria, Lydia, and Mysia. The name is supposed 
by some critics to be derived from the Greek verb (p^vyu, to broil, 
and to allude to the volcanic or hurnt-vp appearance presented by 
the surface of the country. The Phrygians were remarkable in an 
early aga for the high state of civilisation to which they had at- 
tained ; they are said to have invented the pipe of reeds, and all 
sorts of needle-work, and to have brought music and dancing to 
such perfection, that they were copied even by the Greeks. Their 
chief deity was Cybele, whose festivals they observed with the 
greatest solemnity. This country possesses a sacred interest in 
connexion with the early propagation of Christianity. It contained 
the city Hierapolis, where was a Christian church, which is alluded 
to by St Paul ; Laodicea, one of the seven churches mentioned in 
the "Revelation of St John ; and Colossae, to the church of which 
St Paul addressed one of his epistles. The name of Phrygia 



PHR 283 PIE 

Minor was also given to a district of Mysia, the chief city of whicli 
was Troja. See Troja. 

Phrygius^ -a^ -um, adj., of, or relating to Phrygia, Phry- 
gian, Trojan. Ad Phrygias arces, to the Phrygian towers, i. e 
to the towers of Troy, xiii. 1 . 44. De Pkrygidgente, of the Phry- 
gian or Trojan nation, xiii. 1. 244. 

Phryx, -ygis, m,, a Phrygian, a Trojan, Phryges, the 
Trojans, xiii. 1. 389. 

Phryxeus, -a, -um, adj.^ of, or relating to Phryxus. Pos^ 
cunt Phryxea vellera, demand the fleece brought by Phryxus, vit. 
1. 7. 

Phryxus, -i, m., Phryxus, the son of Athamas, king of 
Thebes, and Nephele, who, to avoid the cruel persecution of his 
stepmother Ino, fled, along with his sister Helle, on a ram with a 
golden fleece, which was furnished by Neptune, at the request of 
Nephele, intending to go to j^etes, king of Colchis. The ram car- 
ried them through the air, and Helle becoming giddy from fear, fell 
into the strait, which was afterwards called from her Helles-Pon- 
tus, the Sea of Helle, now the Hellespont, or Dardanelles. 
Phryxus continued his flight, and arrived at Colchis, where he was 
hospitably entertained by ^etes, whose daughter, Chaleiope, was 
given to him in marriage. According to the directions which he had 
received from his mother, Phryxus sacrificed the ram to Mars, and 
gave the golden fleece to i^etes, who nailed it to an oak in the grove 
of Mars. Here it was guarded by bulls which breathed fire, and by 
a dragon which never slept, and continued suspended till the ar- 
rival of Jason and the Argonauts. T^^etes at first treated Phryxus 
with kindness, but afterwards killed him for the sake of the golden 
fleece, because he was told by an oracle that he should enjoy the 
kingdom so long as it remained in his possession. See Athamas, 
Ino and lason. 

Phthia, -ae,/., Phthia, a district of Phthiotis, the southern 
part of Thessaly, which extended from the Pagasaean Gulf to 
Mount Pindus. Phthia was the native country of Achilles, and 
here his father Peleus (diss.) reigned during the Trojan war. Ac- 
cording to some geographers, Phthia was the principal city of 
Phthiotis. (Arma) ferantur Phthiam Scyronve, let the arms (of 
Achilles) be conveyed to Phthia, i. e. to his father Peleus, or to 
Scyros, i. e. to his son Pyrrhus, xiii. 1. 156. See Pyrrhus. 

Pierjfdes, -um, /., the Pierides, the daughters of Pierus, king 
of Macedonia. They were nine in number, and cultivated music. 
Jealous of the superior reputation of the Muses, they challenged 
them to a contest, and being defeated were changed into magpies, 
V. 12. The muses are sometimes called Pierides. See Musae. 

Pieros, & Pierus, -i, m., Pierus, a rich king of Macedonia 



PIN 284 POEA 

or Thessaly, who married Euippe, and had by her the Pieridt^i. 
See Pierides. 

Pindus, -i, W., Pindus, or Agrafa, a lofty range of moun- 
tains, which forms the trunk of various branches in Macedonia, 
and enters Greece at the sources of the Peneus, separating the 
waters which fall into the Ionian Sea from those streams which 
discharge themselves into the iEgean. Pindus nearly divides the 
continent from north to south, forming the boundary between 
Thessaly and Epirus, and, after throwing off the various branches 
of Othrys, (Eta, and Corax, loses itself in the heights of Parnassus 
and Helicon. Pindus was one of the favourite haunts of the 
Muses. Some of the heights reach an elevation of 6000 or 7000 
feet. Effusus ah imo Findo, issuing from the bottom of Pindus, 
i. 11. 3. 

Pirenis, -idis, &-idos, adj.,f., of, or relating to Pirene, a 
fountain near Corinth, which derived its name from a nymph so 
called, who was said to have dissolved into tears at the death of 
her daughter Cenchrea, accidentally slain by Diana. This foun- 
tain was sacred to the Muses, and is stated to have possessed the 
property of tempering the Corinthian brass when plunged red hot 
into the stream. Ephyre (quaerit) Pirenidas nndaa, Corinth be- 
wails the loss of the waters of Pirene, ii. 1. 240. 

Pisa, -9e,y., Pisa, a city of Ehs, in the Peloponnesus, situate on 
the left bank of the Alpheus. Pisa was the city of Pelops, and for- 
merly disputed with EUs the presidency of the Olympic games. 
Tradition assigned its foundation to Pisus, a grandson of ^51us ; 
but as no trace of it remained, its very existence was questioned 
in later ages. 

PisiEUS, -a, -um, adj.^ of, or relating to Pisa, Pisccan. 
PiscBce Aretluisce, Arethusa from Pisa, a city of Elis, v. 6. (j^. 
See Arethusa. 

Pleias, -adis & -ados^ f., one of the Pleiades, or one of 
the Seven Stars. The Pleiades (4 syL), were the seven daugh- 
ters of Atlas and Pleione (4 syl.), one of the Oceanides, who, 
after death, were changed into a constellation, and placed in the 
back of the bull, the second sign of the zodiac. The name Pleiades 
as said to be derived from orXs/v, to sail, because that constellation 
shows the time most favourable for navigation, which is in spring ; 
and from this circumstance the Latins applied to it the name 
Vergilio', from ver, Qvfui lucida Pleias enixa citt, whom the 
bright Pleias (Maia) brought forth, i. e. Mercury, i. 12. 45. 

PcKantiades, -ae, m., the son ofPosas, i. e. Philoctetes. Quod 
Vvlcania Lemnas hahet Pceantiaden, because Lemnos, sacred to 
Vulcan, contains the son of Poeas, xiii. 1. 313. 

Poeantius, -a, -um., adj,, of or relating to, or proceeding 
from Pieas, Poian, Lemnos non haberet te, Pceantia proles, the 



POEA 285 POM 

Island of I.emnos would not contain thee, O son of Poeas, xiii. 1. 
45. 

Poeas, -antis, tw., Fceas, the father of Philoctetes, who is said 
to have been one of the Argonauts. Gr. Ace. -anta. 

Poemenis, -idis, & -idos. J*, Shepherdess^ the name of one 
of Actaeon's dogs. 

Polus, -i, 772., a pole, the end of the axle round which the 
wheel turns. In geography the poles are the extremities of the 
axis on which the earth performs its diurnal revolution ; and be- 
cause the one is always pointing northward and the other south- 
ward, the former is called the North Pole, and the latter the South 
Pole. The North Pole is called the Arctic, because it points to 
the constellation of the Great and Little Bears {AoKro$^ ; and the 
South Pole is called the Antarctic, because it is opposite (ecvn) the 
Arctic. Pulus is often used by the poets to signify heaven. 
Australem polum, the South or Antarctic Pole, ii. 1. 131. Gla- 
ciali polo, the icy or North Pole, ii. 1. 173. See Axis. 

Polycrates, -is, m.y Polycrates, who was kino^ of Samos at 
the time when Pythagoras returned from his travels with the in- 
tention of establishing his school of philosophy in his native island. 
But the government of Polycrates and his brothers was so offensive 
to the philosopher that he left Samos and retired to Italy. Poly- 
crates is celebrated among the ancients for his extraordinary good 
fortune. His prosperity was such that he is said never to have 
met with any cross accident. To put this to the test he was in- 
duced to throw a valuable ring into the sea, and soon after found 
it in the entrails of a fish which was sent to him. He was at last 
murdered by Orcetes, the Persian governor of Magnesia. 

Pompeius {tris.) (Sextus), -i, w., Sextus Pompeius, was 
the youngest son of Pompey the Great. After the battle of Mun- 
da (b. c. 45), which nearly extinguished the hopes of the repub- 
lican party, and in which his brother Cneius was slain, S. Pompey 
supported himself for some time in Spain by joining a party of rob- 
bers, and collected a considerable force even in the lifetime of Caesar. 
The death of the Dictator opened up to him a new and a more 
cheering prospect; and had he possessed the prudence and sagacity 
of his father, he might probably have rendered himself as great and 
formidable. Being ranked by the Triumvirs among the assassins 
of Caesar, he took possession of Sicily, where he was soon joined 
by a large number of those who had been prosciibed, and waged 
war with Augustus and Antony so successfully, that they were 
obliged to conclude a peace with him on very advantageous terms. 
By these he secured for himself and his followers an immunity from 
the proscription, and permission to return to Rome. On this oc- 
casion Octavianus and Antony supped with Sextus on board his 
ship. During the entertainment, Menas, one of his captains, pro- 
posed to Sextus that he should murder his guests and make him- 



PON 286 PRO 

self master of the Roman empire ; but Soxtus refused, observin:^ 
that it was unbecoming the son of Pompey to act with such dupli- 
city. This friendly meeting, however, was not productive of anv 
permanent advantages. Sextus could not brook a superior ; he 
soon afjer commenced hostilities, and though he had it in his power 
on several occasions to vanquish his adversaries, he did not avail 
himself of the opportunities. Confidence in his superior force by 
sea at last proved fatal to him. Having been entirely defeated by 
Augustus in a sea-engagement near Sicily, chiefly by the abilities 
of Agrippa (xv. 9. 81.), he took refuge with Antony, and was 
killed by one of his generals in the 40th year of his age (b. c. 35.). 

Pontus, -i.j m., Pontus, a province in the north-east of Asia 
Minor, bounded on the west by Paphlagonia and Galatia; on the 
south, by Cappadocia ; on the east, by Armenia and Colchis ; and 
on the north, by the Euxine. The name of Pontus was first ap- 
plied by the Greeks to the whole tract of country along the south- 
ern shores of the Euxine, but was afterwards limited to the prO' 
vince above described. The most remarkable king of Pontus was 
Mithridates the Great, whose ambitious designs upon the kingdom 
of Cappadocia, of w^hich he had been deprived bv the Romans, in- 
volved him in a war with the latter people, which ended in his de- 
feat and death. See Mithridates. 

Priamides, -ae, m., nson, or descendant of Priam, Helenum 
Priamiden, Helenus, the son of Priam, xiii. 1. 99. 

Priamus, -i., m., Priam, the son of Laomedon, and the last 
king of Troy. His proper name, it is said, was Podarces, but 
having been taken by Hercules at the conquest of Troy (See Her- 
cules), he was ransomed by his sister Hesione, and assumed the 
name of Priam, from cr^/a^a/, I purchase. He was placed by 
Hercules on the throne of Troy, and had fifty sons, seventeen of 
whom were born by Hecuba, the daughter of Cisseus (diss.), a 
neighbouring prince. Of his children by Hecuba, the most cele- 
brated were Hector, Helenus, Paris, Polyxena, &c. Priam sur- 
vived the death of most of his sons, who fell in defence of their native 
city, and was himself cruelly murdered by Pyrrhus, the son of 
Achilles, at the altar of Jupiter, during the night on which Troy 
was taken by the Greeks. See Pyrrhus. 

Prometheus {tris.), -ei, & -eos, m., Prometheus, th« son 
of lapetus and Clymene, and brother of Atlas and Epimetheus 
(4 syl.). Prometheus is said to have made a man of clay, and to 
have animated him by fire which he stole from the chariot of the 
sun with the assistance of Minerva. Jupiter, provoked at his im- 
piety, ordered Vulcan to make a woman of the same material, 
which Minerva animated, and the other gods and goddesses gave 
her presents ; — Venus, beauty ; Apollo, music; Mercury, eloquence, 
&,c.. whence she was called Pandora {all-gift). Jupiter gave her a 



PRO 287 PSE 

box, requesting her to present it to the man who married her. 
She first took it to Prometheus, but he, suspecting some concealed 
mischief, refused it. She next went to Epimetheus, who was less 
cautious, took the box, opened it, and from it proceeded all the 
diseases and plagues which have since infested the human race, 
Hope alone remaining at the bottom. Prometheus, for his impiety, 
was chained to one of the summits of Mount Caucasus, where a 
vulture preyed upon his liver for a thousand years, till he was 
released by Hercules. Prometheus was the father of Deucalion. 
See Deucalion. 

PromethideSj -se, m., the son of Prometheus^ i. e. Deucalion. 
See Deucahon. 

Proserpina, -ae, /!, Proserpine, the daughter of Ceres by 
Jupiter, and wife of Pluto, who carried her off while gathering 
flowers along with her attendant nymphs on the plains of Henna in 
Sicily (See Ceres). As queen of the infernal regions, Proserpine 
presided over the death of mankind, and in the opinion of the an« 
cients, no one could die, unless either the goddess herself, or her 
minister Atropos, cut off a lock of hair from his head. In conse- 
quence of this belief it was usual to cut off a lock of hair from the 
deceased, and strew it at the door of the house, as an offering to 
Proserpine. Proserpine is represented seated on a throne along 
with Pluto. This goddess is sometimes confounded with Hecate. 
Proserpina repetet ccelum, Proserpine shall retm-n to heaven, v. 8. 
69. See Hecate. 

Proteus {diss.), -ei, & -eos^ w., Proteus, a sea-deity, the 
son of Neptune and Phoenice, or, according to others, of Oceanus 
and Tethys. He received from Is eptune the gift of prophecy, and 
was often consulted by those who wished to obtain a knowledge of 
futurity. He possessed the power of changing his shape at plea- 
sure (hence he is called Amhiguum Protea, shape- changing Pro- 
teus, ii. 1. 9.) : and was therefore very difficult of access. Proteus 
usually resided in the Carpathian Sea, where, like the rest of the 
sea-deities, he is represented as reposing himself on the shore. It 
was necessary for the person who consulted him to take him by 
surprise and bind him, otherwise he made his escape by assuming 
different forms. Proteus is represented by Virgil and Horace as 
the keeper of Neptune's sea calves. 

Prothoenor, -oris, m., Prothoenor, a man who was killed by 
Hypseus {diss.) at the marriage of Perseus {dii,s.). Gr. Ace, -ora. 

Prytanis, -is, m., Prytanis, one of the companions of Sar- 
pedon, king of Lycia, who was killed at Troy by Ulysses. Gr, 
Ace. -in. 

Psecas^ -adis, & -ados,/., Psecas {a dnp), a nymph in the 
train of Diana. 



PSO 288 PYR 

PsophaiCUS, -a, -um, adj., of, or relating to Psophis, now 
Tripotamia, a town of Arcadia, situate near the source of the 
Erymanthus. Cum Psopha'ico Erymantho, with the Eryman- 
thus, which flows past Psophis, ii. 1. 244. 

PterelaSj -ae, rw., Swiftwing, the name of one of Actaeon's 
dogs. Pterelas utilis pedibus. Swift-wing, dexterous with his 
feet, iii. 2. 82. 

Pylius, -a, -um., adj., of, or relating to Pt/los, Pylian. 
^quaverit Pylios annos, shall have equalled the age of the Pylian 
sage, i. e. Nestor, xv. 9. 94. 

Pylos, «& Pylus, -i,/., Pylos. There were three towns of 
this name in the Peloponnesus, for all of which claims have been 
advanced for the honour of giving birth to Nestor. One of 
them was situate in Elis at the foot of iNIount Pholoe, near the La- 
don, a tributary of the Peneus ; another in Triphylia, the south- 
ern division of Elis, the claims of which are supported by Strabo. 
Pylos of Triphylia, now Biskini, is placed by this geogTapher at a 
distance of thirty stadia from the coast, towards the source of the 
small river Amathus. The third, which was in Messenia, and is 
now called Old Navarino, was placed at the northern entrance of 
the Gidf of Navarino, and was celebrated at a later period for 
the brilliant successes obtained there by the Athenians in the Pe- 
loponnesian war. The maritime situation of this Pylos accords 
better with Homer's description of the Nelean city, than either of the 
two already mentioned. 

Pyramus, -i, m., Pyramus, a youth of Babylon, who became 
enamoured of Thisbe, a beautiful virgin, living in a contiguous 
house. After their interviews had been prohibited by their pa- 
rents, they continued to express their mutual passion through a 
chink in the wall which separated the houses. They agreed to 
elude by night the vigilance of their friends, and to meet under a 
white mulberry tree at the tomb of Ninus, without the walls of 
Babylon. Thisbe arrived first at the appointed place, but being 
alarmed by the sudden appearance of a lioness, took refuge in a 
neighbouring cave. As she fled, she dropped her veil, which the 
lioness found and besmeared with blood. Pyramus, who arrived 
soon after, found the veil, and concluding that his mistress had 
been torn in pieces, stabbed himself with his sword. Thisbe, when 
her fears vanished, returned from the cave, and finding her lover 
in the agonies of death, fell upon the sword, which was still reek- 
ing with his blood. The mulberry tree, according to Ovid, was 
stained with the blood of the lovers, and ever after bore fruit of a 
bloody colour. 

Pyreneus {tris.), -ei, & -eos, m., Pyreneus, a Thracian, 
who had seized on Daulia and Phocis. He saw the Muses going 
to the temple on Parnassus (v. 4. 29.), and feigning great respect. 



PYR 289 PYT 

invited them to take shelter under his roof from an approaching 
storm. The Muses accepted the invitation, and when the tempest 
was over were about to depart ; but their host closed his doors, and 
prepared to offer them violence. The goddesses taking wing flew 
off; and Pyreneus attempting to follow them through the air was 
dashed in pieces on the ground. 

Pyroeis, -entis, m.y Pyroeis {fiery), the name of one of the 
horses of the sun. 

Pyrrha, -ae,/, Pyrrha, the daughter of Epimetheus {4= syl.) 
and Pandora, and the wife of Deucalion, who, along with her 
husband, restored the human race after the deluge. See Deucalion 
and Diluvium. 

Pyrrhus, -i, m., Pyrrhus, a son of Achilles by Deidamia, 
the daughter of Lycomedes, king of Scyros. He was called 
Pyrrhus, from the yellow colour of his hair, and Neoptolemus 
{new soldier), because he was brought to Troy when very young, 
towards the conclusion of the famous siege, in consequence of a 
prediction of Calchas, that the city could not be taken without him. 
At Troy he signalized himself by his valour and cruelty ; he killed 
Polites, one of the sons of Priam, and with the same sword mur- 
dered the aged king, who had taken refuge at the altar of Jupiter. 
By the advice of Helenus, he was the last of the Greeks who left 
Troy, and thereby escaped the storm to which Ulysses, Ajax, and 
the other chiefs were exposed. He afterwards settled in Epirus, 
and took with him Andromache, the wife of Hector, whom he sub- 
sequently gave in marriage to Helenus. 

Pythagoras, -ae, W., PyMa^oms, a distinguished philosopher, 
who IS said to have been born at Samos, about b. c. 5S6. The 
history of Pythagoras, beyond that of any other of the ancient phi- 
losophers, is enveloped in fable and mystery. The place, as well 
as the time of his birth, was much disputed by the writers of an- 
tiquity. His father, Mnesarchus, was a person of distinction ; and 
Pythagoras therefore received the education most calculated to en- 
lighten his mind and invigorate his body. Like his contemporaries, 
he was early made acquainted with poetry and music, — devoted him- 
self to the study of eloquence and astronomy, and in his eighteenth 
year obtained the prize for wrestling at the ( )lympic games. After 
acquiring this distinction in his native island, he resolved to visit 
foreign countries in quest of knowledge, and went to Egypt, at that 
time the school of philosophy and science. He was there received 
with great kindness by Amasis the king, and remained twenty-two 
years, during which time he became deeply versed in the science and 
mysteries of the Egyptian priesthood. Leaving Egypt he proceeded 
to Babylon, where he became acquainted with the learning and phi- 
losophy of the east, and returned to Samos in his sixtieth year. 
Being desirous that his fellow-citizens should reap the benefit of his 
travels and studies, he attempted to establish a school for their in- 

K 



PYT 290 PYT 

struction in the elements of science. Displeased, according to Ovid 
(xv. 2. 61. )j with the tyranny of Polycrates, he retired from the 
island in disgust, passed over into Italy, and settled at Croto, a city on 
the Bay of Tarentum, where he opened a school with great success. 
He also taught his doctrines in many other cities of Italy, and ob- 
tained numerous disciples, who held him in a degree of respect 
little short of adoration. He was not, however, allowed to prose- 
cute his labours unmolested. The spirit of innovation which he 
displayed excited against him powerful enemies, whose hostility 
proved fatal to him in his eightieth year. Pythagoras was the first 
who assumed the name of Philosopher, or lover of wisdom. He 
seems to have been fully aware of the sanctity which new opinions 
derive from mystery, and the means which he employed to re- 
commend his doctrines, unquestionably rank him among impos- 
tors. He admitted no disciple without a careful investigation into 
his previous character, and an examination of his features and exter- 
nal appearance. Upon all his auditors he imposed silence for a cer- 
tain time ; those who were talkative were obliged to listen for five 
years, while those who possessed a natural taciturnity were allowed 
to speak after a probation of two years. They were also obliged 
to abstain from animal food, and from beans. In imitation of 
the Egyptian priests, whose doctrines he had imbibed, he adopted 
the symbolical method of instruction, and in this veiled manner 
treated of God and the human soul, and delivered many precepts 
relating to the conduct of life, political as well as civil. He also 
made considerable advances in the arts and sciences, particularly in 
music, arithmetic, and geometry. To him is ascribed the discovery 
of the musical chords, and the construction of the common multi- 
plication-table. In astronomy, Pythagoras made great progress, 
and is even believed to have been possessed of the true idea of tl. 
solar system, which, after a long interval, was revived by Copern: 
cus, and has since been fully established by Newton. The most 
famous of his doctrines was that of the metefnpsi/chudiSy or trans- 
migration of souls ; which he probably derived from the Egyptian 
priests. In proof of this doctrine, he professed to remember thi* 
various bodies which his soul had animated before it entered the sen 
of Mnesarchus. He recollected having been first iEthalides, the 
son of Mercury, then Euphorbus (See Euphorbus), then Pyrrhus 
of Delos, and at last Pythagoras. 

Pythia, -orum, n., the Pythian games. These games were 
celebrated on the plain of Crissa near Delphi, in honour of Apollo, 
and are said to have been instituted by the god himself to comme- 
morate his victory over the serpent Python. They were originally 
celebrated once in nine years, but afterwards every fifth year. The 
contests consisted of running, leaping, wrestling, boxing, and 
throwing the discus or quoit, which, from their number, were called 
Pentathlon. The place where these contests were exhibited was 
called stadium, and the reward bestowed upon the victor was a 



PYT 291 QUI 

crown or wreath of laurel. The other solemn games of Greece 
were the Olympic, the Isthmian, and the Nemean. Dictos Py^ 
thia de nomine domiti serpentis, called Pythia, from the name ol 
the serpent which he had killed, i. 9. 32. 

Python, -onis, m., Python^ a celebrated serpent, said to have 
sprung from the mud and stagnant waters which remained on the sur- 
face of the earth after the deluge (i. 9. 23, &c.). This serpent was 
employed by Juno to persecute Latona before the birth of Apollo and 
Diana, and having afterwards taken refuge in Mount Parnassus, 
was there killed by Apollo, who in consequence received the name 
of Pythius, and instituted the Pythian Games to commemorate his 
victory. Stravimus tumidum Pythona innumeris sagittis, I killed 
the swollen Python with innumerable arrows, i. 10. 9. Gr. 
Ace. -ona. See Latona and Pythia. 

Q. 
Quirlnus, -i, m., Quirinus, a name applied by the Romans 
to Romulus, their first king, after his deification ; derived either 
from Quirisy a Sabine term for a spear, or from Cures, a Sabine 
city. Romulus was the son of the god Mars and Ilia or Rhea 
Sylvia, the daughter of Numitor, king of Alba Longa. Amuhus, 
the brother of iNumitor, dispossessed him of his kingdom, and, to 
deprive him of all hopes of offspring, put his sons to death, and 
forced his daughter Ilia to become a Vestal virgin (See Vesta). 
Ilia, however, became pregnant, and endeavoured to palliate her 
offence by alleging that it was by Mars, the god of war. She gave 
birth to two sons, whom Amulius ordered to be thrown into the 
Tiber, and herself to be cast into prison, or put to death. The river 
happened at the time to have overflowed its banks, and the servants 
to whom the cruel task was intrusted being unable to reach the 
current, the vessel in which the infants were exposed was left on 
dry ground when the water subsided. Here they were suckled by 
a she-wolf till they were found by Faustulus the king's shepherd, 
who earned them to his cottage, and brought them up as his own 
children, giving them the names of Romulus and Remus. The 
twins, after spending eighteen years among the shepherds, were 
made acquainted with their real origin, put Amulius to death, and 
restored their grandfather Numitor to the throne. Joined by a 
number of their former companions they resolved to build a city, 
where their boyhood had been spent, and founded Rome on Mount 
Aventinus on the 21st of April b. c. 753. To determine which of 
them should give name to the new city they had recourse to omens, 
and these being declared in favour of Romulus, he called it Roma, 
and assumed the government. He now adopted various means to 
increase the number of his subjects ; he opened an asylum for 
fugitives from the neighbouring tribes, received all who were willing 
to join his standard, and also extended his territories by conquest. 
Elated by his success he became tyrannical, and after a reign of 



RHA 292 RHE 

S8 years, disappeared while employed in reviewing his army. It 
was commonly believed that he was translated to heaven, and his 
superstitious subjects acting upon this belief, deemed him worthy 
of divine honours, and ranked him among the gods, under the title 
of Qiiirinus. Populo Quirini, to the people of Quirinus, i. e. to 
the Romans, xv. 9. 12. 

R. 

Rhamnusia, -se, /., Rhamnusia, a name given to the god* 
dess Nemesis, from Rhamnus, now Evreo Castro, a town in Attica, 
where she was worshipped, and where she had a temple with a co- 
lossal statue of Parian marble by Phidias. Nemesis was one of the 
infernal deities, the daughter of Nox, and was regarded as the god- 
dess of impartial justice, who dealt out to each individual according 
to his deserts ; and also as the goddess of just and equitable ven- 
geance, who chastised and humbled the proud and insolent trans- 
gressor. Hence she was invoked to punish Narcissus for his inso- 
lence and pride (iii. 6.). The temple of this goddess at Rhamnus is 
said to have been built of the marble which the Persians brought 
with them to the plain of Marathon, to commemorate their expected 
victory. 

Rhanis_, -idis, & -idos_,/*., Rhanis, a nymph in the train of 
Diana. 

Rhenus, -l^ r?l., the Rhine, a large river which rises in Swit- 
zerland, a little to the east of Mount St Gothard, and flows north- 
east through the Grisons to the Lacus Brigantinus, the Lake of 
Constance. From this its course is due west to Basil, where it 
takes a northerly direction, and becomes the boundary between 
France and Germany, and afterwards between the latter country 
and Belgium. It then crosses Rhenish Prussia, and enters Hol- 
land ; on the borders of which country it sends off a large 
stream on the left, called the Vahalis, or JFaal, which, flows west 
and joins the Maese. A few miles farther north it throws off 
another branch on the right, called the Flevo, or Flevum, the 
Jssel, which flows north, joins the Old Issel from Germany, and 
enters the Zuyder Zee. At Wyck it throws off a third branch, 
called the Helium, or Leek, which joins the Maese above Rotter- 
dam. The river being thus nearly drained of its waters loses itself 
in the sand on the west coast. The Rhine formerly entered the 
North Sea by two mouths, and hence it is called Bicoriiis by Vir- 
gil. Of these the southern one was that of the Maese, then called 
Helium Ostium ; the northern was that which is now called the 
Old Rhine, To these a third was subsequently added, which en- 
tered the sea between the islands Vlieland and Schelling. This 
last was effected by the canal of Drusus, which united the Rhine 
and the Issel. In progress of time the sea made rapid inroads round 
this new mouth of the Rhine, till at last it covered the adjoining 



RHE 293 ROM 

country, and formed the great inlet now known as the Zuyder Zee, 
The course of the Rhine is estimated at 830 miles. 

Rhesus^ -i, m., Rhesus, a king of Thrace, the son of Eioneus 
(4 syl.)y or, according to others, of Strymon, by the Muse Euterpe, 
who came to assist the Trojans during the famous siege. His ar- 
rival was expected with great impatience, on account of the pre- 
diction of an ancient oracle, that Troy could not be taken if the 
horses of Rhesus tasted the grass on the plains of Troy, or drank 
of the waters of the Xanthus. The Greeks, who were aware of 
the oracle, resolved, if possible, to prevent its fulfilment, and com- 
missioned Ulysses and Diomedes to intercept him. Rhesus reached 
Troy late in the evening after the gates were shut, and was obliged 
to remain all night in front of the city. The Grecian chiefs entered 
his tent, killed the Thracian king, got possession of his horses, and 
carried them in triumph to their camp. Petii tentoria Rhesi, 1 
went to the tent of Rhesus, xiii. 1. 249. 

Rhodanus, -i, m., the Rhone, a large and rapid river which 
rises in Mount St Gothard, not far from the source of the Rhine, 
and flows westward to the Lacus Lemanus, the Lake of Geneva. 
Reappearing at the town of Geneva, it turns to the south, and 
forms the boundary between Savoy and France. After entering 
France it receives the Arar, or Saone, at Lyons, maintains a south- 
erly course, and discharges itself by three mouths into the Sinus 
Gallicus, the Gulf of Lyons. The western mouth was called Os- 
tium Hispaniense, from its being next to Spain ; to the east of it 
was the Ostium Metapinum ; the third and largest was the Ostium 
Massilioticum, so called from its being nearest to Massilia, Mar- 
seilles. This last is now the main arm of the river, and therefore 
preserves the appellation of the Rhone. The length of the Rhone 
is 540 miles, during which it falls 5,400 feet. 

Rhodope, -es, /., Rhodope, now Despoto Bag, a lofty range 
of mountains in Thrace, which detaches itself from Mount Sco- 
mius at its junction with HaRmus, and extends through the western 
and southern parts of that country. Rhodope was the birthplace 
of Mars, and, according to the fable, received its name from Rho- 
dope, the wife of Hsemus, king of Thrace, who was changed into 
this mountain for presuming to rival Juno. Rhodope tandem cari- 
tura nivibus, Rhodope, destined at length to be relieved of its 
snow, ii. 1. 222. Gr. Ace. -en. 

Rhoetus, -i, m., Rhcetus, one of the companions of Phineus 
{diss.), who was killed by Perseus {diss.) at his marriage with 
Andromeda. Cuspis non irrita adhcBsit f route Rhceti, the spear 
taking effect stuck in the forehead of Rhoetus, v. i. 38. 

Roma^ se,J'.y Rome, the metropolis of Italy, and once the 
mistress of the world, was situate in Latium, on the left bank of 
the Tiber, fifteen miles from its mouth. The question respecting 
the origin of Rome and the name of its founder has been fro- 



ROM 294 ROM 

quently ajptated, and still remains undecided. According to the po- 
pular account it was founded bv Romulus (See Quirinus) on the Pa- 
latine hill on the 21st of April b. c. 753, and 431 years after the 
destruction of Troy. The form of the city was at first square, its 
extent small, and the adjoining territory very circumscribed. But 
that it was a city of some consequence when Romulus dictated its 
laws seems evident from the pomp and royalty with which he was then 
surrounded. The succeeding kmgs added to the extent and beauty 
of the city, till, in the reign of Servius Tidlius, it included the seven 
hills on the left bank of the Tiber, as well as the Janiculum, on 
the opposite side of the river. From its position Rome obtained 
the epithet SepticoUis. The seven hills were : Palatinus in the 
centre, with Quirinalis on the north ; Viminalis, E>quilmus, and 
Coelius, on the east ; Aventinus on the south ; and Capitolinus on 
the west. The city at this time was divided into faur regions ; 
the Suburana, Esquilina, Collina, and Palatina ; it had M7 gates, 
the circuit of the walls being about 60 stadia. This extent of Rome 
continued with but little alteration till the time of the emperor 
Aurehan, who included the Campus Martius, a large plain lying 
between the Tiber and the Quirinal and Capitoiine Hills, and 
added to it in various quarters till its circumference amounted to 
fifteen miles. The houses of the Romans are supposed to have 
been at first merely cottages thatched with straw. The burning 
of the city by the Gauls (a. u. 364) afforded an opportunity of 
rebuilding it in a more solid and commodious manner ; but the ne- 
cessary haste prevented due attention from being paid to the regula- 
rity of the streets. It was in the time of Augustus that Rome was 
first adorned with splendid buildings ; hence that emperor used 
to boast that he had found it of brick, but should leave it of mar- 
ble. Some of the most remarkable places in Rome were, the Ca- 
pitol (See Capitolium), and Tarpeiun Rock on the Capitoiine 
Hill ; the Palace of Augustus on the Palatine ; the Forum (See 
Forum), between the Palatine and Capitoiine hills ; eastward, the 
Coliseum, or Amphitheatre of Vespasian ; and between the i ala- 
tine and Aventine hills, the Circus Maximus. Besides these, Rome 
was adorned with numerous temples, public baths, and magnificent 
aqueducts, by which water was brought into the city from a great 
distance. Among the works of public utihty in Rome none seem to 
have excited greater admiration in the ancients themselves, than the 
CloaccBy or sewers. The largest of these, called the Cloaca Max- 
ma, was intended to carry off the water which stagnated in the 
low grounds near the Forum, with the other impurities of the city. 
It was begun by Tarquinius Priscus, and finished by Tarquinms 
Superbus. 

Romanus, -a, -um, adj., of, or belonging to the Romans, 
Roman. Romanum nomen, the Roman name, the Roman em- 
pire, i. 6. 39. Quaque Romana potentia patet domitis terris, 
wheraver the Roman power extends over the subjugated world. 



SAG 295 SAT 

XV. 9. 133. Romani ducis, of the Roman general, i.e. Antony, 
XV. 9. 82. 



SagittariuSj -ii, m., the archer, one of the twelve signs of the 
•zodiac. According to the fable, the Centaur Chiron was wo'imded 
in the knee by Hercules with one of his poisoned arrows. The 
hero immediately ran to the assistance of his preceptor, but as the 
wound was incurable, and the cause of excruciating pains, Chiron 
entreated Jupiter to deprive him of immortahty. The king of the 
gods listened to his prayers, and placed him among the constella- 
tions under the name of Sagittarius. See HaBmonius and Zodiacus. 

SamiuS;, -a, -um, adj., of, or relating to the island of Sa. 
mos, Samian. Also as a Sub., a native of Samos, a Samian. 
Samius ortv, a Samian by birth, viz., Pythagoras, xv. 2. 1. See 
Pythagoras. 

Samos, -i^y., Samos, now Santo, an island in the ^Egean 
Sea, which lies off the coast of Ionia in Asia Minor, and is divided 
from the promontory of Mycale by a narrow channel. Samos is 
about sixty miles in circumference, and was famous for the wor- 
ship of Juno, who was said to have been born in the island, and for 
a magnificent temple of this goddess, which was a noted asylum for 
oflFenders. To Samos is likewise assigned the honour of having 
given birth to Pythagoras. This island was anciently proverbial 
for its fertility, the fineness of the climate, and the purity of the 
atmosphere. Its chief town was Samos, now Megali Chora. 

Sarpedon, -onis, w., Sarpedon, the son of Jupiter by Lao- 
damia, the daughter of Bellerophon. He became king of Lycia, 
and, accompanied by a select party of his subjects, went to assist 
Priam during the siege of Troy. After kiUing many of the Greeks, 
he was himself wounded by Tlepolemus, king of Rhodes, and slain 
by Patroclus. Ulysses boasts (xiii. 1. 255, &c. ), that he had 
killed many of the companions of Sarpedon. There was another 
hero of the same name who was the son of Jupiter and Europa, 
and the brother of uEacus and Rhadamanthus. Quid referam 
agmina Lycii Sarpedonis dfvastata meoferro, why should I men- 
tion the troops of Sarpedon, king of Lycia, which were destroyed 
by my sword ? xiii. 1. 255. 

Saturnia, -ae,/., the daughter of Saturn, i. e. Juno. See 
Juno. 

Saturnius, -ii, m., a son of Saturn, It is applied to Pluto, 
V. 6. 80. 

Saturnius, -a, -um, adj., of or relating to Saturn^ Saturman. 
Saturnius pater, the Saturnian father, i. e. Jupiter, i. 6. I. Sa- 
turnia Juno, Juno, the daughter of Saturn, iv. 11. 33. 

Saturnus, -i, m., Saturn^ the youngest son of CcbIus. or UrS-- 



SAT 296 SAT 

nus {heaven) and Terra (earth). At the request of his mother 
he mutilated his father by means of a scythe with which she fur- 
nished him. He then occupied the chief place among the Titans, 
or children of Heaven and Earth, and married his sister Rhea, or 
Ops. His elder brother Titan ceded to him the crown on condi- 
tion that he should rear no male offspring. He is therefore said to ' 
have devoured all his sons till the birth of Jupiter, when Rhea 
deceived her husband by substituting a stone, which the voracious 
god devoured instead of him. By a similar artifice she saved 
Neptune and Pluto (See Jupiter and Neptunus). Titan being in- 
formed that the male children of Saturn were preserved and edu- 
cated privately, made war upon him, dethroned him, and put him 
in prison along with Rhea. Jupiter, who was now grown up to 
manhood, collected a body of Cretans, defeated Titan and his sons, 
liberated his parents, and replaced his father on the throne. Sa- 
turn, not long after, forgetting the kind services of his son, con- 
spired against him ; but Jupiter, assisted by his brothers, Neptune 
and Pluto, banished his father, and divided his dominions (v. 6. 
28.). He assigned the sea to Neptune, the infernal regions to 
Pluto, and reserved the heavens and earth to himself. Saturn 
being thus expelled from his kingdom wandered over many countries 
in quest of a settlement, and at last arrived in Italy, where he 
was kindly received by Janus, king of the country, who admitted 
him to a share of the government. Here the god employed him- 
self in civilizing the barbarous inhabitants, by teaching them agri- 
culture and the liberal arts ; and from the happiness which these 
improvements produced, his reign obtained the name of the golden 
age. From him Italy was called Saturnia, and the district where 
he settled Latium, because he concealed himself (Jatuit) there. 
After Saturn disappeared from the earth, Janus instituted, in honour 
of him, a festival, called Saturnalia^ which was afterwards cele- 
brated by the Romans with great pomp in the middle of December. 
The Saturnalia were at first confined to one day, then extended 
to three, and, in the time of the emperors, to five. The utmost 
liberty prevailed during the celebration ; all was mirth and festivity ; 
friends sent presents to each other; no war was proclaimed, no 
criminal executed ; slaves were permitted to jest with their masters, 
and were even waited on at table by them. This last circumstance 
was probably founded on the original equahty which was supposed 
to exist among men in the reign of Saturn. Saturn is the god of 
time, and is usually represented as an old man. holding in his right 
hand a scythe with a serpent, which bites its own tail, an emblem 
of time and of the revolution of the year. In his left hand he 
holds a child, which he raises up to his head, as if on the point of 
devouring it. 

Satyrus^ -i, m., a Satyr. The Satyrs were a sort of rural 
deities, represented with human bodies, but with the legs and feet 
of a goat, short horns on their forehead, and their bodies covered 



SCO 297 SCY 

with hair. They chiefly attended on Bacchus, were remarkable 
for their nimbleness, cunning, loquacity, and amorous dispositions, 
and were said to inhabit the woods, fields, and mountains. A3 
rural deities they received offerings of the first fruits of every thing. 

Scorpios, & Scorpius, -11., m., the Scorpion, one of the twelve 
signs of the zodiac, between Libra and Sagittarius, which was 
said to have occupied the space afterwards assigned to two con- 
stellations. Hence Ovid says, Uhi Scorpios concavat hrachia 
in geminos arcus, et porrigit membra in spatium duorum signo- 
rum^ where the scorpion bends his claws in a double curve, and 
stretches his body over the space of two constellations, i. e. over 
the space which was afterwards occupied by the Scorpion and 
Libra, ii. L 195. According to the fable, Orion, a famous hunter, 
had excited the anger of Tellus, by boasting that there was no ani- 
mal which he could not kill ; the goddess, to punish his vanity, sent 
a scorpion, by the bite of which he died ; and Jupiter honoured the 
courage of the serpent by changing it into a constellation. Scor- 
pion curvmitem hrachia longo circuitu, the scorpion bending his 
claws in an extended curve, ii. I. 83. Gr. Ace. -on. See Orion. 

Scylla, -ae,/., Scylta, a rocky promontory on the Italian side of 
the Strait of JMessina, opposite to the whirlpool Charybdis, on the 
coast of Sicily. Scylla, according to the fable, was the beautiful 
daughter of Phorcys, or of Typho, and the friend and companion of 
the Nereids. The sea-god Glaucus saw and fell in love with her ; 
and being rejected in his suit, applied to Circe to exercise her magi- 
cal arts in his favour. Circe wished him to transfer his affections 
to herself; and filled with rage at his refusal, poured the juice 
of some poisonous herbs into the fountain in which Scylla was ac- 
customed to bathe, and thus transformed her into a monster with 
twelve feet, six long necks, with a terrific head and three rows of 
close-set teeth on each. Alarmed by this sudden metamorphosis, 
Scylla threw herself into that part of the sea which separates Italy 
from Sicily, and was changed into rocks, which were deemed by the 
ancients very dangerous to sailors. During a storm the waves are 
described as roaring dreadfully when dashed against the points and 
cavities of the rocks, and to this circumstance is probably to be 
ascribed the fable of the dogs with which some of the ancient 
poets have encircled her waist. Rapax Scylla cincla scevis cani- 
hus (dicitur) latrare Siculo prqfundo, ravenous Scylla encompassed 
with furious dogs is said to bark in the Sicilian Sea, vii. 1. 6b. See 
Charybdis. 

Scyros^ & Scyrus, -i, /., Scyros, now Skyro, an island in the 
u^gean Sea, which lies to the east of Euboea, and has a town of the 
same name. Lycomedes was king of this island when Achilles 
concealed himself there, to escape going to the Trojan war. Scyros 
was celebrated for a superior breed of goats, and also fur its wine and 

b2 



SCY 298 SEM 

marble, which were held in high estimation. The circumference cf 
the island is about sixty miles. See Achilles. 

Scythia, -ae, f.^ Scythia^ a name applied by the more early 
authors to the northern part of the earth, comprehending that im- 
mense tract of country which extends from Scandinavia, the Da- 
nube and the Vistula, to the most easterly limits of the known world. 
The greater part of this country was altogether unknown to the 
ancients, and the northern portion of it was believed by them to be 
uninhabitable from its extreme coldness. In this general sense 
Scythia is employed by Ovid, i. 2. 33. and ii. 1. 224. Scythia, as 
defined by ancient geographers, was bounded on the west by Sar- 
raatia Asiatica, on the east by Serica, on the south by the Persian 
provinces and India, and on the north by the unknown regions, 
it was divided by Mount Imaus, a branch of the Altaian Moun- 
tains, into Scythia intra Imamn on the north, which corresponded 
generally with Independent Tartary ; and Scythia extra Imaum, 
which corresponded with the modern province of Mongolia. The 
Scythians were divided into numerous tribes ; they possessed no 
towns, but led a wandering life ; they inured themselves to labour 
and fatigue, and are represented by some authors as living on hu- 
man flesh, and drinking the blood of their enemies. According to 
other accounts they lived on milk, and clothed themselves with the 
skins of their cattle ; they despised money, and instinctively prac- 
tised that philosophy and virtue which among other nations were 
the result of long-continued civilisation. They were remarkable 
for the great veneration which they paid to their kings. 

Semele^ -es, f., Semele, the daughter of Cadmus and Harmo- 
nia, who attracted the notice of Jupiter and became pregnant by 
him. While she was in this condition Jupiter ph^dged himself to 
prove his affection for her by granting her whatever she should 
ask ; and Juno, ever jealous of her husband's amours, assuming the 
form of her nurse Beroe, urged her to request the king of the gods 
to come to her in the same majesty as he approached his queen. 
Jupiter reluctantly complied with her request, and Semele, unable 
to bear his presence, was reduced to ashes. The child, however, 
was saved from the flames, and was placed in the thigh of Jupiter 
till the regular period of his birth arrived. See Bacchus. 

Semeleius, -a, -um, adj,. of, or relating to Semele. Se- 
meleia proles, the son of Semele, i. e. Bacchus, iii. 7. 10. v. 5. 3(3. 

Semideus, -i, m.j a demigod, a name applied to those heroes, 
one of whose parents was immortal, and tho other mortal ; and to 
those who were deified on account of their bravery and virtues : as 
Pan, Hercules, Romulus, &c. 

Semiramis^ -is, Sl -jdis,/., Semiramis, a celebrated queen of 
Assyria, was the daughter of the goddess Dercetis by an Assyrian 
youth. She first married Menon, the governor of Nineveh, and 
accompanied him to the siege of Bactra. The prudence and 



REN 299 SEJS 

valour which she there displayed, and also her uncommon beauty, 
attracted the notice of kinsf Ninus, who conceiving a strong alFec- 
rion for her, offered to her husband his daughter in exchange. The 
less powerful husband, who tenderly loved her, refused ; and when 
the king added threats to entreaties, he hung himself to avoid the 
consequences. The only obstacle being thus removed, Ninus mar- 
ried Semiramis, and at his death bequeathed to her his crown. 
Being now at liberty to prosecute her schemes of ambition, she ex- 
tended her empire over Egypt, and a great part of Libya and 
^Ethiopia. Some of the ancient writers represent her as the 
founder of Babylon ; but according to others she merely enlarged 
and beautified it, and surrounded it with a wall of bricks (iv. 2. 4.). 
Her reign was distinguished by all the gorgeousness of eastern 
splendour, and her schemes of conquest and of internal improve- 
ment were on a magnificent scale. Her character was stained by 
some of the grossest vices ; she is even accused of the murder of 
her husband, and her death by the hand of her own son is repre- 
sented as a matter of necessity. She is supposed to have lived 
about B. c. 1965. According to the fabulous account, Semiramis 
was changed into a dove after her death, and received divine ho- 
nours in Assyria. Ubi Semiramis dicitur cinxisse ultam urhern 
coctilibus muris, where Semiramis is said to have sm-rounded the 
lofty city (Babylon) with walls of brick, iv. 2. 4. See Babylon and 
Ninus. 

SenatUS, -us, m., the Senate^ the chief council of state among 
the Romans. The senate was instituted by Romulus, to assist him 
in the government of the republic. It consisted at first of 100 
members ; three were nominated by each tribe, and three by each 
curia. To these ninety -nine Romulus himself added one, to pre- 
side at their deliberations, and to take charge of the city in his 
absence. The members of this body were called senators on ac- 
count of their age {series), And patres, from the pa^erwa/ care which 
they exercised over the state. To the number of senators elected by 
Romulus another hundred was chosen from the Sabines when that 
people were admitted into the city, and Tarquinius Priscus added a 
hundred more. This number of 300 continued with little variation 
till the time of Sylla, who increased it ; but how many he added is 
.uncertain. It appears there were at least above 400. In the time 
of Julius Caesar the number of senators was increased to 900, and 
after his death to 1000. Augustus reduced the number to 600. 
The power of choosing the senators belonged at first to the kings, 
and after their expulsion, to the consuls and military tribunes. From 
the year of the city 310, it was vested in the censors, who had also 
the power of degrading any member who had either behaved him- 
self unworthily, or allowed his fortune to fall below the requisite 
qualification. The senators were originally chosen only from the 
Patricians, but afterwards also from the Plebeians. The candidate 
must have previously passed through the inferior offices of Quaestor, 



SEP 300 SIC 

Tribune of the people, Edile, Praetor, and Consul. The neces- 
sary qualification was the possession of property to the amount of 
80,000 sesterceSy or £6458 : 6 : 8. The place where the senate 
raet was called Curia. Media sede SenatuSy in the centre of the 
senate-house, xv. 9. 99. See Curia. 

Septemtrio, -onis, & Septemtriones, -um, m., properly 
seven plough oxen; hence, on account of some supposed resem- 
blance, the seven stars at the north pole, i^i the Greater Bear, 
otherwise called Charles^ Wain. Septemtrio is frequently used to 
signify the north , as in i. 2. 33. See Triones. 

Serlphos, & Serlphus, -i,/., Seriphus, now Serpho, a bar- 
ren rocky island in the iEgean Sea, one of the Cyclades, lying 
south-east of Cythnus, and about thirty-six miles in circumference. 
Danae was said to have been here cast on shore ; and the poets 
attempted to account for the steep and rugged character of the 
mountains by the fable of Perseus (diss.), who is said to have 
changed the king of the island into stone, to revenge the wrongs 
which had been offered to his mother. It was used by the Romans 
as a place of banishment for state criminals. Circumdata cavd 
nube deserit Seriphon, hid in a hollow cloud, she abandons Seri- 
phus, V. 4. 2. Gr. Ace. -on. See Danae and Perseus. 

Serpens, -tis, C, the Serpents a constellation between the two 
Bears, near the North Pole. Serpens qua posita est / roxima 
glaciali polo, the serpent which was situate very near the icy pole, 
ii. 1. 173. 

Sicania, -ae, f., Sicania, a name given to Sicily from the 
Sicaniy a people who passed over from Italy and took possession 
of the island, and is used by the poets as synonymous with Sicilia. 
Sicily, the largest island in the Mediterranean, is separated from 
Italy by the Fretum Siciilum, the Strait of Messina, and was sup- 
posed by the ancients to have been once joined to it. From its 
triangular shape, it was called at a very early period Trinacria 
(See^Trinacria), and Triquetra, and, owing to its great fertility, 
has been styled the granary of the Romans. Its length is 151 
miles, with an average breadth of 70; its extent 10,500 square 
miles. The surface of the island is diversified by mountains and 
fertile plains. The most celebrated of the mountains are ^Etna, 
the fabled forge of Vulcan, and the residence of the Cyclops ( See 
MinSi and Cyclopes), and Eryx famous for the temple of Venus 
(See Eryx). According to Ovid, the giant Typhoeus {tris.) was 
buried under Sicily (See Typhoeus). In the interior was the 
plain of Henna, where Proserpine was carried oflF by Pluto (See 
Henna). The principal cities were Zancle, or Messana, Leontini, 
Syracusae, Agrigentum, Drepanum, and Panormus. The inhabi- 
tants of Sicily were so much addicted to luxury, that the expres- 
sion Siculce mensce became proverbial ; and the richness of their 
country rendered it an object of ambition to the Roman governors. 



SIC 301 SIL 

Si cells, -idis, & -idos, adj,^ f., of, or relating to SicAly, 
Sicilian. Sicelidas Nymphas, the Sicilian nymphs, v. 6. 72. 
Gr. Ace. -as. 

Siculus, -a, -um, odj., of, or relating to Sicily, Sicilian, 
Cautus ambihat fundamina Siculce terrce, cautiously went round, 
or surveyed the foundations of the island of Sicily, v. 6. 21 . Mag- 
num no'men super ahitur Siculis undis, a great name (Sextus 
Pompey) shall be defeated in the Sicilian Sea, xv. 9. 81. 

Sicyon, -onis,./., Sicyon, now Basilico, the capital of Sicyo- 
nia, a small district of Achaia, to the west of Cormthia. Sicyon 
was one of the most ancient cities of Greece, and existed long be- 
fore the arrival of Pelops in the peninsula. It was famous for its 
olives. See Achaia. 

Sicyonius, -a, -um, adj., of or relating to Sicyon, Sicyo- 
nian. Sicyonius Ladon, Ladon from Sicyon, iii. 2. ii6. 

Sidon, -onis, f., Sidon, now. Say da, the most ancient and 
important city of Phoenicia, and the greatest maritime city in the 
ancient world, was situate about twenty-four miles north of Tyre. 
Moses informs us that this city was built by Sidon, the eldest son 
of Canaan ; and from Joshua we learn that it was rich and power- 
ful when the Israehtes took possession of the Promised Land. The 
inhabitants rendered themselves very famous by their manufactures 
of glass and fine linen, and working of metals, as well as by their 
purple dye. They were also celebrated for their skill in arith- 
metic, astronomy, and commercial alFairs ; but were considered 
artful, avaricious, and dishonest in their intercourse with other 
nations. 

Sidonius, -a, -um, adj.^ of or relating to Sidon, Sidonian ; 
also Phoenician. Sidonius hospes habuit hos comites operis, the 
Sidonian stranger, i. e. Cadmus, had these as assistants in the work, 
iii. 1. 129. Sidoni(E comites, her Sidonian companions, iv. 11. 128. 

SigeiUS, -a, -um, adj., of or relating to Sigeum, now Cape 
lenishehr, a promontory of the Troad, in Asia Minor, forming, 
with the opposite point Mastusia, in Thrace, the entrance to the 
Hellespont. Sigeum is celebrated in ancient history as the place 
where the Greeks, in their war against the Trojans, drew up their 
ship?, and where the greater part of the battles between them were 
fought. Here Achilles, Patroclus, and Antilochus were buried, 
and their tombs are supposed to be marked at the present day by 
three large mounds of earth. The tomb of Achilles was succes- 
sively visited by Alexander, Julius Caesar, and Germanicus. 

Silentes, -um, & -ium, m., the silent shades, the souls of the 
departed. Sedes Silentum, the abodes of the dead, xv. 9. 28. 
Umbras Silentum, the shades of the dead, xv. 9. 63, 

Silvanus, -i, m., Silvanus, a rural deity, who presided over 
woods and boundaries. He is usually represented as an old man. 



SIM y02 SIS 

bearing a cypress plucked up by the roots. Offerings of milk were 
presented to him. In i. 6. 31. Silvani is used as a general term 
for woodland deities, and the Silvans are classed along with the 
Fauns and Satyrs. See Faunus. 

Simois, -en lis, m., the Simois, now the Mendere, the river 
of Troy, rises in Mount Ida, and after a tortuous course of forty - 
five miles, enters the Hellespont, a little to the north of the pro- 
montory of Sigeum. A few miles from its mouth it is joined bv a 
small brook, scarcely ten miles long, which is supposed to be the 
famous river Xanthus, or Scamander (See Xanthus). The Simois 
is celebrated by Homer, and by most of the ancient poets. It had 
regular sacrifices offered it, and was believed to possess the power 
of improving female beauty. Hence the three goddesses are said 
to have bathed in it prior to their appearance before Paris, and also 
the Trojan virgins at stated periods, j^n/e Simois Jiuet retru, 
sooner shall the Simois flow back to its source, xiii. 1. 324. 

Siren, -enis,y., a Siren. The Sirens were the daughters of 
the Achelous and the Muse Melpomene, and were said to have the 
form of a woman above the waist, and the rest of the body like that 
of a bird. They were sea-nymphs, two in number, Aglaiopheme 
(clear-voice), and Thlexiepeia (magic-speech). They inhabited 
the Sirenusce, three small rocky islands on the south of Italy, and, 
with their melodious voices so charmed those who were sailing bv, 
that they forgot home and every thing relating to it, and abode 
there till their bones lay whitening on the strand. By the direc- 
tions of Circe, Ulysses stopped the ears of his companioiis with 
wax, and caused himself to be tied to the mast, and thus was the 
only person who heard the song of the Sirens and escaped. Dis- 
appointed at the escape of Ulysses, they threw themselves into the 
sea and were drowned. According to Ovid (v. 9. 7., &c.), the 
Sirens were so disconsolate at the rape of Proserpine, that they 
prayed the gods to give them wings, that they might seek her in 
the sea as well as by land, — a request with which the gods com- 
pli<»d. SireneSy eratis mixtczin numero comitum, were you. Sirens, 
mixed with the number of her attendants, or were you of the num- 
ber of her attendants ? v. 9. 5. 

SisyphiuS;, -a, -um, adj., ofy or relating to Sisyphus. C re- 
ins Sisyphio sanguine, he who is sprung from the blood of Sisy- 
phus, i. e. Ulysses, who, it was alleged, was the son of Sisyphus, 
xiii. I. 32. See Ulysses. 

Sisyphos, & Sisyphus, -i, m., Sisyphus, one of the sons of 
-<Eolus, king of Thessaly (See ^olus), was the most crafty prince 
of the heroic age. He was the founder of Ephyre (See Ephyre), 
and married Merope, the daughter of Atlas, by whom he had four 
sons. The cunning of Sisyphus was proverbial, and he did not fail 
to employ it in acts of deception and robbery. He was the friend of 
the famous robber Autolycus, who was so pleased with his superior 



SOL 303 SOM 

dexterity, that he allowed his daughter, Anticlea, who was soon 
afterwards to be married to Laertes (See Laertes), to associate with 
him. Sisyphus was ultimately condemned in the infernal regions 
to roll to the top of a hill a large stone, which no sooner reached 
the summit than it rolled down again to the plain. Various causes 
are assigned for this never-ending punishment. According to some, 
it was inflicted upon him for having betrayed the secrets of the 
gods ; while others state that it was for having given information to 
Asopus of Jupiter having carried off his daughter ^gina. Another 
account is, that Sisyphus, when dying, charged his wife to leave 
his body unburied, and, on complaining to Pluto of her unkindness, 
obtained permission to return to the light to upbraid her vvith her 
conduct. But when he found himself again in his own house, he 
refused to leave it, until Mercury reduced him to obedience ; and 
Pluto, on his return, condemned him to roll the large stone. Sisyphe, 
aut petis aut urges saxum ruiturum, Sisyphus, you either fetch or 
push up the stone, which will immediately tumble down, iv. 11. 45. 

Sol, solis, 7n., Sol, the god of the sun, frequently regarded as 
the same deity with Phoebus, or Apollo. He dwelt on the eastern 
side of the earth, from which he passed across the sky in a chariot 
drawn by four horses (ii. 1. 153.). Homer does not mention how 
Sol returned from west to east ; but according to some of the later 
poets, he and his horses were received into a golden basin or cup 
(^=<raj), which carried them during the night along the ocean- 
stream round the earth, to the place whence he was to set out 
again in the morning. Ovid (ii. 1. 1., &c.) has given a most 
splendid description of the palace of Sol, in which he sat enthroned 
in state, surrounded by the Days, Months, Years, Seasons, Ages, 
and fiouis, Sol was the father of many children. By Clymene 
he had Phaetnon, whose tragical story is related by Ovid, ii. I. 
Dum Sol eat altissijnvs medio orbs, while the sun is at the highest 
in the middle of his course, i. 11. 25. Sol jam altissimus fecerat 
exiguas umbras, the sun being now at his greatest height had made 
the shadows small, iii. 1. 50. Sol distabat ex cequo utrdque metd, 
the sun was equally distant from both terminatioBs of his course, 
i. e. from the east and west, lii. 2. 15. Qui solet esse color nubi- 
b7/s iTifectis ab ictu adversi Solis, which is usually the colour of the 
clouds when tinged by the rays of the setting sun, iii. 2. 53. 

Somnus, -i, m., S^mnus, the god of sleep, was one of the in- 
fernal deities, the son of Erebus and Nox, and the brother of Death. 
His palace, according to Ovid (xi. 10. 183, &c.), was a cave near 
the Cimmerii, which the rays of the sun never penetrated, and the 
profound silence of which was never broken by any sound. The 
entrance to it was covered with poppies, and other plants, which 
produced sleep. Here the lazy god lay fast asleep on a couch, sur- 
rounded by his thousand sons, whose duty it was to prevent him 
from being disturbed by any noise. Est prope Cimmerios spc» 



SPA 304 STY 

Ivnca longo recessuy domus et penetralia ignavi Somni^ there is 
near the Cimmerii a cave with a deep recess, the palace and sanc- 
tuary of the drowsy Somnus, xi. 10. J 83. Somne, placidissime 
Deorwn, Somnus, thou gentlest of the gods, xi. 10. 214. See 
Cimmerii. 

Sparta, -Si, f., Snarta, ov Laced(Bmon, the capital of Laconia, 
was situate in an extensive plain, on the right bank of the Eurotaa, 
at the distance of about thirty miles from its mouth. Sparta was 
at first an inconsiderable place, but gradually increased in strength 
and importance till it disputed with Athens the sovereignty^ of 
Greece, It continued without walls during the most flourishino- 
period of its history, Lycurgus having taught his countrymen tha^t 
the real defence of a town was solely in the valour of its citizens. 
Sparta is said to have derived its name from Sparta, the daughter 
of Eurotas, and wife of Lacedaemon. See Laconia. 

Spartclnus, -a, -um, adj., of, or relating to Sparta, S/ar- 
tan, Lacedccmonian. Spartand gente, of Spartan breed, iii. 2. 78. 

Spercheis, -idis, adj.,f., of, or relating to the SpercMiu. 
Spercheides ri/cc, the banks of the Sperchius, ii. 1 . 250. 

Spercheos, tS. Sperchius, -i, 771., the Sperchius, now the 
Ellada, a river of Thessaly, which rises in INlount Tymphrestus, 
now Klytzos, the southern part of Pindus, flows eastward through 
the valley formed by the ranges of Othrys and (Eta, and falls into 
the Maliacus Sinus, the Gulf of Zeitoun. On account of the ra- 
pidity^of its current it received its name from the Greek verb 
o-T£^;^£/v, to hasten. From its banks being covered with poplars, 
it is called by Ovid fopulifer, poplar-bearing, i. 11. 12. 

btelles, -IS, m.y Stcllcs, a boy who was changed bv Ceres 
into a newt or evet, v. 7. The goddess, during her "search for her 
daughter, had arrived in the ev'ening at a cottage, and on asking 
of an old woman something to drink, "was ridiculed by the boy. 

Stheneleius, -a, -um, adj., of, or relating to Stheyielus^ a 
king of Liguria, who was the father of Cycnus. Cycnus Sthene- 
le'ia proles, Cycnus, the son of Sthenelus, ii. 3. 1. See Cycnus. 

Sticte^ -es,j., Spotted, the name of one of Actaeon's dogs. 

Strymon, -onis, m., the Stri/nwn, now the Stroma, a river 
in the eastern part of INTacedonia, which rises in ISIount Scomiiis, 
and after a course of 1()5 miles, falls into a part of the -Egean Sea, 
to which it gave the name of Strymonicus Sinus, the Gulf of Con- 
tessa. This river anciently formed the boundary between Mace- 
donia and Thrace. 

Stygius, -a, -um, adj., of, or relating tor the Sti/x, Stijgian. 
Juro per infera ftumina, lahentia sub terras Stygio luco, Tswear 
by the infernal river which flows under the earth along the Sty- 
gian grove, i. (). 27. Stygias paludes, the Stygian marshes, i.e. 
the Styx, i. 13. 49. Juravimus Stygias undus, I have sworn by 



STY 305 SYR 

the waters of the Styx, ii. 1. 101. Niger halitvs qui exit Stygio 
ore, the horrid breath which issues from his hideous mouth, iii. 1. 
75 Demittite corpora cruciata diris tormentis StggicB nocti, 
send down his body after it has been racked by cruel tortures, to 
Stygian darkness, i. e. to the infernal regions, iii. 7. 185. Qiiod 
dvcit ad Stygiam urbein, which leads to the infernal city, i.e. the re- 
sidence of Pluto, iv. 11. 22. Stygio gurgite, in my Stygian chan- 
nel, i. e. in my channel under ground, v. 8. 43. Stygius hubOf 
the Stygian, or unlucky owl, xv. 9. 47. 

Styx, Stygis^ m., the Styx, a celebrated river in the infernal 
regions, round which it was said to flow nine times. The gods 
held the Styx in great veneration, and an oath by its waters was 
deemed by them unalterable. If any of the gods violated their oath, 
Jupiter compelled them to drink of the waters of the Styx, and 
banished them from the celestial table for nine years, after which 
time they were restored to their former privileges. Across this 
river the souls of the dead were supposed to be conveyed by 
Charon in his boat ; and as the ancients believed that the souls of 
the unburied were either excluded from Tartarus, or at least were 
compelled to wander for 100 years along the banks of the river 
before they were admitted, they dreaded no kind of death so much 
as shipwreck. A small coin was put into the mouth of the de- 
ceased to enable him to pay Charon for his freight. This fable is 
said to have taken its rise from the Siyx, now the Mauronero, a 
small rapid torrent in the north of Arcadia, which fails into ^e 
Crathis. The waters of this stream were said to be poisonous, 
and to possess the property of dissolving metals and other hard 
substances exposed to their action. See Tartarus. 

Superi, -orum, w., the gods above, the cehstial deities, as 
opposed to inferi, the infernal gods. Numine Superorum, by the 
will of the gods, i. 8. 99. Rector Superum, the king of the gods, 
i. 12. 44. 

Syraciisae. -arum,/, Syracuse, a celebrated city on the east 
coast of Sicily, founded about b. c. 732, by a Corinthian colony 
under Archias. The name was originally derived from the marsh 
Syraco, now // Pardano, lying along the right bank of the Ana- 
pis (See Anapis). The colonists settled first on the island Orty- 
gia (See Ortygia), in which was the famous fountain Arethusa 
(See Arethusa). The city Syracuse, in its most flourishing state, 
extended 22 miles in circumference, and was divided into four dis- 
tricts ; Ortygia, Acradlna, Tycha, and NeapoHs, to which a fifth, 
called Epipolae, was afterwards added. Syracuse was supposed to 
be the largest city then in existence ; the inhabitants were wealthy 
and powerful, and though subject to tyrants, extended their influence 
over many dependent states. It fell into the hands of the Romans 
under the consul Marcellus, after a siege of three years, b. c. 212. 



SYR 306 TAN 

Archimedes the geometrician, and the poets Theocritus and Epi- 
charmus, were natives of Syracuse. 

Syrinx, -ingis, /., Syrinx, a Naid of Nonacris, in Arcadia, 
who was devoted to the service of Diana. As he was returning 
one day from the chase, and passing Mount Lycaeus, Pan became 
enamoured of her ; but when he attempted to address her, she 
fled. The god pursued : Syrinx reached the river Ladon, and, unable 
to cross it, implored the aid of her sister-nymphs, who changed 
her into a reed. While Pan stood sighing at his disappointment, 
the wind began to agitate- the reeds and produced a low musical 
sound. The god, taking the hint, cut seven of the reeds, and 
formed from them his syrinx or pastoral pipe. Gr. Ace. -inga. 

T. 

Taeda, -?e, y!, a torch, a flambeau ; and because torches were 
used at marriages among the Romans, tceda came to signify a 
wedding, or marriage. The bride was taken apparently by force 
from the arms of her mother, or nearest relation, and conducted to 
her husband's house in the evening. Three boys, whose parents 
were alive, attended her ; two of them supporting her by the arm, 
and the third bearing a torch of pine or thorn before her. Five 
other torches called /aces nuptiales (the nuptial torches) were also 
carried before her. For the different forms of marriage see A.R. A. 
399. 

Tsenarius, -a^ -um, adj., of, ov relating to Tcenams, or Cape 
Matapan. Tcenarius Eurotas, the Eurotas near Cape Taenarus, 
ii. i. 247. 

Taenarus. -\,f'j Tanarus, now Cape Matapan, a promon- 
tory in the south of Laconia, the most southern point of the Pelo- 
ponnesus, famous for a temple of Neptune, which was accounted 
an inviolable asylum. Near it was a cave emitting a black and un* 
wholesome vapour, said to be the entrance to the infernal regions, 
through which Hercules dragged up Cerberus. Here too was a 
statue of Arion seated on a dolphin. Taenarus became latterly fa- 
mous for its marble, which the Romans held in the highest esteem. 

Tagus, -i, m., the Tagus, or Tajo, the largest river in Spain, 
rises in Mons Idubeda among the Celtiberi, and after a western 
course of 530 miles through the middle of the peninsula, falls into 
the Atlantic below Lisbon. The sands of the Tagus produced 
grains of gold and precious stones, ii. 1. 251. 

Tanais, -is, m., the Tanais, now the Don, a large river of 
Europe, which rises in the Riphaei Montes, the Valdai hills, in 
the government of Tula in Russia, and after a south-westerly 
course of 1260 miles falls into the Palus Maeotis, the Sea of 
Azoph. This river separated in ancient times European and 
Asiatic Sarmatia, and in modern times forms, in the lowest part of 
its course, th€ boundary between Europe and Asia. 



TAN 307 TAR 

Tantalus, -i, m,, Tantalus, a son of Jupiter, and king of 
Phrygia. By Dione, one of the Atlantides, he was the father of 
Niobe, Pelops, &c. Being a particular favourite of the gods, he 
was admitted to their banquets, and fed on nectar and ambrosia at 
their table ; but elated by his good fortune he divulged their se- 
crets, and stole some of the divine food, which he distributed 
among his friends. To punish him for this offence Jupiter con- 
demned him to perpetual hunger and thirst in the infernal regions. 
He was placed standing up to the chin in a lake, but when he at- 
tempted to drink, the water ran off, leaving the ground dry at his 
feet. Over his head was suspended a bough loaded with delicious 
fruit, which, when he essayed to seize it, was carried away by a 
sudden blast of wind. By the later mythologists he is placed with 
a stone hanging over his head, which threatens every moment to 
crush him to pieces. Other causes are assigned for this punish- 
ment. At an entertainment which he gave to the gods he is said 
to have killed and served up his son Pelops, for the purpose of 
trying their divinity, and thereby to have incurred their displea- 
sure. NullcB aquce cleprenduntur tihi, Taiitale, arboaque, qucB 
vnminet, effiigit, you catch no water, Tantalus, and the tree which 
hangs over you escapes from your grasp, iv. 11. 43. 

Tarpeius {tris.), -a, -um^ adj., of, or relating to the Mons 
Tarpeius, a name given to the eminence afterwards called the 
Capitoline hill, from Tarpeia, by whose treachery the Sabines 
were admitted into the city. The name is more commonly re- 
stricted to the Tarpeian rock, a precipice on the Capitoline hill 
down which condemned criminals were thrown. Qui tenes Tar^ 
peias arces, who occupiest the Capitol, or the temple on the Tar- 
peian, or Capitoline hill, xv. 9. 122. See Roma, and Capitolium. 

Tartarus, -i, m., Plur. Tartara, -orum, n., Tartarus, 
that part of the infernal regions which was assigned to the 
wicked; frequently used to signify the whole of the infernal re- 
gions. The kingdom of Pluto is represented by Homer as being 
under the earth, and is described as dreary, dark, and cheerless. 
The dead, unhappy, and wretched, without distinction of good or 
evil, age or rank, wander about there, conversing of their former 
state on earth. Some few, enemies of the gods, as Sisyphus, Ti- 
tyus, Tantalus, are punished for their crimes, but not apart from 
the rest of the dead. In process of time, when the ideas of the 
Greeks had been enlarged by communication with foreign coun- 
tries, the lower world underwent a total change. It was divided 
into two regions: Tartarus, the place of punishment for the 
wicked ; and Elysium, the place of reward for the good. A stream 
called the Styx (See Styx) encompassed it, over which the dead, 
on paying their passage-money, were ferried by Charon; the 
three-headed dog Cerberus guarded the entrance ; and three 
judges, Minos, -^acus, and Rhadamanthus, investigated the cha- 



TAU 308 TEL 

racters of the dead, and allotted to each his place of bli:^!? or of pain. 
A river called Lethe (oblivion) was added, of which the dead were 
forced to drink, for the purpose of obliterating all recollection of 
the past. The latter idea of the infernal regions was adopted by 
the Latin poets. Tellus icta fecit viam in Taviara^ the o-round 
being struck, opened a passage to Tartarus, v. 6. 83. Nee mitte 
me indephratuni srih inania Tartara, nor send me, nor allow me 
to go, unlamented to shadowy Tartarus, xi. 10. 261. See Manes. 

Taurus, -i, m., Taurus, now Ramadan Oglu, or Kurin, a 
chain of mountains in Asia Minor, which, commencing at the Sa- 
crum Proraontorium, Cape Chiledonia, and the southern parts f»f 
Lycia, stretches in a north-easterly direction through Pisidia, 
Isauria, and Cappadocia, till it is intersected by the Euphrates. 
According to Strabo it extends much farther, as that geographer 
connects it with the great Indian ridge of Imaus, or Emodius, now 
Himalaya. Taurus was sometimes applied by the ancients to all 
the ranges of mountains between the Mediterranean and Persia. 

Taurus, -i, /?/., the constellation of the Bull, one of the twelve 
signs of the zodiac. Per cornua adversi Tauri, through the 
horns of the opposite bull, — as the direction of Phaethon was 
westward, the Bull, whose head is towards the east, would be di- 
rectly opposite to him, ii. 1. 80. See Zodiacus. 

Taygete, -es,/., Taygete, one of the Pleiades (4 sijl), the 
seven daughters of Atlas, who formed the constellation of that 
name in the back of the Bull. In iii. 7. 85. Taygete is used fur 
the constellation Pleiades. Gr. Ace. -en. See Pieias. 

Telamon, -onis, w.., Telamon, the son of ^acus and Endeis, 
and brother of Peleus (diss.). Having been guilty, along with 
Peleus, of the accidental murder of his brother Phocus, he left his 
native country, and sailed to Salamis, where he soon after married 
Glauce, the daughter of the king, and on the death of his father- 
in-law succeeded to the throne. He accompanied Jason in his ex- 
pedition to Colchis, and assisted Hercules in taking Troy. As a 
reward for his services, Hercules gave him in marriage Hesione, 
the daughter of Laomedon. Telamon was the father of Teucer 
and Ajax. Creattis Telamone, qui sub forti Hercule cepit Tro- 
jana mamia, being the son of Telamon, who, under the brave Her- 
cules, took the city of Troy, xiii. 1. 22. Satus Telamone, the son 
of Telamon, i. e. Ajax, xiii. 1. 123. 

Telamoniades, -ae, ???._, the son of Telamon, a patronymic 
applied to Ajax, xiii. 1. 231. 

Telamonius, -ii, W., the son of Telamon, i. e. Ajax. Tela- 
monius impendit nihil sanguinis, the son of Telamon has spent 
none of his blood, xiii. 1. 266. 

Telephus, -i, m., Telephus, the son of Hercules by Auge, 
daughter of Aleus (tris.), king of Arcadia. He was exposed on 



TEL 309 TEIV 

Mount Parthenius by order of his grandfather, and suckled by a 
hind, till he was found by some shepherds. He was afterwards 
presented to Teuthras, king of Mysia, who educated him as his 
son and successor in the kingdom. He married one of the daughters 
of Priam, and assisted the Trojans in their attempts to repel the 
Greeks when they landed on his coast. In a violent struggle which 
ensued he would have been successful had not Bacchus, who pro- 
tected the Greeks, caused a vine to spring from the ground, which 
entangled his feet and caused him to fall. Achilles, taking advan- 
tage of this accident, rushed upon him, and inflicted a deadly wound 
with his spear. According to the oracle this wound could be 
cured only by the spear which inflicted it. Application was made 
to Achilles, but in vain : the hero refused, till Ulysses, who knew 
that Troy could not be taken without one of the sons of Hercules, 
wishing to make Telephus the friend of the Greeks, persuaded 
Achilles to comply with the injunctions of the oracle. With the 
consent of Hercules, he made a poultice for the wound from the 
rust of the spear, which effected the cure. To this Ulysses alludes, 
xiii. 1. 172. From gratitude for this service, Telephus joined the 
Greeks and fought against his father-in-law. 

Tellus, -uris, /, Tellus, the goddess of the earth, the most 
ancient of all the divinities after Chaos, and the wife of Coelus. 
Tellus was the same goddess as Rhea, Cybele, Bona Dea, &c., 
and, as mother of all things, is represented with the various em- 
blems of fecundity. Tellus is frequently used by the poets to de- 
note the earth itself. Nee Tellus peiidehat in circuinfuso aere, 
nor was the earth suspended in the surrounding atmosphere, i. 1. 
8. Alma Tellus, nt erat circumdata ponto, bountiful Tellus, 
surrounded as she was by the sea, ii. 1. 272. 

Tempe, n. (Plur. & indecL), Tempe, now Tsamj^as, a 
beautiful vale in Thessaly, often alluded to by the ancient writers, 
who seem to have vied with each other in ascribing to it every fea- 
ture necessary to constitute perfect beauty. Tempe is a romantic 
defile, having Mount Olympus on the north, and Ossa on the south, 
of difficult access, and about five Roman miles in length, its least 
breadth being about 100 yards. The river Peneus is said by Ovid 
(i. 11. 3., &c.), to rush through it with great violence; while mo- 
dern travellers describe it as a calm and gentle stream. The limits 
of Tempe are, by some geographers, extended over the whole of 
the great plain of Thessaly. The name, from the Greek verb 
TifjDiU', to cut, is supposed to allude to the convulsion of nature, 
by w"hich Ossa was separated from Olympus, and a passage formed 
for the waters of the Peneus. See Peneus. 

Tenedos, -i, f., Tenedos, a small and fertile island in the 
illgean Sea, off the coast of Troas, and about twelve miles south- 
west of the promontory of Sigeum. Tenedos was especially sacred 
to Apollo (i. 10. 6b.)t and became famous during the Trojan war 



TER 310 THE 

as the place to which the Greeks retired, in order to make the 
Trojans believe that they had returned home without finishing the 
siege. The earthenware made here was held in high estimation. 

Terra, -je,y.^ the earth ; sometimes used by the poets to sig- 
nify the goddess of the earth. See Tellus. 

Tethys^ -yos, /., Tethys, a sea-goddess, the daughter of 
C<e1us and Terra. She married her brother Oceanus, by whom 
she was the mother of the Nile, Alpheus, and the other principal 
rivers of the aniverse. As mother of Titan, or the Sun, she is 
called by Ovid (ii. 1. 156.) the grandmother of Phaethon. Tethys 
is often used by the poets to denote the sea, ii. 1. 69. 

Teucer, -cri^, m., Teucer, a son of Telamon, king of Salamis» 
by Hesione, the daughter of Laomedon. As one of the suitors of 
Helen, he accompanied the Greeks to the Trojan war, where he 
distinguished himself by his valour and intrepidity. When he re- 
turned from the famous siege, his father refused to allow him to 
land, because he had not avenged the injury done to his brother 
Ajax by the Grecian chiefs, in adjudging to Ulysses the armour of 
Achilles. Not disheartened by the severity of his father, he retired 
to Cyprus, where he built a town which' he called Salamis, after 
his native city. Nee Teucer est minus isto patruelis Achilli, nor 
is Teucer less a cousin to Achilles than he, xiii. 1. 157. See 
Ajax. 

Teuthranteus, -a, -um, adj., of, or relating to Teuthras, a 
king of Mysia, from whom a district of that country obtained the 
name of Teuthrania. Hence it came to signify Mysian, belonging 
to Mysia. Teuthranteus Cazcus, the Caicus in Mysia, ii. 1. 243. 

Thauniantias, -Sdis, & Thaumantis, -idis,/., the daugh- 
ter of Thaumas, patronymics applied to Iris, the goddess of the 
rainbow, from her father Thaumas. Iris Thaumantius lustravit 
roratis aquis, Iris the daughter of Thaumas sprinkled with drip- 
ping waters, iv. 11. 65. 

Thaurmas, -antis, m., Thaumas, a son of Pontus and Terra, 
and father of the Harpies and Iris. See Harpyiae and Iris. 

Thebfe, -arum,/., Thebes, or Thiva, the capital of Bceotia, 
and one of the most ancient and celebrated cities of Greece, was 
situate on the small river Ismenus, a little to the north of the 
Asopus. It was founded by Cadmus (See Cadmus), and called 
from him Cadmea, an appellation which was afterwards confined to 
the citadel only, but he afterwards called it Thebre from the great 
Egyptian city. The walls of Thebes were built by Amphion and 
Zethus by the music of the lyre. Thebes was famous for its seven 
gates, and for the siege of the seven chiefs in support of the claims 
of Polynices. The Thebans participated in the dulness and stu- 
pidity which has been ascribed to the rest of the Boeotians, though 
Pelopidas and Pindar form illustrious exceptions. This city reached 



THE 811 THE 

its highest reputation under Epaminondas ; it was rased to the 
ground by Alexander, who spared the house and family of Pindar, 
from admiration of the poet. See Boeotia. 

Thebse, -a.Y\im,f., Thebes, a city of Mysia, in Asia Minor, 
which was taken and destroyed by Achilles during the Trojan war. 
Qhod Thebce cecidere, meum est, that Thebes fell, or was taken, is 
due to me, xiii, 1. 173. 

Themis, -idis, & -idos, /., Themis, was the daughter of 
Coelus and Terra, and one of the wives of Jupiter, by whom she 
was the mother of Peace, Order, Justice, the Fates, and the Sea- 
sons. Her oracle on Mount Parnassus was famous in the time 
of Deucahon, who consulted it after the flood, and was instructed 
by it how to repair the loss of the human race, i. 8. 9., &c. The- 
mis is said to have succeeded her mother in the possession of the 
Pythian oracle, and to have voluntarily resigned it to her sister 
PhcEbe, who gave it as a present to Apollo. Fatidicam Themin, 
prophetic Themis, 1.8. 9. Gr. Ace. -in. Foe. -i. See Deu- 
cahon. 

Theridamas, -antis^ m.. Tamer of wild leasts j the name of 
one of Actaeon's dogs. 

Tliermodon^ -ontis^ m., the Thermodon, no^ the Thermeh, 
a river of Pontus, in Asia Minor, which flowed through the dis- 
trict of Themiscyra, the residence of the Amazons, and fell into the 
Black Sea. It was one of the twelve labours of Hercules to obtain 
for Eurystheus (tris.) the girdle of Hippoljte, queen of the Am- 
azons. 

Theron, -ontis, m.. Hunter, the name of one of Actaeon's dogs. 

Thersites, -se, r/2., Thersites was the most deformed and 
ugly of the Greeks who went to Troy. He was remarkable for his 
sarcasm and bitter invective, and took pleasure m opposing the 
schemes of the other chiefs, and in holding up their opinions and 
plans to ridicule. In stating his own sentiments he employed the 
most irritating and ofi'ensive language. Ulysses claims the merit 
of having on one occasion punished him for his insolence (xiii. 1 . 
233.). He was killed by Achilles with a blow of his fist, because 
he laughed at that hero for moiu-ning the death of Penthesilea, the 
queen of the Amazons, whom he had slain in battle. 

Thescelus, -i_, m., Thescelus, one of the companions of Phi - 
neus (diss.), who was changed into stone by Perseus {dii>s.) at his 
marriage with Andromeda. 

Theseus {diss.), -ei, & -eos, m., Theseus, king of Athens, 
was the son of .lEgeus {diss.) and iEthra, daughter of Pittheus 
{diss.), king of Troezene. Theseus is one of the most distinguished 
characters in Grecian mythology, and in the boldness and danger- 
ous character of his adventures, may be considered as the Athenian 
counterpart of the Theban Hercules. From circumstances which 



THE 312 THI 

need not be mentioned, he was educated at the court of his ma- 
ternal grandfather, till he reached the years of manhood. He was 
then sent by his mother to the court of ^geus, and being acknow- 
ledged by the king as his son, took his place as heir to the throne. 
On his way to Athens he slew several robbers who infested the 
intervening country, and on his arrival narrowly escaped being 
poisoned by his stepmother Medea. He reheved his father's court 
of the Pallantides, who were anxiously waiting for the death of the 
aged monarch to seize upon the government, and exhibited in 
chains to the astonished eyes of the Athenians the famous Cretan 
bull which had long infested the plain of Marathon. He next pre- 
vailed upon his father (See ^geus) to allow him to go to Crete as 
one of the youths whom he was bound to furnish annually as a tri- 
bute to Minos. Ariadne, the daughter of Minos, who was present 
when the Athenian youths and maidens were exhibited before him, 
became deeply enamoured of Theseus, by whom her love was 
speedily returned. She furnished him with a clue of thread, which 
enabled him to penetrate in safety the windings of the labyrinth, 
till he came to the place where the Minotaur lay, whom he caught 
by the hair and slew ; and having, according to promise, carried off 
Ariadne and her sister Phaedra, returned in safety to his native 
country. Theseus was also a sharer in the dangers of the Caly- 
donian hunt, sailed with Jason in his expedition to Colchis, and 
aided his friend Pirithous and the Lapithae in their conflict with 
the Centaurs. The friendship between Theseus and Pirithous was 
of a most intimate nature, and led them to aid each other in every 
project. They together carried off Helen, the daughter of Tynda- 
rus, when a child of but ten years (See Helena), and made an at- 
tempt to deprive Pluto of his queen. They descended for this 
purpose to the infernal regions ; but Pluto, knowing their design, 
seized them, and placed them on an enchanted rock; where they 
were detained till Hercules passing by in his descent for Cerberus, 
freed Theseus, but was by a divine intimation prevented from aid- 
ing his friend. The invasion of Attica by Castor and Pollux, to 
avenge the carrying off of their sister, compelled Theseus at last 
to go into exile. He retired to the court of Lycomedes, king of 
Scyros, and there met his death, either by accident, or by the 
treachery of his host. He ascended with Lycomedes a lofty rock 
to take a view of the island, and either fell or was pushed oft'"Dy his 
companion, and lost his life by the fall. 

Thespias, -adis^ adj.,f., of, or relating to Thespice, Thes- 
pian. Thespim, now Eremo Castro, was a town of considerable 
antiquity in BcEotia, at the foot of Mount Helicon, especially sa- 
cred to the Muses, and where festivals were celebrated in honour 
of them. Hence Thespiades DecB, ye Thespian goddesses, i. e. ye 
Muses, V. 5. 17. 

Thisbe, -eS; f., Thishe^ a young woman of Babylon who was 



THO S13 TIR 

beloved by Pyramus. Quam Babylonia Thishe vidit procul ad 
radios luncB, which Babylonian Thisbe saw at a distance by the 
rays of the moon, iv. 2. 45. See Pyramus. 

Thoon, -onis, m., Thoon, one of the companions of Sarpe- 
don, king of Lycia, who was killed at Troy by Ulysses. Gr. Ace. 
-ona. 

Thous, -i, m,, Swifty the name of one of Actaeon's dogs. 

Thracia, -^^f-, Thrace, now Rumelia, an extensive country 
in Europe, bounded on the north by Mount Haemus, which sepa- 
rated it from Moesia; on the east, by the Black Sea and the Bos- 
porus Thracius, the Straits of Constantinople ; on the south by 
the Propontis, the Sea of Marmora ; and on the west by the river 
JVestus, Mesto, which separated it from Macedonia. Thracia is 
said to have received its name from Thrax, a son of Mars ; but the 
later Greek writers regarded it as derived from 'r^a;^£;a, roughs 
as indicative of the rugged and mountainous character of the 
country. The Thracians were a cruel, though brave and warlike 
people, whence Mars was said to have been born in their country, 
and to have resided among them; they were also much addicted to 
drinking. The numerous Greek colonies, which were subsequently 
estabUshed on the coast, imparted to them a considerable degree of 
civilisation. 

Threicius, -a, -urn, adj., of or relating to Thrace, Thru- 
nan. 

ThuscUS, -a^ -um, adj., Tuscan, of or relating to Etruria, 
now Tuscany, a district of Italy, which was said to have been in- 
habited by a Pelasgic colony from Lydia in Asia Minor; hence 
the adjective is used to signify Lydian. Ah Thuscd urhe, from a 
Lydiancity, iii. 7. 114. 

Thyoneus {iris.), -ei, & -eos, m., Thyoneus, a name given 
to Bacchus from the Greek verb &vitv, to rage. 

Thybris, -idis, m., the Tiber, or Tevere, a river in Italy 
which rises in the Apennines, flows southward, separating Etruria 
from Umbria, the country of the Sabini, and Latium, and after a 
course of 215 miles, during which it receives more than forty tri- 
butaries, enters the Tuscan Sea, fifteen miles below Rome. It 
was originally called Albula, and took the name of Thybris or Ti- 
beris, from a king of Alba, who was drowned in it. Thybrinque, 
cui potentia rerum promissafuit, and the Tiber, to which the go- 
vernment of the world was promised, i. e. on whose banks Rome 
was to be built, which was destined to possess the government of 
the world, ii. 1. 259. Gr. Ace. -in. 

Tigris^ -idis, m,. Tiger, the name of one of Actason's dogs. 

Tiresias, -se, m., Tiresias, a celebrated Theban prophet, 
the son of Everus and Chariclo, of the race of Udaeus, one of the 
men who sprung from the teeth of the serpent. He is said to have 



TIS »14 TIT 

lived to a great age, and to have witnessed the greater part of the 
mythological history of Thebes. At an early period of life he was 
deprived of sight, and to his blindness he was indebted for the gift 
which raised him to celebrity among his countrymen. Various ac- 
counts of the cause of his blindness are given. By some it is 
ascribed to his having seen Minerva bathing ; and by others to 
his having divulged to mankind the secrets of the gods. Hesiod 
relates that Tiresias happening to see two serpents in close union 
on Mount Cyllene, struck them with his staff, and was suddenly 
changed into a woman. In this state he continued for seven years ; 
at the end of which period he saw the same serpents in a similar 
position, and on striking them a second time recovered his original 
sex. On one occasion Jupiter and Juno referred to him the deci- 
sion of a dispute, for which his previous transformation seemed to 
have qualified him. His decision was unfavourable to Juno, and 
the goddess in anger afflicted him with blindness. Jupiter, unable 
to undo the acts of his queen, gave him in compensation the power 
of foreseeing future events. Liriope, the mother of Narcissus, con- 
sulted Tiresias as to the fate of her son, and as the truth of his 
prediction was verified by the event, he was afterwards rendered 
famous as a prophet, iii. 5. 3. 

Tisiphone, -es,/*., Tisiphone, one of the three Furie^ of 
whom a graphic description is given by Ovid, iv. 11 . 6Q., &c. See 
Krinnys. 

Titan, -anis, «& Titanus, -i, m., Titan, the son of Coelus 
and Terra, and the elder brother of Saturn, in whose favour he re- 
signed his kingdom on condition that he would not rear any male 
offspring (See Saturnus). Titan was one of a numerous family 
who are known by the name of Titans, or Titanldes. The most 
celebrated of these were Briareus (tris.), Hyperion, lapetus, 
Oceanus, Saturnus, Rhea, Themis, Tethys, &c., who, with their 
descendants, were included under the general name of Titans. 
The war which Titan along with his brother and sons waged 
against Saturn for the recovery of his kingdom, is known in my- 
thology as the war of the Titans ; and should not be confounded 
with the war of the giants, which was directed against Jupiter. 
Titan is also used by the poets as synonymous with Sol, the god of 
the sun, i. I. 6., ii. 1. 118. See Saturnus, and Jupiter. 

Titania^ 'Sd,f», Titania, a name applied to Diana, as Titan 
is to Sol. Dum Titania ihi perluitur solitd lymphd^ while 
Diana is bathing there in her usual water, iii. 2. 43. It is also ap- 
plied (i. 8. 83. ) to Pyrrha, because she was the grand-daughter of 
lapetus, who was one of the Titans. See Titan. 

Tityos, & Tityus, -i, m., Tityns, the son of Jupiter by 
Elara, the daughter of Orchomenus. To protect her from the re- 
sentment of Juno, Jupiter hid Elara in the bowels of the earth, 
where she gave birth to Tityus, who f''om this circumstance was 



TMO 315 TRI 

said to be the son of Terra. Tityus happened to see Latona as shd 
was going to Delphi, and attempted to offer her violence ; but the 
goddess called to her children for aid, and he soon fell by the ar- 
rows of Apollo. He was placed in the infernal regions, where vul- 
tures continually preyed upon his liver, which grew again as fast as 
it was devoured. He is here represented as covering nine acres of 
ground. Tityos prcebebat viscera lanianda^ eralque distentus 
novemjugeribus, Tityus was giving his entrails to be devoured by the 
vultures, and was stretched over a space of nine acres, iv. 11. 42. 

Tmollis, -i^ m-, Tnwlus, now Buz Dag, a mountain of* Lydia, 
in Asia Minor, celebrated by the ancients for its vines, saffron, 
and odoriferous flowers. The air of the mountain was so salubrious 
that the inhabitants were said to live to a very advanced age. 

Tonans, -antis, m., the Thunderer, a name applied to Jupi- 
ter as the god of Thunder. Tecta magni Tonantis, the palace of 
the great Thunderer, i. 6. 8. 

Trachinius, -a, -um, adj., of, or relating to Trachis, Tra- 
chinian. Trachinia puppis ipsa qubque agitur his vicibns, the 
Trachinian ship itself too is subjected to these changes, xi. 10. 93. 

Trachis^ & Trachin, inis, /., Trachis, a town in the south 
of Thessaly, giving its name to Trachinia, the surrounding district, 
of which Ceyx was king. The name, according to Herodotus, was 
derived from r^x;^vs^ rough, and was apphed to it in consequence 
of the mountainous character of the country. To this town Her- 
cules retired after having committed an involuntary murder. In 
the immediate neighbourhood was the strong town Heraclea Tra- 
chinia. Herculed Trachine, in Herculean Trachis, i. e. in Trachis, 
afterwards called Heraclea. Ovid has here been guilty of an ana- 
chronism, as the fact alluded to took place before the death of Her- 
cules, xi. 10. 2 J 8. 

Trinacria, -86, & Trinacris, -idis, & -idos, /., Trir^a- 
cria, & Trinacris, names applied to the island of Sicily from its 
three promontories {^r^us ax^at), Pelorum, Pachynum, and Lily- 
boeum, q. v. Vasta insula Trinacris injecta est giganteis mem- 
bris, the vast island (of Sicily) was placed upon the limbs of the 
giant, i. e. Typhoeus, v. 6. 7. 

Triones, -um, m., the Triones, a name given to the two con. 
stellations, the Greater and Lesser Bear, at the North Pole, be- 
cause their stars seem to be in the form of a chariot with three 
oxen yoked to it. Turn primum gelidi Triones caluere radiis, 
then for the first time the cold Triones were warmed by the rays 
of the sun, ii. 1. 171. 

Triton, -onis, m., Triton, a sea deity, the son of Neptune 
and Amphitrite. Triton became powerful among the deities of the 
sea, and was the attelidant and trumpeter of Neptune. His trum- 
pet was a conch-shell, and Ovid (i. 8. 23., &c.) gives a very fine 



TRI S16 TRl 

description of his sounding the retreat to the waters which covered 
the earth in the flood of Deucalion. In the upper part of his body 
he resembled a man, in the lower a fish. The upper part of his 
body is represented as standing out of the water ; hence the expres- 
sion Exstantem supra profundum, i. 8. 19. Canorum Tritona, 
the musical Triton, — in allusion to his office, ii. 1. 8. Gr. Ace. 
-ona. 

Tritonis, -se, & Tritonis, -idis, & -iclos, /., Tritonia^ 
and Tritonis, names given to Minerva from a Cretan word roiru^ sig- 
nifying the head, because she was said to have sprung from the head 
of Jupiter (See Minerva). From the same word she was called by 
the Greeks r^iroyivita, {head-sprung). According to some mytho- 
logists Minerva received this name from Tritonis, a small lake 
near the Syrtis Minor in Africa, where she first showed her- 
self to mankind. In memory of this event, there was an annual 
feast held there, during which the most beautiful woman in the 
country was clothed like Pallas, with a mural crown on her head, 
and drawn round the city in triumph. Monitu Tritonidisy by the 
advice of Minerva, i. e. wisely, prudently, iii. I. 127. 

Triumphus, -i, m., a triumph, the^ solemn and magnificent 
entrance of a general into Rome after having gained an import- 
ant victory. A triumph was the highest military honour which 
could be obtained in the Roman state, and had its origin at Rome, 
from Romulus carrying the arms of Acron, king of the Cseninen- 
ses, in procession to the Capitol. The following are the conditions 
on which a triumph could be legally granted : it was necessary that 
the general should give intimation to the senate of the victory ; that 
he should appear at the head of his army before Rome, for no per- 
son invested with military command could enter the city ; that he 
should prove to the senate assembled in the temple of Belldna, 
that in a legitimate war with foreigners he had slain at least 5000 
of the enemy in one battle, and had thereby extended the limits of 
the empire. If the triumph was granted, the general was allowed 
to enter the city without divesting himself of his command. The 
triumphal procession, commencing from the Campus Martius, 
went along the l^'ia Triumphalis, through the most public places 
of the city to the Capitol, where the general offered a sacrifice to 
Jupiter Capitolinus. The procession was headed by a choir of mu- 
sicians, one of whom exhibited many laughable gestures as if in 
derision of the enemy. Then followed the victims intended for 
sacrifice, and a long train of persons carrying perfumes. The 
spoils and booty taken from the enemy were also exhibited, and 
representations of cities and battles. To these succeeded the Gene- 
ral, clad in a purple toga, embroidered with gold, and a variegated 
tunic, wearing a crown of laurel on his head, and holding in his 
right hand a laurel branch. He bore in his left hand an ivory 
sceptre with an eagle on the top, and was seated in a triumphal 



TRO 517 TUR 

chariot, adorned with gold and ivory, and drawn by four white horses. 
The procession was closed by the victorious army, who sung their 
own praises and those of their general, often exclaiming Jo trium- 
phe, in which all the citizens joined. A triumph often continued for 
several days. 

Troes^ -um^ m., the Trojans, the inhabitants of Troy. 

Troja, -2t, f,, Troy, the capital of Troas, in Asia Minor, a 
city which has been immortalized by the poetry of Homer and 
Virgil, was situate in a plain on a small eminence, a few miles from 
the mouth of the Hellespont, and between the two rivers Simois 
and Scamander. Its site is supposed to be now occupied by the 
village of Bunarhashi ; but the lapse of time has not only obhte- 
rated every trace of the city, but has also effected such changes in 
the face of the country as to render it impossible to ascertain its 
exact position. The city was said to have been built by Dardanus, 
the first king of the country, who called it Dardania ( See Darda- 
nus), and to have received the names of Troja and Ilium from his 
two successors Tros and Ilus (See Ihum). The citadel was called 
Pergamus (See Pergamus). The Trojan war, to which allusion 
is so frequently made by the classical writers, was undertaken by 
the Greeks to recover Helen, whom Paris, the son of Priam, had 
carried off from her husband Menelaus. The Greeks collected 
a fleet of 11(6 ships, containing probably about 100,000 men, and 
appointed Agamemnon their commander-in-chief. The Trojan 
forces were more numerous, as Priam was assisted not only by the 
neighbouring princes of Asia Minor, but also by the Thracians, As- 
syrians, and iEthiopians. The siege was maintained with valour and 
intrepidity for ten years, at the end of which time the city was taken 
either by treachery or stratagem (See iEneas and Antenor). The 
city itself was destroyed, and the inhabitants were either put to 
the sword or carried away by the conquerors. Troy was taken, 
B. c. 1184, and 431 years before the building of Rome. Trojam 
captam, Troy as good as taken, xiii. 1. 22b. See Helena, Paris, 
and Menelaus. 

TrojanuSj -a, -Um, adj., of, or relating to Troy, Trojan. 
Qui cepit Trojana mcenia subforti Hercule, who took Troy under 
the valiant Hercules, i. e. who assisted Hercules in taking Troy, 
xiii. 1. 23. Troy is said to have been taken by Hercules in the time 
of Laomedon, in consequence of that king refusing to pay to hira 
and to Neptune the sum for which they had agreed to build the 
walls (See Telamon). Trojana fata, the fate, or destiny of Troy, 
xiii. 1. 336. Tempore Trojani belli, in the time of the Trojan 
war. The Trojan war was begun b. c. 1194, and ended b. c. 1184, 
XV. 2. 101. 

1 urnus^ ~i, w., Turnus, the son of Daunus and Venilia, was 
king of the Rutuli, a people of Latium, at the time when .^neas 
arrived in Italy. Lavinia, the daughter of king Latinus, had been 

s2 



TYD 318 TYR 

betrothed to him before the arrival of the Trojan fuijitives, and Tur- 
nus takinor it amisi that a stranfjer should be preferred to him, en- 
deavoured to as:u rr his claim by arms. His efforts, though sup- 
jiortod by great courajre, were unsuccessful ; he was defeated, and 
;it hist slain in single combat by ^Eneas. He is represented by 
\'irgil as a man of dauntless bravery, and uncommon strength. 

1 ydides, -ae, m., Tt/dides, the son of 'lydeJis^ a patronymic 
applied to Diomedes, from his father ' Tydeus (diss.). See 
Diomedes. 

Tynilaris, -idis, i<t -Tdos, /., Ti/ndaris. the dmighter of 
Tt/ndarus, a patronymic applied to Helen from Tyndarus, the hu^ 
band of Leda. See Helena. 

Typhoeus {tn's.), -oi, t<t -eos, 771., Ti/phoeus, called also 
7 y/>/»o>t, a giant of prodigious size, the offspring of Tartarus and 
Terra. His stature overtopped the mountains; his head was said 
to touch the stars : one hand extended to the east, the other to the 
^^est ; his legs and feet were coils of snakes ; fire darted from his 
mouth and eyes. Immediately after his birth he made war upon 
hoaven to avenge the de«th of' his brothers the giants, and hurled 
glowing rocks, with loud cries and hissing. The gods, in terror, 
fled into Kgypt ; and when he pursued them thither, changed 
themselves into various animals to escape his fury. Jupiter at last 
resumed courage, struck Typhoeus with his thvuiderbolts, and buried 
lam under Sicily (v. 6. 7, Sec), his hands being kept down by the 
promontories Pelorum ,ind Pach^ num, his feet by Lilyb.Tum, while 
-Ktna pressed upon his head. 7 vphoca cDiissuni de inia sedeterrcr 
fecisse vietum taUtibus, that Typhoeus sent (by his mother) from 
the lowest depths of the earth caused fear to the gods, v. 5. 28. 
I'erriffenarn iyphoea^ the earth-born Typhoeus, v. 5. 32. Gr. 
Ace. -oea. 

Tyrilis, -a, -urn, adj.. of, or relatinpto Tyre, Tt/rian ; also 
purp'le-cohmrt'dy ; ur; le. Profeeti 7 yrii'i pente. the men who had 
come from the Tyri,an nation, the Phoenicians, iii. 1. I>5. Indn^ 
tus l^yriam chlainydem, clad in a Tyrian, or purple cloak, v. 1. 51. 

Tyros, »S: Tyrus, -i,/', Tyre, now Soor, a maritime city of 
Phoenicia, twenty-four miles south of Sidon. Tyre, though a 
very tmcient city, was a colony of Sidon, whence, in Scripture, ft 
is called her daughter. In process of time it became a very large, 
rich, and populous city, powerful at sea, and the rival of Sidon ; 
us inhabitants were famed for their wealth and extensive com- 
merce, as well as for their manufactures of fine linen, and their 
beautiful purple dye. According to the prediction of the Hebrew 
prophets. Tyro was attacked by Nebuchadnezzar, and taken after 
a siege of thirteen years. In consequence of this, the inhabitants, 
considermg themselves insecure, removed to a small island, thrt^ 
stadis from the shore, where they built a new city, and securevi it 
by defensive works ou all sides. It was, however, attacked by 



TYR SJ9 ULY 

Alexander, who took and burned it b. c. 332, after a siege of severs 
months. Both the second capture of the city, and the extraordi- 
nary mode in which it was accomplished, had been foretold in 
Scripture. 

Tyrrhenus, -2L, -unij adj., Tyrrhenian, or Tvscan; of, or 
relating to Etruria, a district of Italy, said to have been inhabited 
bv a Pelasgic colony from Lydia, in Asia Minor. Tyrrhena geiitey 
of the Tuscan nation, iii. 7. 66. See Thuscus. 

U. 

Ulyxes, & Ulysses, -is, m,, Ulysses, the son of Laertes and 
Anticlea, was king of Ithaca, Teaki, and Dulichiura, two small 
islands off the coast of Acharnania, in Greece. Sisyphus is said 
by some to have enjoyed the favours of Anticlea previous to her 
marriage, and to have been the father of Ulysses ; and in this way 
they have attempted to account for his great address and ingenuity. 
Hence Ulysses is derisively called by Ajax the son of Sisyphus (xiii. 
1. 32.). Like all the Grecian princes who were his contempora- 
ries, he became one of the suitors of Helen ; and by his advice, 
Tyndarus was induced to leave to the princess herself the choice of 
a husband (See Helena). Having married Penelope, the daughter 
of Icarius of Sparta, he returned with her to Ithaca, and soon after 
received the kingdom from his father, who resigned it in his favour 
(See Laertes). His connubial happiness was soon interrupted. In 
common with the other suitors of Helen, he had engaged to pro- 
tect the rights of her husband, and was therefore summoned to 
join his countrymen in their expedition against Troy. To avoid 
tne painful separation from Penelope, he pretended to be msane, 
yoked a horse and bull together, and ploughed the sea-shore, where 
he sowed salt instead of corn. Palamedes, who was sent for this 
purpose by the Greeks, detected the imposture, and forced Ulysses 
to accompany him to the camp. This detection he basely revenged 
at Troy, by accomplishing the death of Palamedes as a traitor (See 
Palamedes). Ulysses, daring the war, distinguished himself above 
all the Greeks, by his prudence, wisdom, and craftiness, and was em- 
ployed by them in every measure which required skill and dexterity 
in the management. His sagacity in council was not less conspicuous 
than, his valour in the field. The services which he rendered to his 
countrymen were numerous and important. He persuaded Cly- 
temnestra to send her daughter Iphigenia along with him to Aulis 
(See Iphigenia); he forced Achilles from his concealment in the 
Island of Scyros (See Achilles) ; in company with Diomedes, he 
slew Rhesus, king of Thrace, and got possession of his horses (See 
Rhesus) ; carried otf the Palladium from the citadel of Troy (See 
Palladium) ; and prevailed upon Philoctetes to leave the Island of 
Lemnos ( See Philoctetes). On the accomplishment of each of these 
measures, the fate of Troy depended. For his eminent services 
he was universally applauded by the Gr ■. s, and rewarded witii 



URA 320 VExN 

the arms of Achilles, for which he disputed with Ajax (See Ajax). 
After the destruction of Troy, Ulysses was driven for ten years 
over many seas, and visited various countries before he returned to 
his native island. He first sailed to the country of the Cicones, in 
Thrace, and took and plundered their town Ismarus ; next to the 
Lotophagi {the lotus- eaters), in Africa; he then reached the 
country of the Cyclops, in Sicily, and lost six of his companions, 
who were devoured by Polyphemus. The crafty prince intoxicated 
the king, pierced out his eye, and made his escape with the rest of 
his crew. He then visited ^^olia, where he was kindly received 
by iEolus the king, from whom he received enclosed in a bag all 
the winds which could obstruct his return to Ithaca. But the cu- 
riosity of his companions had nearly proved fatal to him. Suppos- 
ing that the bag contained gold, they opened it while Ulysses was 
asleep, when the winds rushed out and destroyed the whole fleet ex- 
cept the ship which carried their commander. After spending some 
time with Circe, he visited the infernal regions ; passed unhurt the 
islands of the Sirens (See Siren), and by the assistance of thegoda 
reached Ithaca after an absence of twenty years. His adventures 
are related in the Odyssey of Homer, of which he is the hero. 
Gr. Ace. -en. 

Urania, -ae, & Uranie, -es,/., Urania^ the name of one of 
the Muses. See Musae. 

V. 

VentUS, -i, m., the wind. The Winds are represented by 
Homer as gods, and had sacrifices offered to them by the Athenians, 
as to deities intent on the destruction of mankind by continually 
causing storms and earthquakes. They are said to be the sons 
of Astraeus and Aurora. In the Odyssey, and in the ^neid, they 
are placed under the control of ^51us as their king, who keeps 
them confined in a cave in MoXia, (See iEolus). The later poets 
and artists furnished them with wings to indicate their velocity. The 
ancients observed only four winds, called Venti Cardmales, be- 
cause they blew from the four cardinal points. Homer enumerates 
no more ; and Ovid (i. 2. 30., &c.), in imitation of him, mentions the 
same number. Intermediate winds were afterwards added, first 
one, and then two, between each of the Venti Cardinales. The 
twelve winds were, — Boreas, the non;h wind, Aqu'ilo, Corns ; 
Subsolanus, the east wind, Vulturnus, Eurus ; Auster, the south 
wind, Notus, Africus ; Favoniusy the west wind, Zephjrus, Cir- 
cius. The points of the compass have, in modern times, been in- 
creased to thirty-two. 

Venus, -eris^y., Venus, the goddess of love and beauty, was 
the daughter of Jupiter by tne nymph Dione. By some mytholo- 
ffists she is said to have sprung from the foam of the sea near the 
Itiland of Cythera, to which she was wafted by the Zephyrs, and 



VES 321 VES 

received on the shore by the Seasons (See Aphrodite). She was 
the wife of Vulcan, and the mother of Cupid and -^neas. Venus 
was worshipped wdth particular devotion at Paphos and Amathus, 
in Cyprus ; on Mount Eryx, in Sicily ; and "at Cnidus, in Caria. 
She was represented by the ancients in various forms. The rose, 
myrtle, and apple, were sacred to her; and among birds, the dove, 
swan, and sparrow were her favourites. 

Vesta, -8B, J^, Vesta, the name of two goddesses in ancient 
mythology, the one the mother of the gods, often confounded with 
Cybele, Rhea, and Tellus ; and the other the daughter of Saturn 
and Rhea, and therefore the sister of Ceres and Juno. The cha- 
racter and office of these goddesses have not been clearly defined 
by writers either on Greek or Roman mythology. The Vesta 
CEo-ria ) of the Greeks presided over the domestic hearth, the sym- 
bol of social union, and had libations of wine poured out to ner at 
the beginning and end of banquets. The Vesta of the Romans, 
though identical in name and office with the former, does not ap- 
pear to have been borrowed from the Greeks, as her worship is by 
all testimony carried back to the earliest period of the state. Her 
mysteries are said to have been introduced into Italy by ^Eneas ; and 
iS'uma built her a temple at Rome, which no male was permitted 
to enter. In this sanctuary was deposited the Palladium, the 
sacred emblem of the perpetuity of the empire (See Palladium), 
and a fire was kept continually burning on her altar. The temple 
of Vesta was round, probably in allusion to the form of the earth, 
of which she was considered the goddess, but contained no statue. 
She was represented in a long flowing robe, with a veil on her 
head, holding, in the one hand a lamp, and in the other a javelin, 
or sometimes a Palladium. The temple of Vesta was placed under 
the care of the Vesta/ Virgins, an order of priestesses derived ori- 
ginally from Alba, and first instituted at Rome by Numa. They 
were at first four in number, but either Tarquinius Prisons, or 
Servius TulUus, increased it to six, and this number continued till 
the priesthood w^as abolished in the age of Theodosius the Great. 
They were originally chosen by the kings, and after their expulsion 
by the Pontifex Maximtts, who selected twenty girls between the 
ages of six and sixteen, not tainted by any bodily defect, and whose 
parents were free born and still living, from whom the vacancies were 
supplied, either voluntarily or by lot. The Vestal virgins were bound 
to their ministry for thirty years ; for the first ten they were em- 
ployed in learning the sacred rites, for the next ten in performing 
them, and for the last ten in instructing the younger virgins. Their 
duty consisted in keeping the sacred fire always burning, in guard- 
ing the Palladium, and in offering sacrifices for the prosperity of 
the state. If they neglected the sacred fire, they were punished by 
scourging ; and if they violated their vow of chastity they were 
buried alive. The privileges of the Vestals were very great : they 



VUL S22 VUL 

had the uncontrolled disposal of their property ; the right of mak- 
incr a will ; of freeing a criminal from punishment if they met him 
accidentally ; the praetors and consuls went out of the way, and 
lowered the fasces if they met them in the street ; and from the 
time of Augustus they were honoured with a particular seat in 
the theatre. They wore a long white robe, bordered with purple, 
and had their heads decorated with fillets. 

Vulcanius, -Sl, -um, adj., of, or relating to Vulcan, VuU 
cania munera, the gift of Vulcan, i. e. the chariot of the sun, 
which was made by Vulcan, ii. 1. 106. Vulcania Lemnos, Lem- 
nos sacred to Vulcan, xiii. 1. 313. See Lemnos. 

Vulcanus, -i, m., Vulcan, the god of fire, and the patron of 
all artists who worked metals, was the son of Jupiter and Juno ; 
or, according to others, of Juno alone. His mother, disgusted with 
his deformities, threw him from Olympus, when he was received 
by the Ocean-nymphs Thetis and Eurynome, and concealed by 
them in a cavern for nine years. At the end of this period he seems 
to have returned to Olympus, for we find him in the Iliad firmly 
fixed there and all the houses, ornaments, and arms of the gods 
were the work of his hands. On one occasion, when Jupiter pu- 
nished Juno for disobedience, Vulcan interfered, and was thrown 
from Olympus by his father. His descent to the earth occupied 
nine days, and he alighted at last on the Island of Lemnos, where 
he was hospitably received by the inhabitants. His leg was broken 
by the fall, and he ever after continued lame of one foot. He fixed 
his residence in the island, and there estabhshed forges, in which 
all sorts of metals were wrought ; and communicated to the inha- 
bitants a knowledge of the useful arts. As the geographical know- 
ledge of the ancients advanced, iEtna, Lipari, and all other places 
where there was subterraneous fire, were regarded as the forges of 
Vulcan, and the Cyclops were associated with him as his assistants. 
The various articles made by Vulcan are numerous. Among the 
most celebrated of these were the golden cup, in which the god of 
the sun, with his horses and chariot were carried round the earth 
every night (See Sol); the armour which Achilles wore in the 
latter part of the Trojan war ; and the arms which he made for 
^neas at the request of Venus. Vulcan made an attem})t to gain 
the afi'ections of Minerva, but she having obtained from her father 
permission to remain in a state of celibacy, refused to receive his 
addresses, and the deformed god married Venus the goddess of beauty. 
The worship of Vulcan was extensively established, particularly in 
Egypt, at Athens, and at Rome. He is usually represented in a 
bhort tunic, with a serious countenance and muscular form, stand- 
iiig at his anvil with hammer and tongs, and sometimes with a 
pointed cap on his head Vulcanus is frequently used by the poets 
to signify ^'re. Efflant Vulcanum adamanteis narihics, blow out 
fire from their adamantine nostrils, vii. 1. 104. 



XAN 323 ZON 

X. 

Xanthus, -i, m,, the Xanthus, now the Bunarbashi, a small 
brook scarcely ten miles long, which joins the Simo'is a few miles 
from its mouth. It still retains the character given to it by Homer ; 
its waters are pure and transparent ; its borders are covered with 
flowers : and willows, date-trees, ash-trees, and reeds, are yet to 
be seen on its banks, and eels are still caught in its channel. On 
account of the beauty and copiousness of its stream, divine honours 
were paid to the Xanthus by the Trojans. Accordmg to Homer, 
this stream was called Xanthus by the gods, and Scamander by 
men ; and was said to have been set on fire by Vulcan during the 
siege of Troy. Hence Ovid says, Xanthusque arsurus iterum, and 
the Xanthus destined to be set on fire a second time, i. e. by Vul- 
can at the request of Juno, during the siege of Troy, ii. 1. 245. See 
Simo'is and Troja. 

Z. 

Zephyrus, -i, m., the west wind. See Ventus. 

Zethes, -se, m., Zethes, the son of Boreas, and brother of Ca- 
lais. See Calais. 

Zodiacus^ -i, m., the Zo<iiac, a broad circle or belt surround- 
ing the heavens, within which the apparent motion of the sun, moon, 
and all the greater planets is confined. The middle part of it, 
which is called the Ecliptic, is that great circle, round which the 
sun appears to move in the course of a year. The Ecliptic has been 
divided by astronomers into twelve equal parts called Signs, which 
have received the following names from the constellations through 
which it passes : Aries, Taurus, Gemini, Cancer, Leo, Virgo, 
Libra, Scorpio, Sagittarius, Capricornus, Aquarius, Pisces. The 
celestial equator crosses the Ecliptic obliquely in the first degrees 
of Aries and Libra, two of its points exactly opposite to each other, 
thus placing the first six Signs in the northern, and the other six in 
the southern hemisphere (ii. \. 18.). These constellations were 
fancied by the ancients to represent certain things, and were there- 
fore called Signs, and because the things so represented are most 
ojthem ^iij^icc, or animals, hence the whole tract is styled the Zodiac, 
and the figures themselves are called the Signs of the Zodiac. The 
Ecliptic derived its name from the circumstance that eclipses 
{IxTiitypus) can only happen when the planets are either in or near 
this line. The Zodiac extends nine degrees on either side of the 
Ecliptic. The division of the firmament into constellations seems 
to have been coeval with the knowledge of astronomy. The con- 
stellations are mentioned occasionally in Scripture as well as by 
Homer, Hesiod, and most of the profane authors whose works have 
come down to modern times. 

Zona, -86, /., a girdle, or belt. The celestial sphere has been 



Z0>* y24 ZON 

divided by astronomers into five broad belts (zoncB)^ and these di- 
visions are also supposed to be transferred to the earth, or terres- 
trial sphere (i. 2. 17.)' The Zones divide the earth with respect to 
the various degrees of heat and cold; viz., one Torrid, two Temper ■ 
rate, and two Frigid. The Torrid Zone lies between the Tropics 
of Cancer and Capricorn, extends twenty-three degrees and a half 
on each side of the Equator, and derives its name from its excessive 
heat. The ancients believed that the Torrid Zone was more ele- 
vated than the rest of the earth, and therefore so scorched by the 
rays of the sun as to be rendered uninhabitable (i. 2. 18.). ' The 
two Temperate Zones lie between the Tropics and the Polar 
circles, one on each side of the Torrid Zone, and are called Tem- 
perate because they are not subject to the excessive heat of the 
Torrid Zone, nor to the excessive cold of the Friajid Zones (i. 2. 
20.). The two Frigid Zones lie between the Polar circles and 
the Poles, and are so called from the excessive cold to which they 
are subject. They were beheved by the ancients to be perpetually 
covered with deep snow (i. 2.19.), and therefore almost incapable of 
being inhabited by man. 



Patara, orum^ n, Patara, a town of Lycia, in Asia JMinor. 
situate on the coast, near the mouth of the Xanthus. The town 
was adorned with several temples, the most celebrated of which was 
that of the Lvcian Apollo, which was very ancient, and second only 
to that of Delphi. Here the god was said to give oracles during 
the six winter months, and received from it the name of PatarcBus. 
The name Patara is derived by some from Pat:rus, a son of Apollo, 
while Phny affirms that it was more anciently called Satyros. 

Patavaeus, a, um, adj. of, or relating to Patara, Patarenn. 
FatarcBa regie servit mihi, the city Patara is subject to me. i. 10. 65. 



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PECULIARITIES OF SCANNING 






Margine terrarum porrexerat- Ampht- trite, i. 1. 10. ^ 

Persidaque, et radiis juga subdita- matu- tinis, i. 2. 31. 
Deerat ad' hue, et quod dominari in cetera posset, i. 2. 46. 
Perque hiemes aestusque et inaequa- les au- tumnos, i. 4. 5. ^ 
Fauni- que Setter- ique et monticol- ce Sil- vani, i. 6. 31. j 

O iiti- nam possem populos reparare paternis, i. 8. 51 . 
Nilus, et antique sua flumina reddidit- alveo, i. 9. 8. 
Inter Hamadryadas celeberrima- Nona- crinas, i. 13. 2. 
Et gemitu et lacrimis et luctiso- no mu- gitu, i. 13. 44. 
AeViaeque Alpes et nubifer- Apen- ninus, ii. 1. 226. 
Et celer Ismenos cum Psopha'i- co Ery- mantbo, ii. 1. 244. 
Mygdoniusque Melas et Taenari- us Eu- rotas, ii. 1. 247. 
Nubibus esse solet aut purpure- cb Au- rorae, iii. 2. 54. 
Verba locus, dictoque Va- le. Vale- inquit et Echo, iii. 6. 100. 
Vulgus- que procer- esque ignota ad sacra feruntur, iii. 7. 20. 
Interi- U at- vos pro fama vincite vestra, iii. 7. 36. 
Habsissem, quam- vis a- mens, in fune retentus, iii. 7. 118. 
Pictarumque jacent fera corpora- panther- arum, iii. 7. 159. 
Telas- que cdla- thosque infectaque pensa reponunt, iv. 1. 10. 
Thuraque dant, Bacchumque vocant Bromiumque Ly- (Bum- que. 

iv. 1. 11. 
Jactari quos cernis in- loni- o im- menso, iv. 11. 120. 
Tempusy A- tla, veniet, tua quo spoliabitur auro, iv. 13. 41. 
Perque vias vidisse hominum simulacra fer- arum- que, iv. 15. 28. 
Silvarum lucos circumspicit- anti- quarum, v. 4. 16. 
Fonte Medusaeo et Hyante- a Aga- nippe, v. 5. 19. 
Est medium Cyanes et Pisae- ce Are- thusae, v. 6. 69. 
Sidera- que ven- tique nocent ; avidaeque volucres, v. 8. 23. 
Dentibus horrendus, custos erat arboris- aurece, vii. 1. 151. 
Heros iJEsoni- us potl- tur ; spolioque superbus, vii. 1. 166. 
Aptarique suis pinum jubet- armd- mentis, xi. 10. 47. 
Spe potl' tur tandem, laudisque accensus amore, xi. 10. 118. 
Coeranon Iphitiden, et Alastora- que Chromi- umque, xiii. 1 .257. 
Alcandrumque Haliumque Noemona- que Pry tan- inque, xiii. 1. 

258. 
Nos animo. Quantoque ratem qui temperat- anteity xiii. 1 . 366. 



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